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Gandhi (film)

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Gandhi
Theatrical release poster
Directed byRichard Attenborough
Written byJohn Briley
Produced byRichard Attenborough
Starring
Cinematography
Edited byJohn Bloom
Music by
Production
companies
Distributed byColumbia Pictures (through Columbia-EMI-Warner Distributors in the United Kingdom[1])
Release dates
  • 30 November 1982 (1982-11-30) (New Delhi)
  • 3 December 1982 (1982-12-03) (United Kingdom)
Running time
191 minutes[1]
Countries
  • United Kingdom
  • India
Languages
  • English
  • Hindi
Budget$22 million[2]
Box office$127.8 million[2]

Gandhi is a 1982 epic biographical film based on the life of Mahatma Gandhi, a major leader in the Indian independence movement against the British Empire during the 20th century. A co-production between India and the United Kingdom, the film was directed and produced by Richard Attenborough from a screenplay written by John Briley. It stars Ben Kingsley in the title role. The biographical film covers Gandhi's life from a defining moment in 1893, as he is thrown off a South African train for being in a whites-only compartment and concludes with his assassination and funeral in 1948. Although a practising Hindu, Gandhi's embracing of other faiths, particularly Christianity and Islam, is also depicted.

Gandhi was released by Columbia Pictures in India on 30 November 1982, in the United Kingdom on 3 December, and in the United States on 8 December. It was praised for providing a historically accurate portrayal of the life of Gandhi, the Indian independence movement and the deleterious results of British colonisation on India. Its production values, costume design, and Kingsley's performance received worldwide critical acclaim. It became a commercial success, grossing $127.8 million on a $22 million budget. Gandhi received a leading eleven nominations at the 55th Academy Awards, winning eight, including Best Picture, Best Director, and Best Actor (for Kingsley). The British Film Institute ranked it as the 34th greatest British film of the 20th century. The American Film Institute ranked the film 29th on its list of most inspiring movies.

Plot

[edit]

On January 30, 1948, Gandhi is assassinated by Nathuram Godse. His funeral is held and his casket is brought throughout Delhi accompanied by a mourning Nehru, and millions of Indians, and dignitaries from across the globe.

In June 1893, a young Mohandas Gandhi is thrown off a train in South Africa despite having a first class ticket. He decides to campaign for Indians to be seen as equal to Whites in South Africa, which attracts the attention of Dada Adab, president of the Natal Indian Congress, who invites him to perform a demonstration where he burns his pass in retaliation. The South African Government then try to enact a law where Indians are to have themselves fingerprinted, akin to criminals. Gandhi then performs a speech about how unjust the new law is, and how they must fight it with non violence. Gandhi later holds numerous demonstrations, including where he is arrested on the order of Jan Smuts, Prime Minister of South Africa. Later, the Government release him and relent by giving some rights to Indians. It is seen as a success. Gandhi also meets Charles Andrews, an Anglican clergyman who wishes to help Gandhi with his mission. He also meets Vince Walker, an American journalist from the New York Times, who takes special interest in Gandhi. Gandhi’s work is at his ashram, where many figures who work with Gandhi from the beginning including Andrews, Hermann Kallenbuch, and later Madeleine Slade, who Gandhi names Mirabehn.

Gandhi is later invited to India in 1915, where he meets the leadership of the Indian National Congress: Sardar Patel, a young Jawaharlal Nehru, Maulana Azad, and Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who is advocating for India to have self rule, and meets Gopal Krishna Gokhale, who becomes his mentor. Jinnah supports Gandhi’s involvement in politics especially due to his victory in South Africa, but his unconventional approach bothers him. They later attend a conference of the Indian National Congress led by Jinnah, who advocates self rule, and a speech by Gandhi who later captivates the people’s mind, which Patel takes an interest in.

Gandhi pledges allegiance to the British Empire in WW1, but demands India has self rule. He holds satyagrahas at Champaran and Kheda, where they are brutally curtailed by the British.

Despite Indian involvement in WW1, the British administration in India passes the Rowlatt Act, which is seen as betrayal. While a group of people listen to a speech about freedom, General Reginald Dyer orders his soldiers to fire at them despite giving them no warning, committing the Amritsar massacre. Gandhi and Nehru later mourn the dead.

