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Île-de-France

Coordinates: 48°30′N 2°30′E / 48.500°N 2.500°E / 48.500; 2.500
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This article is about the region in France. For other uses, see Île-de-France (disambiguation).

Île-de-France
Region
Clockwise from top: western Paris and La Défense in the distance; the Viaduc of Saint-Mammès; the Palace of Versailles; and the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Provins
Official logo of Île-de-France
Wordmark
Map
Interactive map of Île-de-France
CountryFrance
PrefectureParis
Departments
8
Government
 • President of the Regional CouncilValérie Pécresse (LR)
Area
 • Total
12,012 km2 (4,638 sq mi)
 • Rank13th
Population
 (1 January 2023)
 • Total
12,271,794[1]
 • Density1,022/km2 (2,650/sq mi)
DemonymFrench: Francilien
GDP
[2]
 • Total€782.639 billion (2022)
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
ISO 3166 codeFR-IDF
NUTS RegionFR1
Websitewww.iledefrance.fr

The Île-de-France (/ˌiːl də ˈfrɒ̃s/; French: [il də fʁɑ̃s] ⓘ; lit. 'Island of France') is the most populous of the eighteen regions of France, with an official estimated population of 12,271,794 residents on 1 January 2023.[1] Centred on the capital Paris, it is located in the north-central part of the country and often called the Paris Region[3] (French: Région parisienne, pronounced [ʁeʒjɔ̃ paʁizjɛn]). Île-de-France is densely populated and retains a prime economic position on the national stage, and it covers 12,012 square kilometres (4,638 square miles), about 2% of metropolitan French territory. Its 2017 population was nearly one-fifth of the national total.[4]

The region is made up of eight administrative departments: Paris, Essonne, Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis, Seine-et-Marne, Val-de-Marne, Val-d'Oise and Yvelines. It was created as the "District of the Paris Region" in 1961. In 1976, when its status was aligned with the French administrative regions created in 1972, it was renamed after the historic province of Île-de-France. Residents are sometimes referred to as Franciliens, an administrative word created in the 1980s. The GDP of the region in 2019 was nearly one-third of the French,[5]: 12  and 5% of the European Union's.[5]: 12  It has the highest per capita GDP of any French region.[6]

Beyond the city limits of Paris, the region has many other important historic sites, including the palaces of Versailles and Fontainebleau, as well as the most-visited tourist attraction in France, Disneyland Paris. Although it is the richest French region, a significant number of residents live in poverty. The official poverty rate in the Île-de-France was 15.9% in 2015. The region has witnessed increasing income inequality in recent decades, and rising housing prices have pushed the less affluent outside Paris.[7]

Etymology

[edit]
Further information: History of Île-de-France § Early history

Although the modern name Île-de-France literally means Island of France, its etymology is unclear. Despite its name, the region itself is not an island. The "island" may refer to the land between the rivers Oise, Marne and Seine, or it may also have been a reference to the Île de la Cité, where the French royal palace and cathedral were located.[citation needed]

Alternatively, the name may refer to the lands that were under the direct rule of the Capetian kings during the Middle Ages; thus, the lands were an "island" in a sea of various feudal territories ruled by vassals of the king.[8]

Departments

[edit]
Departments of Île-de-France by GDP (2021)
Department Area km2 Population GDP[9] GDP per capita
 Paris 105 2,133,111 €253.101 billion €118,653
 Hauts-de-Seine 176 1,635,291 €188.333 billion €115,168
 Seine-Saint-Denis 236 1,668,670 €66.227 billion €39,688
 Val-de-Marne 245 1,415,367 €56.818 billion €40,144
 Val-d'Oise 1,246 1,256,607 €38.861 billion €30,925
 Seine-et-Marne 5,915 1,438,100 €42.983 billion €29,889
 Essonne 1,804 1,313,768 €58.462 billion €44,500
 Yvelines 2,284 1,456,365 €60.058 billion €42,238
Île-de-France 12,012 12,317,279 €764.844 billion €62,095

History

[edit]
  • Historic province of Île-de-France before the French Revolution
    Historic province of Île-de-France before the French Revolution
  • The modern départements covered by the historical Île-de-France
    The modern départements covered by the historical Île-de-France
  • Modern region of Île-de-France and départements
    Modern region of Île-de-France and départements
Main article: History of Île-de-France

