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Nagpuri language

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(Redirected from Gawari language)
"Sadri language" and "Nagpuria language" redirect here. For the dialect of Nagpur, Maharashtra, see Varhadi dialect. For the dialect of Uttarakhand, see Nagpuriya dialect (Garhwal).
"Gawari" redirects here. Not to be confused with Gavari, Gawri, or Gauri.

Nagpuri
Sadri
Sadani
The word "Nagpuri" written in Devanagari script
Native toIndia
RegionWest Central Chota Nagpur (Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha and Bihar)
EthnicityNagpuria
Native speakers
L1: 5.1 million (2011 census)[1][2][3][4]
L2: 7.0 million (2007)[4]
Devanagari
Kaithi (historical)
Official status
Official language in
 India
Language codes
ISO 639-3Either:
sck – Sadri
sdr – Oraon Sadri
Glottologsada1242
Nagpuri-speaking region in India
A Sadri speaker speaking three languages, recorded in China.

Nagpuri (also known as Sadri) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in the Indian states of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha and Bihar. It is primarily spoken in the west and central Chota Nagpur plateau region.[2][7][8] It is sometimes considered a dialect of Bhojpuri.[9][10][11]

It is the native language of the Sadan, the Indo-Aryan ethnic group of Chota Nagpur plateau.[8] In addition to native speakers, it is also used as a lingua franca by many tribal groups such as the Kurukh, a Dravidian ethnic group, and the Kharia, Munda, and Austro-asiatic ethnic groups. A number of speakers from these tribal groups have adopted it as their first language.[8] It is also used as a lingua franca among the Tea-garden community of Assam, West Bengal and Bangladesh who were taken as labourers to work in the tea gardens during the British Period.[8] It is known as Baganiya bhasa in the tea garden area of Assam which is influenced by the Assamese language.[12] According to the 2011 Census, it is spoken by 5.1 million people as a first language. Around 7 million speak it as their second language based on a study from 2007.[2]

Etymology

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The language is known by several names, such as Nagpuri, Nagpuria, Sadani, Sadri etc. In the literary tradition, the language is known as Nagpuri, which is the polished and literary language especially used by Hindus and in cities. While Sadri refers to the spoken and non-literary form of the language, especially spoken by tribal groups in the countryside.[13][14] The name Nagpuri is derived from the region ruled by Nagvanshi, named as Chutia Nagpur (Chota Nagpur Division) by the British to distinguish it from Nagpur of Maharashtra.[15] Similarly, the Sadani term derived from the languages of Sadan ethnolinguistic group of Chotanagpur. The Sadani also refer to closely related Indo-Aryan languages of Jharkhand such as Nagpuri, Panchpargania, Kurmali and Khortha.[8]

Nagpuri language writers are in favour of using Nagpuri as the name of the language. There is an opposition against the use of the word Sadri and giving two names Sadan/Sadri and Nagpuria, to a single language in the upcoming Indian census. According to them, the name of the language is Nagpuri and the native speakers of the language are known as Nagpuria. The British also wrote a grammar using the name Nagpuri in 1906, and Nagpuri is the official name of the language in Jharkhand.[14][16][17]

Alternate names

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Alternate names of Nagpuri language include: Sadani, Sadana, Sadati, Sadari, Sadhan, Sadna, Sadrik, Santri, Siddri, Sradri, Sadhari, Sadan, Nagpuria, Chota Nagpuri, Dikku Kaji, Gawari, Ganwari, Goari, Gauuari, Jharkhandhi.[18][19][20]

History

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There are different opinions among linguists about the origin of the Nagpuri language. According to Peter Shanti Navrangi, Nagpuriya Sadani or Nagpuri originated from ancient Prakrit. According to professor Keshri Kumar Singh, Nagpuri is an Apabhramsha and descendant of Magadhi Prakrit in his book "Nagpuri bhasa ebam Sahitya". According to Dr. Shravan Kumar Goswami, Nagpuri evolved from Ardhamagadhi Prakrit.[21] According to him, Nagpuri might have originated between the 8th to 11th centuries and developed into a full-fledged language between the 14th to 15th centuries. According to Yogendra Nath Tiwari, Nagpuri is an ancient language that was in existence before Chotanagpur or Jharkhand started to be known as Nagpur and evolved from Jharkhand Prakrit. There is no consensus among scholars from which language Nagpuri has evolved. Several similarities are found between the words of Hindi, Nagpuri, Apabrahmsa, Prakrit and Sanskrit.[7]

The Nagpuri language was the court language of the Nagvanshi dynasty and the official language of Chotanagpur till British rule. Evidence of literature is available from the 17th century. In 1903, Sir George Abraham Grierson classified Nagpuri as the Nagpuria dialect of the Bhojpuri language in his "Linguistic Survey of India".