The Congress leaders discuss methods on how to protest the British rule, when Jinnah brings up the idea of non-cooperation, and is surprised to see Gandhi agree. It is an immediate success, but leads to the Chauri Chaura incident, where protestors kill and burn police officers in the United Provinces. Disgusted, Gandhi orders to call off the non-cooperation movement, which angers Jinnah because of the amount of support they have rallied. Gandhi retreats to his ashram and fasts to call off the masses, and Nehru informs him that Jinnah and the rest of the Congress have called off the non cooperation movement.

Gandhi then organises the Salt March, as a response to the British monopoly on salt in India. He is accompanied by Vince Walker and his associate, who report of the determination of Gandhi and his followers. Gandhi is then invited to London by Ramsay MacDonald, to attend the Round Table conferences regarding future Dominion status for the Indian Empire. However, they prove fruitless and Gandhi and the other Congress leaders are imprisoned for the duration of WW2. During a period of house arrest, Gandhi's wife Kasturba dies, and he mourns her.

Dissatisfied by the Congress and Gandhi, and fearing Hindu domination in independent India, Jinnah resigns from the Congress and goes back to the Muslim League, where he begins demands for a separate state to be made out of British India for the Muslim minority. Gandhi is upset, and in 1945, Viceroy Louis Mountbatten declares that India is to be independent soon, and that he will be the last Governor-General of India. The leaders of the Indian independence movement organise a meeting on behalf of Jinnah to discuss the future of India. Gandhi offers Jinnah to be Prime Minister and to choose the first cabinet of India, instead of Nehru, who agrees if it means keeping an independent India. Jinnah declines, stating that an independent Pakistan is the only way Muslims can be safe, despite the objections of Patel, Nehru, and Azad.

India is given independence in August 1947, and millions of people cross the borders into the new India and Pakistan. Sectarian violence happens along the new borders, and Hindus and Muslims alike commit atrocities against each other. The military attempt to control violence in Delhi and Bombay, while in Calcutta murder and violence between Hindus and Muslims is rampant as rape, lynching, murder, and arson fill the streets. Devastated, Gandhi holds a fast unto death, which leads to Hindus standing down, and Huseyn Suhrawardy to call upon Muslims to stop fighting, and the violence stops. A Hindu man goes to Gandhi and mourns about how he killed a Muslim baby, for his son was killed in the violence. Gandhi orders him to find a Muslim boy whose family had died in the violence, and raise him as a faithful Muslim.

Gandhi spends his last days trying to bring peace between India and Pakistan, and between Hindus and Muslims. On his way to prayers, Nathuram Godse shoots Gandhi point blank 3 times, who exclaims “Oh, God!”. Gandhi’s ashes are poured over the Ganges, and he is mourned by the leaders of the Congress and the Indian independence movement as a whole.

Cast

[edit]

Production

[edit]

This film had been Richard Attenborough's dream project, although two previous attempts at filming had failed. In 1952, Gabriel Pascal secured an agreement with the Prime Minister of India (Jawaharlal Nehru) to produce a film of Gandhi's life. However, Pascal died in 1954 before preparations were completed.[3]

In 1962 Attenborough was contacted by Motilal Kothari, an Indian-born civil servant working with the Indian High Commission in London and a devout follower of Gandhi. Kothari insisted that Attenborough meet him to discuss a film about Gandhi.[4][5] Attenborough agreed, after reading Louis Fischer's biography of Gandhi and spent the next 18 years attempting to get the film made. He was able to meet prime minister Nehru and his daughter Indira Gandhi through a connection with Lord Louis Mountbatten, the last Viceroy of India. Nehru approved of the film and promised to help support its production, but his death in 1964 was one of the film's many setbacks. Attenborough would dedicate the film to the memory of Kothari, Mountbatten, and Nehru.

David Lean and Sam Spiegel had planned to make a film about Gandhi after completing The Bridge on the River Kwai, reportedly with Alec Guinness as Gandhi. Ultimately, the project was abandoned in favour of Lawrence of Arabia (1962).[6] Attenborough reluctantly approached Lean with his own Gandhi project in the late 1960s, and Lean agreed to direct the film and offered Attenborough the lead role. Instead Lean began filming Ryan's Daughter, during which time Motilai Kothari had died and the project fell apart.[7]

Attenborough again attempted to resurrect the project in 1976 with backing from Warner Brothers. Then prime minister Indira Gandhi declared a state of emergency in India and shooting would be impossible. Co-producer Rani Dube persuaded prime minister Indira Gandhi to provide the first $10 million from the National Film Development Corporation of India, chaired by D. V. S. Raju at that time, on the back of which the remainder of the funding was finally raised.[8][9] Finally in 1980 Attenborough was able to secure the remainder of the funding needed to make the film. Screenwriter John Briley had introduced him to Jake Eberts, the chief executive at the new Goldcrest production company that raised approximately two-thirds of the film's budget.[citation needed]