The Île-de-France was inhabited by the Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, from around the middle of the 3rd-century BC.[10][11] One of the area's major north–south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité; the meeting place of land and water trade routes gradually became an important trading centre.[12] The Parisii traded with many river towns (some as far away as the Iberian Peninsula) and minted their own coins for that purpose.[13]

The Romans conquered the area in 52 BC and began their settlement on Paris's Left Bank.[14] It became a prosperous city with a forum, baths, temples, theatres, and an amphitheatre.[15] Christianity was introduced in the middle of the 3rd century AD by Saint Denis, the first Bishop of Paris. According to legend, when Denis refused to renounce his faith before Roman authorities, he was beheaded on the hill that became known as Mons Martyrum (Latin "Hill of Martyrs"), later "Montmartre". The legend further states that Denis walked headless from this hill to the north of the city. The place that he finally fell and was buried became an important religious shrine, the Basilica of Saint-Denis.[16]

Clovis the Frank, the first king of the Merovingian dynasty, made the city his capital in 508. As the Frankish domination of Gaul began, there was a gradual immigration by the Franks to Paris and the Parisian Francien dialects were born. Fortification of the Île de la Cité failed to avert sacking by Vikings in 845, but Paris's strategic importance—with its bridges preventing ships from passing—was established by successful defence in the Siege of Paris (885–86). In 987, Hugh Capet, Count of Paris (comte de Paris) and Duke of the Franks (duc des Francs), was elected King of the Franks (roi des Francs). Under the rule of the Capetian kings, Paris gradually became the largest and most prosperous city in France.[16]

The Kings of France enjoyed getting away from Paris and hunting in the game-filled forests of the region. They built palatial hunting lodges, most notably Palace of Fontainebleau and the Palace of Versailles. From the time of Louis XIV to the French Revolution, Versailles was the official residence of the Kings and the seat of the French government. Île-de-France became the term used for the territory of Paris and the surrounding province, which was administered directly by the King.

During the French Revolution, the royal provinces were abolished and divided into departments, and the city and region were governed directly by the national government. After World War II, as Paris faced a major housing shortage, hundreds of massive apartment blocks for low-income residents were built around the edges of Paris. In the 1950s and the 1960s, thousands of immigrants settled in the communes bordering the city. In 1959, under President Charles De Gaulle, a new region was created out of six departments, which corresponded approximately with the historic region, with the name District de la région de Paris ("District of the Paris Region"). On 6 May 1976, as part of the process of regionalisation, the district was reconstituted with increased administrative and political powers and renamed the Île-de-France region.

Geography

[edit]

Île-de-France is in the north of France, neighboring Hauts-de-France to the north, Grand Est to the east, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté to the southeast, Centre-Val-de-Loire to the southwest, and Normandy to the west.

Departments

[edit]

Île-de-France has a land area of 12,011 km2 (4,637 sq mi). It is composed of eight departments centred on its innermost department and capital, Paris. Around the department and municipality of Paris, urbanisation fills a first concentric ring of three departments commonly known as the petite couronne ("small ring"); it extends into a second outer ring of four departments known as the grande couronne ("large ring"). The former department of Seine, abolished in 1968, included the city proper and parts of the petite couronne.

The petite couronne consists of the departments of Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne; the grande couronne consists of those of Seine-et-Marne, Yvelines, Essonne and Val-d'Oise. Politically, the region is divided into 8 departments, 25 arrondissements, 155 cantons and 1,276 communes, out of the total of 35,416 in metropolitan France.[4]

Topography

[edit]

The outer parts of the Île-de-France remain largely rural. Agricultural land, forest and natural spaces occupy 78.9 percent of the region, and 28 percent of the region's land is in urban use.[17]

The River Seine flows through the middle of the region, which is crisscrossed by its tributaries and sub-tributaries, including the Rivers Marne, Oise and Epte. The River Eure does not cross the region but receives water from several rivers in the Île-de-France, including the Drouette and the Vesgre. The major rivers are navigable, and, because of the modest variations of altitude in the region (between 10 metres (33 ft) and 200 metres (660 ft)), they have a tendency to meander and curve. They also create many lakes and ponds, some of which have been transformed into recreation areas, including Moisson-Mousseaux, Cergy-Neuville and Villeneuve-Saint-Georges.