1903 Linguistic map of East Chota Nagpur, by G.A. Grierson

Nagpuri has been placed in the Bihari group of Indo-Aryan languages.[8][22] Recent studies demonstrate that the Indo-Aryan languages of the Chota Nagpur plateau, called Sadani languages, are distinct languages and are more closely related to each other than any other languages.[13]

Geographical distribution

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Distribution of Nagpuri language in the state of India (2011 census)[23]

  Jharkhand (46.7%)
  West Bengal (14.5%)
  Assam (14%)
  Chattisgarh (12.7%)
  Odisha (6.8%)
  Rajasthan (4.1%)
  Other (1.2%)

The Nagpuri language is mainly spoken in the western Chota Nagpur Plateau region. The geographical distribution of language is tabulated below;

State Jharkhand Chhattisgarh Odisha Bihar
District Chatra Jashpur Sundergarh Gaya
Palamu Balrampur
Latehar Sarguja
Garhwa
Hazaribagh
Lohardaga
Gumla
Ranchi
Simdega
Khunti
West Singhbhum

It is also spoken by some Tea garden community in Tea garden area of Assam, West Bengal, Bangladesh and Nepal who were taken as labourer to work in Tea garden during British Rule.[3]

Phonology

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Consonants

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Labial Dental/
Alveolar 		Retroflex Post-alv./
Palatal 		Velar Glottal
Nasal m n (ɳ) ŋ
Stop/
Affricate 		voiceless p t ʈ tʃ k
aspirated pʰ tʰ ʈʰ tʃʰ kʰ
voiced b d ɖ dʒ ɡ
breathy bʱ dʱ ɖʱ dʒʱ ɡʱ
Fricative s h
Tap ɾ
Lateral l
Approximant ʋ j
  • [ɳ] occurs from Sanskrit loanwords, or as realisations of /n/.
  • /h/ can be voiced as [ɦ] when between vowels.
  • /ɖ, ɖʱ/ can be heard as taps [ɽ, ɽʱ] when in word-medial position.
  • /ɾ/ can also be heard as retroflex [ɽ] when after back vowels.

Vowels

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Oral vowel sounds
Front Central Back
High i iː ʊ ʊː
Mid ɛ ɛː (ə əː) ʌ ʌː ɔ ɔː
Low a aː
Nasal vowel sounds
Front Central Back
High ĩ ʊ̃
Mid ɛ̃ ʌ̃ ɔ̃
Low ã
  • /i/ can be heard as [i̞] or [ɪ], in short, closed, non-final syllables in free variation.
  • /ɛ, ɛː/ can be heard as more close [e, eː] in free variation within word-final syllables.
  • /a/ can be heard as front [a] or central [ä] in free variation.
  • /ʌ, ʌː/ is heard as more rounded [ʌ̹, ʌ̹] when after bilabial consonants, as [ʌ̞] when in short syllables, and as [ə, əː] when the final syllable contains an /i/, or when following a /ɖ/ or /ɾ/.
  • /ɔ, ɔː/ can be heard as [o, oː] in free variation.[24]
Diphthongs
Front Central Back
High ʊi̯
Mid ɛi̯, ɛʊ̯ [əɪ̯] ʌɛ̯, ʌ̃ɛ̯̃, ʌi̯, ʌʊ̯ ɔɛ̯, ɔ̃ɛ̯̃, ɔi̯, ɔ̃ĩ̯
Low aɛ̯, ãɛ̯̃, aɪ̯, aʊ̯, ãʊ̯̃
  • [əɪ̯] is a realisation of /ʌi̯/.

Vocabulary

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Similarities between words

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There are similarities between the words of Nagpuri, Hindi, Apabhramsha, Prakrit and Sanskrit which are given in the table below.[7]

Nagpuri Hindi Apabrahmsha Prakrit Sanskrit English
Pachhe Peechhe Picchhu Pachha Pashcha Behind
Beyir Surya Beri Rabi Ravi Sun
Sapna Sapna Supan Suvan Swapna Dream
Dharam Dharm Dham Dhamm Dharma Religion
Aayinkh Aankh Aankhi Akiv Akshi Eyes
Didh Drudh Didh Didh Dhairya Courage

Tenses

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Magadhi, Nagpuri and Jharkhand Prakrit use "la" in the past tense, "ta" in the present tense and "ma" in the future tense. The words are given below in the table.[7]

Nagpuri Hindi English
Gelon gaya went
Sutlon soya slept
Peelon piya drank
Khalon khaya ate
Jathon Ja raha hoon I am going
Sutothon so raha hoon I am sleeping.
Piyothon Pee raha hoon I am drinking.
Khathon Kha raha hoon I am eating
Jamu jaoonga I will go.
Sutmu soounga I will sleep
Pimu Piyunga I will drink.
Khamu Khaoonga I will eat.