Shooting began on 26 November 1980 and ended on 10 May 1981. Some scenes were shot near Koilwar Bridge, in Bihar.[10] Over 300,000 extras were used in the funeral scene, the most for any film, according to Guinness World Records.[11]

Casting

[edit]

During pre-production, there was much speculation as to who would play the role of Gandhi.[12][13] The choice was Ben Kingsley, who is partly of Indian heritage (his father was Gujarati and his birth name is Krishna Bhanji).[14]

Release

[edit]

Gandhi premiered in New Delhi, India on 30 November 1982. Two days later, on 2 December, it had a Royal Premiere at the Odeon Leicester Square in London[15] in the presence of Prince Charles and Princess Diana before opening to the public the following day.[16][17] The film had a limited release in the US starting on Wednesday, 8 December 1982, followed by a wider release in January 1983.[2] In February 1983 it opened on two screens in India as well as opening nationwide in the UK and expanding into other countries.[18]

Reception

[edit]

Critical response

[edit]

Reviews were broadly positive not only in India but also internationally.[19] The film was discussed or reviewed in Newsweek,[12] Time,[20] the Washington Post,[21][22] The Public Historian,[23] Cross Currents,[24] The Journal of Asian Studies,[25] Film Quarterly,[26] The Progressive,[27] The Christian Century[27] and elsewhere.[28] Ben Kingsley's performance was especially praised. Among the few who took a more negative view of the film, historian Lawrence James called it "pure hagiography"[29] while anthropologist Akhil Gupta said it "suffers from tepid direction and a superficial and misleading interpretation of history."[30] Also Indian novelist Makarand R. Paranjape has written that "Gandhi, though hagiographical, follow a mimetic style of film-making in which cinema, the visual image itself, is supposed to portray or reflect 'reality'".[31] The film was also criticised by some right-wing commentators who objected to the film's advocacy of nonviolence, including Pat Buchanan, Emmett Tyrrell and Richard Grenier.[27][32] In Time, Richard Schickel wrote that in portraying Gandhi's "spiritual presence... Kingsley is nothing short of astonishing."[20]: 97  A "singular virtue" of the film is that "its title figure is also a character in the usual dramatic sense of the term." Schickel viewed Attenborough's directorial style as having "a conventional handsomeness that is more predictable than enlivening," but this "stylistic self-denial serves to keep one's attention fastened where it belongs: on a persuasive, if perhaps debatable vision of Gandhi's spirit, and on the remarkable actor who has caught its light in all its seasons."[20]: 97  Roger Ebert gave the film four stars and called it a "remarkable experience",[33] and placed it 5th on his 10 best films of 1983.[34]

In Newsweek, Jack Kroll stated that "There are very few movies that absolutely must be seen. Sir Richard Attenborough's Gandhi is one of them."[12] The movie "deals with a subject of great importance... with a mixture of high intelligence and immediate emotional impact... [and] Ben Kingsley... gives what is possibly the most astonishing biographical performance in screen history." Kroll stated that the screenplay's "least persuasive characters are Gandhi's Western allies and acolytes" such as an English cleric and an American journalist, but that "Attenborough's 'old-fashioned' style is exactly right for the no-tricks, no-phony-psychologizing quality he wants."[12] Furthermore, Attenborough

mounts a powerful challenge to his audience by presenting Gandhi as the most profound and effective of revolutionaries, creating out of a fierce personal discipline a chain reaction that led to tremendous historical consequences. At a time of deep political unrest, economic dislocation and nuclear anxiety, seeing "Gandhi" is an experience that will change many minds and hearts.[12]

According to the Museum of Broadcast Communications there was "a cycle of film and television productions which emerged during the first half of the 1980s, which seemed to indicate Britain's growing preoccupation with India, Empire and a particular aspect of British cultural history".[35] In addition to Gandhi, this cycle also included Heat and Dust (1983), Octopussy (1983), The Jewel in the Crown (1984), The Far Pavilions (1984) and A Passage to India (1984).[citation needed]

Patrick French negatively reviewed the film, writing in The Telegraph:

An important origin of one myth about Gandhi was Richard Attenborough's 1982 film. Take the episode when the newly arrived Gandhi is ejected from a first-class railway carriage at Pietermaritzburg after a white passenger objects to sharing space with a "coolie" (an Indian indentured labourer). In fact, Gandhi's demand to be allowed to travel first-class was accepted by the railway company. Rather than marking the start of a campaign against racial oppression, as legend has it, this episode was the start of a campaign to extend racial segregation in South Africa. Gandhi was adamant that "respectable Indians" should not be obliged to use the same facilities as "raw Kaffirs". He petitioned the authorities in the port city of Durban, where he practised law, to end the indignity of making Indians use the same entrance to the post office as blacks, and counted it a victory when three doors were introduced: one for Europeans, one for Asiatics and one for Natives.[36]

Richard Grenier in his 1983 article, "The Gandhi Nobody Knows", which was also the title of the book of the same name and topic, also criticized the film, arguing it misportrayed him as a "saint". He also alleged the Indian government admitted to financing about a third of the film's budget. He also criticized the films' portrayal of Muhammed Ali Jinnah, although he does not elaborate much on this criticism.[37] Grenier's book later became an inspiration for G. B. Singh's book Gandhi: Behind the Mask of Divinity. Parts of the book also discuss the film negatively.

One notable person, Mark Boyle (better known as "The Moneyless Man") has stated that watching the film was the moment that changed his life and said that after that, he took Mahatma Gandhi's message of peace and non-violence to heart and that the film inspired him to become an activist.[38][39]

Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes retrospectively collected 111 reviews and judged 89% of them to be positive, with an average rating of 8.30/10. The website's critical consensus reads: "Director Richard Attenborough is typically sympathetic and sure-handed, but it's Ben Kingsley's magnetic performance that acts as the linchpin for this sprawling, lengthy biopic."[40] Metacritic gave the film a score of 79 out of 100 based on 16 critical reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[41] CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film a rare "A+" grade.[42] In 2010, the Independent Film & Television Alliance selected the film as one of the 30 Most Significant Independent Films of the last 30 years.[43]

The film was included by the Vatican in a list of important films compiled in 1995, under the category of "Values".[44]

Box office

[edit]

The film grossed $81,917 in its first 6 days at the Odeon Leicester Square in London.[45] In the United States and Canada, it grossed $183,583 in its first 5 days from 4 theatres (Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City; Uptown Theater in Washington D.C.; Century Plaza in Los Angeles; and the York in Toronto).[46] Due to the running time, it could be shown only three times a day.[47] It went on to gross US$52,767,889 in the United States and Canada,[2] the 12th highest-grossing film of 1982.[48]

Outside of the United States and Canada, the film grossed US$75 million in the rest of the world, the third highest for the year.[2]

In the United Kingdom, the film grossed £7.7 million (£22.3 million adjusted for inflation).[49][50] It is one of the top ten highest-grossing British independent films of all time adjusted for inflation.[49]

In India, it was one of the highest-grossing films of all-time (and the highest for a foreign film[18]) during the time of its release by earning over ₹100 crore or 1 billion rupees. At today's exchange rate, that amounts to US$14.9 million, still making it one of the highest-grossing imported films in the country. It was shown tax free in Bombay (known as Mumbai since 1995) and Delhi.[19]

The film grossed a total of $127.8 million worldwide.[2] Goldcrest Films invested £5,076,000 in the film and received £11,461,000 in return, earning them a profit of £6,385,000.[51]

The film was also successful on home video selling over 50,000 copies in the United States in 1983 despite a $79.95 retail price.[52]