Economy

[edit]
Paris as an engine of the global economy: the skyscrapers of La Défense, the largest purpose-built business district of Europe, with 3.35 million m² (36 million sq. ft) of office space.[18]

Île-de-France produced €742 billion (gross domestic product)[5] or around 1/3 of the economy of France in 2019.[5]: 12 

The regional economy has gradually shifted toward high-value-added service industries (finance, IT services etc.) and high-tech manufacturing (electronics, optics, aerospace etc.).[19] In 2014, industry represented just under five percent of active enterprises in the region, and 10.2 percent of salaried workers. Commerce and services account for 84 percent of the business establishments in the region, and have 83.3 percent of the salaried employees.[20]

Financial services and insurance are important sectors of the regional economy; the major French banks and insurance companies, including BNP Paribas, Société Générale and Crédit Agricole, all have their headquarters in the region. The region also hosts the headquarters of the top French telecom companies and utilities, including Orange S.A., Veolia and EDF. The French stock market, the Bourse de Paris, now known as Euronext Paris, occupies a historical building in the center of Paris and is ranked fourth among global stock markets, after New York, Tokyo and London.[21]

Other major sectors of the regional economy include energy companies (Orano, Engie, Électricité de France and Total S.A.). The two major French automobile manufacturers, Renault, in Flins-sur-Seine, and Groupe PSA, in Poissy, do much of their assembly work outside France but still have research centre and large plants in the region. The leading French and European aerospace and defense companies, including Airbus, Thales Group, Dassault Aviation, Safran Aircraft Engines, the European Space Agency, Alcatel-Lucent, and Arianespace, have a large presence in the region.[21]

The energy sector is also well established in the region. The nuclear power industry, with its major firm being Orano, has its headquarters in Île-de-France, as does the main French oil company Total S.A., the top French company in the Fortune Global 500, and the main electric utility, Électricité de France. The energy firm Engie also has its main offices in the region at La Défense.

Employment

[edit]

In 2018 just 7.2 percent of employees in the region were engaged in industry; 62.3 percent were engaged in commerce and market services; 25.5 percent in non-market services, including government, health and education; 4.8 percent in construction; and 0.2 percent in agriculture.[22]

The largest non-government employers in the region as of the end of 2015 were the airline Air France (40,657); the SNCF (French Railways, 31,955); the telecom firm Orange S.A. (31,497); the bank Société Générale (27,361); the automotive firm Groupe PSA (19,648); EDF (Electricité de France, 18,199); and Renault (18,136).[23] While the Petite Couronne, or departments closest to Paris, previously employed the most industrial workers, the largest number is now in the Grande Couronne, the outer departments.[22]

The unemployment rate in the region stood at 8.6% at the end of 2016. It varied within the region from 7.8 percent in the city of Paris, to a high of 12.7 percent in Seine-Saint-Denis, and 10 percent in Val-d'Oise; to regional lows of 7.4 percent in Yvelines; 7.5 percent in Hauts-de-Seine; 7.7 percent in Essonne; 7.9 percent in Seine et Marne, and 8.8 percent in Val de Marne.[24]

Agriculture

[edit]

In 2018, 48 percent of the land of the Île-de-France was devoted to agriculture; 569,000 hectares were cultivated. The most important crops are grains (66 percent), followed by beets (7 percent), largely for industrial use, and grass for grazing. In 2014, 9,495 hectares were devoted to bio-agriculture. However, the number of persons employed in agriculture in the region dropped 33 percent between 2000 and 2015 to just 8,460 persons in 2015.[25]

Tourism

[edit]

The Île-de-France is one of the world's top tourist destinations, with a record 23.6 million hotel arrivals in 2017, and an estimated 50 million visitors in all types of accommodation. The largest number of visitors came from the United States, followed by England, Germany and China.[26] [27][28] The top tourist attraction in the region in 2017 was Disneyland Paris, which received 14.8 million visitors in 2017, followed by the Cathedral of Notre-Dame (est. 12 million) and the Basilica of Sacre-Coeur at Montmartre (est. 11.1 million visitors).[29]

Notable historic monuments in the Region outside of Paris include the Palace of Versailles (7,700,000 visitors), the Palace of Fontainebleau (500,000 visitors), the chateau of Vaux-le-Vicomte (300,000 visitors), and the Château de Malmaison, Napoleon's former country house; and the Basilica of Saint-Denis, where the Kings of France were interred before the French Revolution.[30]