Relationship

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Below are some words about relationships in Nagpuri in the table.[7]

Nagpuri Hindi English
Mae, Aayo Ma Mother
Baap, Abba Pita Father
Badi Pardadi Great grandmother
Kaka Kaka Father's younger brother
Didi Didi Elder sister
Bhai Bhai Brother
Bahin Bahen sister
Puth Putra Son
Nani Nani Maternal grandmother
Jani Mahila woman
Sayis Saas Mother- in - law
Sangat/Yaar brother of sister-in-law and brother-in-law
Sangatin sister of sister-in-law and brother-in-law

Words

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Below are some words of daily use in Nagpuri, Hindi and English in the table.[7]

Nagpuri Hindi English
Charka Sweth White
Gola Bhura Brown
Peeyar Peela Yellow
Laal Laal Red
Leel Neela Blue
Aayij Aaj Today
Aekhane Abhi Now
Sagar din Sara din Whole night
Adhberiya Dopahar Afternoon
Sanjh Sam Evening
Thanv Sthan Place
Pokhra Pokhar Pond
Pethiya Bazar Market
Pahad Pahad Mountain
Nadi Nadi River
Masna Masan/Samsaan Graveyard
Jaad Jaada Winter
Barkha Barsa Rainy season
Rait Raat Night
Paala Paala Snow

Sample phrases

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English Nagpuri Nagpuri (Devanagari)
What is your name? Tor naam ka heke? तोर नाम का हेके ?
How are you ? Toen kaisan aahis? तोयं कसैन आहीस्?
I am fine. Moen thik aahon मोएं ठीक आहों।
What? Ka? का?
Who? Ke? के?
Why? Kale? काले?
How? Kaisan? कसैन?
Which? Kon? कोन?
Come here. Hian aao हीयां आओ
I am going to home. Moen ghar jat hon मोएं घर जात हों।
I have eaten. Moen kha hon मोएं खा हों।
I will go. Moen Jamu मोएं जामु।
We go. Hame jaeil हामे जाइल।
You go. Toen jais तोयं जाइस्।
You are writing. Toen likhathis तोयं लिखतहिस्।
You will come. Toen aabe तोयं आबे।
We are writing. Hame likhathi हामे लीखतही।
We have written. Hame likh hi हामे लीख ही।
He/She come. Oo aawela उ आवेला।
He/She is going. Oo jat he उ जात हे।
He/She was coming. Oo aawat rahe उ आवत रहे।
He/She will play. Oo kheli उ खेली।
They have eaten bread. Ooman roti kha haen उमन रोटी खा हयं।
They went. Ooman gelaen उमन गेलयं।
They will go home. Ooman ghar jabaen उमन घर जाबयं।

Dialects

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The Nagpuri language spoken in different districts such as Ranchi, Gumla, Simdega and Garhwa varies with each other.[13]

Script

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The early inscriptions found in the region are in Brahmi script. The Saridkel Brahmi Inscription from Khunti district is from 3rd century BCE. Several inscriptions of forts, temples and land grants are found from the 9th century, such as from Mahamaya temple of Hapamuni built by Gajghat Rai, Nagfeni, Navratangarh fort of Gumla district, Boreya and Jagannath temple of Ranchi. Some Buddhist inscriptions are undated, such as from Khalari and Jonha Falls.[25] Inscriptions of the modern period are in Devnagari script. Nagpuri poetry has been written in Devnagari and Kaithi script during the 17th century.[26] At present, mainly Devnagari script is used in literature.[7]

Literature

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Main article: Nagpuri literature

The Nagpuri language is rich in folk tales, folk songs and riddles. Literature in the Nagpuri language are available since the 17th century. The Nagvanshi king Raghunath Shah and the King of Ramgarh, Dalel Singh, were poets. These poems were composed in Devnagari script and Kaithi script.[26][27] Some Nagpuri peots were Hanuman Singh, Jaigovind Mishra, Barju Ram Pathak, Ghasi Ram Mahli, Das Mahli, Mahant Ghasi and Kanchan.[28] "Nagvanshavali" (1876), written by Beniram Mehta, is a historical work in the nagpuri language. The poet Ghasi Ram Mahli wrote several works, including "Nagvanashavali", "Durgasaptasati", "Barahamasa", "Vivha Parichhan" etc. There were also great writers like Pradumn Das and Rudra Singh.[29] It is believed that prose writing in the nagpuri language started by Christian missionaries. E.H.Whitley wrote Notes on the Ganwari dialect of Lohardaga, Chhota Nagpur in 1896, which considered the start of writing prose in the nagpuri language.[30] Some Nagpuri language writers and poets in the modern period are Praful Kumar Rai, Sahani Upendra Pal Singh, Shiv Avtar Choudhary, Lal Ranvijay Nath Shahdeo, Bisheshwar Prasad Keshari and Girdhari Ram Gonjhu.[21]