Accolades

[edit]
Award Category Nominee(s) Result Ref.
Academy Awards Best Picture Richard Attenborough Won [53]
Best Director Won
Best Actor Ben Kingsley Won
Best Screenplay – Written Directly for the Screen John Briley Won
Best Art Direction Art Direction: Stuart Craig and Robert W. Laing;
Set Decoration: Michael Seirton 		Won
Best Cinematography Billy Williams and Ronnie Taylor Won
Best Costume Design John Mollo and Bhanu Athaiya Won
Best Film Editing John Bloom Won
Best Makeup Tom Smith Nominated
Best Original Score Ravi Shankar and George Fenton Nominated
Best Sound Gerry Humphreys, Robin O'Donoghue,
Jonathan Bates, and Simon Kaye 		Nominated
American Cinema Editors Awards Best Edited Feature Film John Bloom Won
British Academy Film Awards Best Film Richard Attenborough Won [54]
Best Direction Won
Best Actor in a Leading Role Ben Kingsley Won
Best Actor in a Supporting Role Edward Fox Nominated
Roshan Seth Nominated
Best Actress in a Supporting Role Candice Bergen Nominated
Rohini Hattangadi Won
Best Screenplay John Briley Nominated
Best Cinematography Billy Williams and Ronnie Taylor Nominated
Best Costume Design John Mollo and Bhanu Athaiya Nominated
Best Film Editing John Bloom Nominated
Best Make-Up Artist Tom Smith Nominated
Best Production Design Stuart Craig Nominated
Best Score for a Film Ravi Shankar and George Fenton Nominated
Best Sound Gerry Humphreys, Robin O'Donoghue,
Jonathan Bates, and Simon Kaye 		Nominated
Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Roles Ben Kingsley Won
British Society of Cinematographers Awards Best Cinematography in a Theatrical Feature Film Billy Williams and Ronnie Taylor Won [55]
David di Donatello Awards Best Foreign Film Richard Attenborough Won
Best Foreign Producer Won
Best Foreign Screenplay John Briley Nominated
European David Award Richard Attenborough Won
Directors Guild of America Awards Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures Won [56]
Evening Standard British Film Awards Best Actor Ben Kingsley Won
Golden Globe Awards Best Foreign Film Won [57]
Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama Ben Kingsley Won
Best Director – Motion Picture Richard Attenborough Won
Best Screenplay – Motion Picture John Briley Won
New Star of the Year – Actor Ben Kingsley Won
Grammy Awards Best Album of Original Score Written for a Motion Picture or Television Special Ravi Shankar and George Fenton Nominated [58]
Japan Academy Film Prize Outstanding Foreign Language Film Nominated
Kansas City Film Critics Circle Awards Best Actor Ben Kingsley Won [59]
London Film Critics' Circle Awards Actor of the Year Won
Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards Best Film 2nd Place [60]
Best Director Richard Attenborough 2nd Place
Best Actor Ben Kingsley Won
National Board of Review Awards Best Film Won [61]
Top Ten Films Won
Best Actor Ben Kingsley Won
National Society of Film Critics Awards Best Actor 2nd Place [62]
New York Film Critics Circle Awards Best Film Won [63]
Best Actor Ben Kingsley Won