Regional government and politics

[edit]
Main articles: Regional Council of Île-de-France and Politics of Île-de-France
Seat of the regional council of Île-de-France in Saint-Ouen-sur-Seine (2021)

The Regional Council is the legislative body of the region. Its seat is in Saint-Ouen-sur-Seine, at 2 rue Simone-Veil. On 15 December 2015, a list of candidates of the Union of the Right, a coalition of centrist and right-wing parties, led by Valérie Pécresse, narrowly won the regional election, defeating the Union of the Left, a coalition of socialists and ecologists. The socialists had governed the region for the preceding 17 years.

Since 2016 the regional council has 121 members from the Union of the Right, 66 from the Union of the Left and 22 from the far-right National Front.[31]

Holders of the executive office

[edit]
  • Delegates General for the District of the Paris Region
    • 1961–1969: Paul Delouvrier (civil servant) – Very influential term. Responsible for the creation of the RER express subway network in the Île-de-France and beyond.
    • 1969–1975: Maurice Doublet (civil servant)
    • 1975–1976: Lucien Lanier (civil servant)
  • Presidents of the Regional Council of Île-de-France

Demographics

[edit]
Île-de-France population pyramid in 2023

Population density

[edit]

As of 1 January 2017, the population density of the region was 1010.9 inhabitants per square kilometer. The densest department is Paris itself, with 21,066 inhabitants per square kilometer. The least dense département is Seine-et-Marne with 239 residents per square kilometer.[32]

Wealth and poverty

[edit]

As of 2015 according to the official government statistics agency INSEE, 15.9 percent of residents of the region had an income below the poverty level; for residents of the city of Paris, this proportion was 16.2 percent. Poverty was highest in the departments of Seine-Saint-Denis (29 percent), Val-d'Oise (17.1 percent), and Val-de-Marne (16.8 percent). It was lowest in Yvelines (9.7 percent); Seine-et-Marne (11.8 percent), Essonne (12.9 percent), and Hauts-de-Seine (12.4 percent). The department of Hauts-de-Seine is the wealthiest in France in terms of per capita GDP.[33]

Immigration

[edit]
Main article: Immigration in Île-de-France
2019 Census Paris Region
(Île-de-France)[34][35]
Country/territory
of birth		 Population
France Metropolitan France 9,215,134
Algeria Algeria 330,935
Morocco Morocco 253,518
Portugal Portugal 234,399
Tunisia Tunisia 127,827
Guadeloupe 81,269
Martinique 75,959
China China 71,500
Turkey Turkey 67,982
Mali Mali 66,085
Ivory Coast Côte d'Ivoire 63,810
Senegal Senegal 60,124
Italy Italy 58,141
Romania Romania 53,848
Democratic Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of Congo 52,449
Spain Spain 45,828
Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 45,786
Cameroon Cameroon 45,370
Other countries/territories
Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo 38,651
Haiti Haiti 36,685
Poland Poland 35,871
Vietnam Vietnam 35,251
Cambodia Cambodia 30,321
  Réunion 30,077
India India 29,623
Serbia Serbia 25,632
Lebanon Lebanon 21,066
Madagascar Madagascar 21,002
Germany Germany 20,523
Pakistan Pakistan 20,178
Russia Russia 19,019
Mauritius Mauritius 18,840
Guinea Guinea 18,709
Brazil Brazil 17,887
United Kingdom United Kingdom 17,789
United States United States 17,583
United Nations Other countries and territories 857,720

At the 2019 census, 75.1% of the inhabitants of Île-de-France were natives of Metropolitan France, 1.7% were born in Overseas France, and 23.1% were born in foreign countries.[36] A quarter of the immigrants living in the Île-de-France were born in Europe (38% of whom in Portugal), 29% were born in the Maghreb and 22% in the rest of Africa (in particular West and Central Africa), 3% were born in Turkey and 15% in the rest of Asia, 5% were born in the Americas (not counting those born in the French overseas departments in the Americas, who are not legally immigrants), and 0.1% in Oceania (not counting those born in the French territories of the South Pacific, who are not legally immigrants).[37]