Monthly Nagpuri magazines Gotiya and Johar Sahiya have been published in Ranchi.[31][32] Several magazines have also been published in Assam, West Bengal's Tarai and Dooars districts.[33][3]

Author and Work

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Some poets, writers and their works in the nagpuri language are as follows:[30]

Author Work
Raghunath Shah first known poet in the Nagpuri language, mostly composed devotional poetry on Krishna
Beniram Mahata Nagvanshavali (1876)
Ghasi Ram Mahli Nagpuri Fag Satak, Lalana Ranjana, Durga Saptasati, Nagvanshavali Jhumar
Kanchan Sudama Charitra, Krishna Charitra, Mahabharat, Lanka Kand, Usha Haran
Drugpal Ram Deogharia Nal Charita, Korambe Upakhyan
Dhaniram Bakshi Jitiya Kahani, Fogli budhia kar Kahani, Narad Moh Lila, Karam Mahatmay, Sri Krishna Charit
E.H Whitley Notes on Ganwari dialects of Lohardaga, Chotanagpur (grammar), 1896
Konrad Bookout Grammar of the Nagpuria Sadani language
Praful Kumar Rai Son Jhair (collection of stories), 1967
Sahani Upendra Pal Singh Mewar Keshri, Amba Manjar
Bisheshwar Prasad Keshari Nerua Lota urf Sanskritit Abdharna (nibandh), Thakur Vishwanath Sahi, Kanti
Shravan Kumar Goswami Nagpuri Vyakran, Seva aur Nokri, Teteir Kar Chhaon, Du Dair Bis Phool
Girdhari Ram Gonjhu Mahabali Radhe Kar Balidan, Akhra Nindaye Gelak
Naimuddin Mirdaha Menjur Painkh
Baraik Iswari Prasad Singh Kaka kar Kahani
Kali Kumar Suman Khukhri Rugda
Shakuntala Mishra Nagpuri Sadani Vyakaran, Sadani Nagpuri-Hindi Sabdkosh, Sato Nadi Par

Education

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Nagpuri taught at some high schools as a subject in Jharkhand.[34] It is also taught at Ranchi University, Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee University, Ranchi Women's College, Suraj Singh Memorial College, J.N College, Ram Lakhan Singh Yadav College, Doranda College, Simdega College and other universities of Jharkhand.[35][36]

Politics

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Historically, Nagpuri was the lingua-franca in the region. It was the court language during the reign of the Nagvanshi dynasty.[26] Nagpuri is accorded as an additional official language in the Indian state of Jharkhand.[5][6] There is demand to include Nagpuri in the Eighth schedule.[37][38][39] Some academics oppose inclusion of Hindi dialects in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution as full-fledged Indian languages. According to them, recognition of Hindi dialects as separate languages would deprive Hindi of millions of its speakers and eventually no Hindi will be left.[40]