In 2013, roughly 2,206,000 residents of the Île-de-France were immigrants, born outside of France. This amounted to 18.5% of the population of the region, twice the national average. Four out of ten immigrants living in France reside in the region. The immigrant population of the Île-de-France has a higher proportion of non-Europeans, as well as a higher proportion of immigrants with an advanced level of education, than the rest of France. The population of immigrants is more widely distributed throughout the region than it was in the early 2000s, but the concentrations remain high in certain areas, particularly Paris and the department of Seine-Saint-Denis. The proportion of residents born outside of Metropolitan France rose between the 1999 (19.7%) and 2019 censuses (24.9%).[38][36]

Place of birth of residents of Île-de-France
(at the 1968, 1975, 1982, 1990, 1999, 2008, 2013, and 2019 censuses)
Census Born in
Metropolitan France		 Born in
Overseas France		 Born in foreign
countries with French
citizenship at birth[a]		 Immigrants[b]
2019 75.1% 1.7% 3.4% 19.8%
from Europe from the Maghreb[c] from Africa (excl. Maghreb)
5.0% 5.8% 4.4%
from Turkey from Asia (excl. Turkey) from the Americas & Oceania
0.6% 3.0% 1.1%
2013 76.3% 1.7% 3.5% 18.5%
from Europe from the Maghreb[c] from Africa (excl. Maghreb)
5.0% 5.4% 3.8%
from Turkey from Asia (excl. Turkey) from the Americas & Oceania
0.6% 2.8% 1.0%
2008 77.4% 1.7% 3.5% 17.4%
from Europe from the Maghreb[c] from Africa (excl. Maghreb)
4.9% 5.1% 3.3%
from Turkey from Asia (excl. Turkey) from the Americas & Oceania
0.6% 2.5% 0.9%
1999 80.3% 1.8% 3.2% 14.7%
1990 80.4% 1.9% 3.7% 14.0%
1982 81.1% 1.7% 3.9% 13.3%
1975 82.9% 1.0% 3.9% 12.2%
1968 85.3% 0.5% 4.0% 10.2%
^a Persons born abroad of French parents, such as Pieds-Noirs and children of French expatriates.
^b An immigrant is by French definition a person born in a foreign country and who did not have French citizenship at birth. An immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving to France, but is still listed as an immigrant in French statistics. On the other hand, persons born in France with foreign citizenship (the children of immigrants) are not listed as immigrants.
^c Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria
Source: INSEE[36][37][38][39][40]

Petite Couronne

[edit]
"Petite Couronne" redirects here. For the municipality in Upper Normandy, see Petit-Couronne.
Map of the Petite Couronne with Paris
Locator map showing the municipalities in which the Petite Couronne is divided. Paris is divided into its 20 arrondissements.

The Petite Couronne[41] (literally "Little Crown", or inner ring) is formed by the three departments bordering Paris, forming a geographical crown around it. These departments, until 1968 part of the disbanded Seine department, are Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne. The most populated towns of the Petite Couronne are Boulogne-Billancourt, Montreuil, Saint-Denis, Nanterre and Créteil.

The Métropole du Grand Paris is an administrative structure that comprises Paris and the three departments of the Petite Couronne, plus seven additional communes in the Grande Couronne.

The table below shows some statistical information about the area including Paris:

Department Area (km2) Population (2011)[42] Municipalities
Paris (75)
105.4
2 249 975
1 (Paris)
Hauts-de-Seine (92)
176
1 581 628
Seine-Saint-Denis (93)
236
1 529 928
Val-de-Marne (94)
245
1 333 702
Petite Couronne
657
4 445 258
123
Paris + Petite Couronne
762.4
6 695 233
124

Grande Couronne

[edit]

The Grande Couronne[43] (literally Large Crown, or outer ring) includes the outer four departments of Île-de-France, which do not border Paris. They are Seine-et-Marne (77), Yvelines (78), Essonne (91) and Val-d'Oise (95). The last three departments formed the Seine-et-Oise department until it was disbanded in 1968. The city of Versailles is part of the area.

Historical population

[edit]
Population of Île-de-France
YearPop.±% p.a.
18011,352,280—    
18061,407,272+0.80%
18211,549,811+0.65%
18261,780,900+2.82%
18311,707,181−0.84%
18361,882,354+1.97%
18411,998,862+1.21%
18462,180,100+1.75%
18512,239,695+0.54%
18562,552,980+2.65%
18612,819,045+2.00%
18663,039,043+1.51%
18723,141,730+0.56%
YearPop.±% p.a.
18763,320,162+1.39%
18813,726,118+2.33%
18863,934,314+1.09%
18914,126,932+0.96%
18964,368,656+1.14%
19014,735,580+1.63%
19064,960,310+0.93%
19115,335,220+1.47%
19215,682,598+0.63%
19266,146,178+1.58%
19316,705,579+1.76%
19366,785,750+0.24%
19466,597,758−0.28%
YearPop.±% p.a.
19547,317,063+1.30%
19628,470,015+1.85%
19689,248,631+1.48%
19759,878,565+0.95%
198210,073,059+0.28%
199010,660,554+0.71%
199910,952,011+0.30%
200711,598,866+0.72%
201211,898,502[44]+0.51%
201712,174,880[44]+0.46%
201912,262,544[45]+0.36%
202012,271,794+0.08%
Census returns from INSEE

International relations

[edit]
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in France

Twin regions

[edit]

Île-de-France is twinned with:

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Populations légales des régions en 2020". insee.fr (in French). Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques. 19 December 2022. Populations légales des régions en vigueur au 1er janvier 2023. Archived from the original on 23 January 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
  2. ^ "EU regions by GDP, Eurostat". Retrieved 18 September 2023.
  3. ^ "Region Ile-de-France - The Essentials in English (June 2018)". Région Île-de-France. 2018. idf_essential_2018.pdf p3. Archived from the original on 19 October 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2022. Paris Region (Île-de-France)
  4. ^ a b "Ile-de-France - Portrait of the Region - Key figures (in French)". Regional Council of the Ile-de-France. Archived from the original on 17 June 2022. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
  5. ^ a b c d "Paris Region Facts & Figures 2022 (Version anglaise)" (PDF). Paris Île-de-France Regional Chamber of Commerce and Industry. 4 April 2022. pp. 6, 12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 November 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2022. (web page Archived 27 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine)
  6. ^ "OECD Atlas: Gross Domestic Product per capita, in USD". OECD. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
  7. ^ "En quinze ans, Paris s'est enrichi, mais sa région s'est appauvrie, révèle une étude". France Info (in French). 3 June 2019. Archived from the original on 3 June 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2019.
  8. ^ Bloch, Marc (1971). The Ile-de-France, the country around Paris. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-0640-4.
  9. ^ "Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by NUTS 3 regions". ec.europa.eu.
  10. ^ Arbois de Jubainville & Dottin 1889, p. 132.
  11. ^ Cunliffe 2004, p. 201.
  12. ^ Lawrence & Gondrand 2010, p. 25.
  13. ^ Schmidt 2009, pp. 65–70.
  14. ^ Schmidt 2009, pp. 88–104.
  15. ^ Schmidt 2009, pp. 154–167.
  16. ^ a b Schmidt 2009, pp. 210–11.
  17. ^ "Territoire et population | La préfecture et les services de l'État en région Île-de-France". www.prefectures-regions.gouv.fr. Retrieved 18 May 2024.
  18. ^ Paris Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Contribution des CCI de Paris - Île-de-France à la révision du SDRIF, page 110. "TEM Paris – La Défense – QCA" (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 March 2007. Retrieved 1 September 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  19. ^ "L'Industrie en Île-de-France, Principaux Indicateurs Régionaux" (PDF). INSEE. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 February 2015. Retrieved 24 November 2014.
  20. ^ "Top 100 des usines dans la region Île-de-France - Industrie Explorer". industrie.usinenouvelle.com. Archived from the original on 3 December 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
  21. ^ a b "Key figures on economy of Ile-de-France (2018) (in French)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 December 2018. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
  22. ^ a b "Key Figures 2018: Employment statistics from Government of the Ile-de-France, retrieved December 1, 2018" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 December 2018. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
  23. ^ "Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Ile-de-France, retrieved 12-2-2018)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 December 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
  24. ^ "INSEE report, Unemployment in Ile-de-France, by department, end of 2016". Archived from the original on 19 December 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
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Bibliography

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Île-de-France.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Île-de-France.

48°30′N 2°30′E / 48.500°N 2.500°E / 48.500; 2.500

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