See also

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References

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Sources

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  1. ^ "Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2011". www.censusindia.gov.in. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from the original on 21 July 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
  2. ^ a b c "Sadri". Ethnologue. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
  3. ^ a b c "Sadri - the Language of Jharkhand". Archived from the original on 27 November 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  4. ^ a b Sadri at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023) Closed access icon
    Oraon Sadri at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023) Closed access icon
  5. ^ a b "List of Official Languages of Indian States and Union Territories". jagranjosh. 23 June 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  6. ^ a b "Jharkhand gives second language status to Magahi, Angika, Bhojpuri and Maithili". avenuemail. 11 March 2018. Archived from the original on 28 April 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2019.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g "JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS A Study of the Special Features of Nagpuri Language of Jharkhand". research gate. July 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Savita Kiran, John Peterson. "Sadani / Sadri". academia.edu. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
  9. ^ Bahl, Kali C. (1971). "Sadani: A Bhojpuri Dialect Spoken in Chotanagpur . Monika Jordan-Horstmann". American Anthropologist. 73 (4): 909–910. doi:10.1525/aa.1971.73.4.02a00680. ISSN 0002-7294.
  10. ^ The New Encyclop©Œdia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 1983. ISBN 978-0-85229-400-0.
  11. ^ Thiel-Horstmann, M. (1969). "Sadani : a Bhojpuri dialect spoken in Chotanagpur". S2CID 127410862. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  12. ^ Diksha Verma (2022). "THE SYLLABLE STRUCTURE IN NAGPURI (SADRI)" (PDF). Veda Publications. p. 2. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
  13. ^ a b c Paudyal, Netra P.; Peterson, John (1 September 2020). "How one language became four: the impact of different contact-scenarios between "Sadani" and the tribal languages of Jharkhand". Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics. 7 (2): 275–306. doi:10.1515/jsall-2021-2028. ISSN 2196-078X.
  14. ^ a b "नागपुरी भाषा को दो अलग कोड देने पर नाराजगी". liveHindustan. 11 July 2021. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
  15. ^ Sir John Houlton, Bihar, the Heart of India, pp. 127–128, Orient Longmans, 1949.
  16. ^ "भाषाई जनगणना में नागपुरी को बांटने की साजिश का विरोध". Hindustan. 29 August 2021. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
  17. ^ "झारखंड में नागपुरी के साथ जुल्म हो रहा है : मधु मंसुरी". Dainik Jagran. 15 May 2022. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
  18. ^ "Sadri (Language code 'sck')". Global Recordings Network. Archived from the original on 13 May 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
  19. ^ "Oraon Sadri(Language code 'sdr')". Global Recordings Network. Archived from the original on 15 May 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
  20. ^ "Ethnologue report for language code: sck". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 31 August 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
  21. ^ a b Ranjan, Manish (19 August 2002). Jharkhand Samanya Gyan. Prabhat Prakashan. ISBN 9789351867982.
  22. ^ Lal, Mohan (1992). Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 9788126012213.
  23. ^ "C-16: Population by mother tongue, India - 2011". Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
  24. ^ Peterson, John; Baraik, Sunil (2022). A grammar of Chotanagpuri Sadri: An Indo-Aryan Lingua Franca of Eastern Central India. Central Institute of Indian Languages. ISBN 9789394835153. OCLC 1400959176.
  25. ^ Lalit Aditya (October 2018). "Inscriptions in Jharkhand: A Preliminary Study". Retrieved 30 August 2022.
  26. ^ a b c "Giant new chapter for Nagpuri poetry". telegraphindia. 5 November 2012.
  27. ^ "Bid to save language treasure by Dr Keshri". dailypioneer. 30 March 2014. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
  28. ^ "नागपुरी राग-रागिनियों को संरक्षित कर रहे महावीर नायक". prabhatkhabar. 4 September 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
  29. ^ Ranjan, Manish (January 2016). Jharkhand Samanya Gyan 2016. Prabhat Prakashan. ISBN 9789351866848.
  30. ^ a b Dr. Manish Ranjan (2021). JPSC Mains Paper-III History and Geography (Hindi): Dr. Manish Ranjan (IAS). Prabhat Prakashan. ISBN 978-9390906833.
  31. ^ "Nagpuri call for culture". telegraphindia. 25 July 2008.
  32. ^ "JOHAR SAHIYA". newspapers.
  33. ^ "New insight into tea community of Assam". thethumbprintmag. 25 May 2015. Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2019.
  34. ^ "नागपुरी भाषा के प्रचार-प्रसार पर दिया गया जोर". livehindustan. 5 November 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
  35. ^ "RU gold medallist to promote Nagpuri lang". timesofindia. 21 January 2016.
  36. ^ "11 कॉलेजों में चलते हैं रीजनल कोर्स". inextlive. 2 April 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
  37. ^ "Requests to include 38 languages in Constitution pending: Govt". thehindu. 1 December 2009.
  38. ^ "38 languages stake claim to be in Eighth schedule". dailyexcelsior. 16 August 2013.
  39. ^ "'नागपुरी पझरा' संवाद कार्यक्रम में उठी नागपुरी भाषा को 8वीं अनुसूची में शामिल करने की मांग". prabhatkhabar. 3 June 2018.
  40. ^ "Don't add Hindi dialects in Eighth Schedule, say academics". thehindu. 20 January 2017.

Bibliography

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Dictionary

[edit]
  • Blain, Edgar (1975). English-Sadri Dictionary. Jharsuguda, Orissa: The Society of the Divine Word. OCLC 17730482.
  • Oram, Sushant; Oram, Mangaraj; Kispatta, Fakir; Minj, Saroj Kumar (2018). Odia-Sadri Sabdakosh (PDF) (in Odia). Special Development Council, Sundargarh, Planning & Convergence Department, Govt. of Odisha. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 August 2022.
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