American Film Institute

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Gandhi". British Board of Film Classification. Archived from the original on 9 January 2015. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
  2. ^ a b c d e f "Gandhi (1982) - Box Office Data, DVD and Blu-ray Sales, Movie News, Cast and Crew Information". The Numbers. Archived from the original on 7 April 2015. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
  3. ^ See Pascal, Valerie (1970). The disciple and his devil: Gabriel Pascal, Bernard Shaw. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-595-33772-9. Archived from the original on 17 December 2019. Retrieved 15 October 2016. Page 219 states that "Nehru had given his consent, which he confirmed later in a letter to Gabriel: 'I feel... that you are the man who can produce something worthwhile. I was greatly interested in what you told me about this subject [the Gandhi film] and your whole approach to it."
  4. ^ "Gandhi's Inspiring Short Stories". www.mkgandhi-sarvodaya.org. Archived from the original on 26 March 2018. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
  5. ^ Wakeman, John. World Film Directors, Volume 2. The H. W. Wilson Company, 1988, p. 79.
  6. ^ Entirely Up To You, Darling by Diana Hawkins & Richard Attenborough; paperback; Arrow Books; published 2009. ISBN 978-0-099-50304-0
  7. ^ Wakeman (1988), p. 81.
  8. ^ Wakeman (1988), p. 82.
  9. ^ Special Correspondent (14 November 2010). "Film producer D.V.S. Raju passes away". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 24 October 2014. {{cite news}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  10. ^ "The ancient heritage behind our railway bridges". Rediff. Archived from the original on 19 November 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
  11. ^ "Arts and media/Movies/Film extras". Guinness World Records. Archived from the original on 26 November 2005. Retrieved 27 October 2007.
  12. ^ a b c d e Jack Kroll (1982). "A magnificent life of Gandhi". Newsweek (13 December 1982): 60.
  13. ^ Kroll (1982, p. 60) mentions advocacy of Alec Guinness, John Hurt, and Dustin Hoffman, and quotes Attenborough as stating that "At one point Paramount actually said they'd give me the money if Richard Burton could play Gandhi."
  14. ^ See Jack Kroll (1982). "To be or not to be... Gandhi". Newsweek (13 December 1982): 63. – "Born Krishna Bhanji, Kingsley changed his name when he became an actor: the Kingsley comes from his paternal grandfather, who became a successful spice trader in East Africa and was known as King Clove."
  15. ^ Nigel Wolland. "70mm at the Odeon, Leicester Square". In 70mm.com. Archived from the original on 16 October 2012. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
  16. ^ "Entertainments Guide". The Guardian. 2 December 1982. p. 24.
  17. ^ "Attending premiere of "Gandhi" December 2nd 1982". Princess Diana Remembered. 2 December 1982. Archived from the original on 28 April 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
  18. ^ a b "'Tootsie,' 'Gandhi' Hit $120-Mil Abroad, Despite Hard Dollar Drag". Variety. 15 June 1983. p. 5.
  19. ^ a b Makarand R Paranjape (30 January 2015). The Death and Afterlife of Mahatma Gandhi. Random House India. ISBN 9788184006834. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
  20. ^ a b c Richard Schickel (6 December 1982). "Cinema: Triumph of a martyr [review of Gandhi, film by Richard Attenborough]". Time. Vol. 120. p. 97. Archived from the original on 22 January 2011. Retrieved 7 March 2011.
  21. ^ Christian Williams (6 December 1982). "Passage to 'Gandhi'; Attenborough's struggle to bring the Mahatma's life to the screen". Washington Post. pp. Show, F1.
  22. ^ Coleman McCarthy (2 January 1983). "'Gandhi': Introduction to a moral teacher". Washington Post. pp. Style, K2.
  23. ^ Stephen Hay (1983). "Review: Attenborough's "Gandhi"". The Public Historian. 5 (3). University of California Press on behalf of the National Council on Public History: 85–94. doi:10.2307/3377031. ISSN 0272-3433. JSTOR 3377031.
  24. ^ Eknath Easwaran (1982). "Gandhi – Reflections After the Film". Cross Currents. 32 (4). Convergence: 385–388. ISSN 0011-1953.
  25. ^ Mark Juergensmeyer (1984). "Review: The Gandhi revival—a review article". The Journal of Asian Studies. 43 (2). Association for Asian Studies: 293–298. doi:10.2307/2055315. ISSN 0021-9118. JSTOR 2055315. S2CID 156062913.
  26. ^ Darius Cooper (1983). "Untitled [review of Gandhi by Richard Attenborough]". Film Quarterly. 37 (2). University of California Press: 46–50. doi:10.2307/3697391. ISSN 0015-1386. JSTOR 3697391.
  27. ^ a b c DeParle, Jason (September 1983). "Why Gandhi Drives The Neoconservatives Crazy". The Washington Monthly: 46–50.
  28. ^ Roger Ebert (1 January 1982). "Gandhi [review of film by Richard Attenborough]". Chicago Sun-Times. pp. online film review. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
  29. ^ James, Lawrence (1997). Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India. Little, Brown, and Company. p. 465. ISBN 0-312-19322-X.
  30. ^ Akhil Gupta (1983). "Review: Attenborough's truth: The politics of Gandhi" (PDF). The Threepenny Review (15). Threepenny Review: 22–23. ISSN 0275-1410. JSTOR 4383242. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016.
  31. ^ Paranjape, Makarand R. (2014). The Death and Afterlife of Mahatma Gandhi. New York: Routledge. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-415-69573-2.
  32. ^ Grenier, Richard (1983). The Gandhi Nobody Knows. Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers. ISBN 0-8407-5871-5.
  33. ^ Ebert, Roger (1 January 1982). "Gandhi (1982)". The Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on 11 December 2015. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
  34. ^ Ebert's 10 Best Lists: 1967 to Present. Roger Ebert of The Chicago Sun-Times via the Internet Archive. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
  35. ^ JEWEL IN THE CROWN Archived 4 August 2012 at archive.today, Museum of Broadcast Communication
  36. ^ "Gandhi, film review: 'amazing epic'". Martin Chilton. The Telegraph. 11 April 2016. Archived from the original on 22 February 2018. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
  37. ^ "The Gandhi Nobody Knows". Richard Grenier. Commentary magazine. March 1983. Archived from the original on 26 February 2009.
  38. ^ "Mark Boyle - The Moneyless Man | www.tpuc.org". www.tpuc.org. Archived from the original on 15 April 2010.
  39. ^ "I live without cash – and I manage just fine | Mark Boyle". TheGuardian.com. 28 October 2009.
  40. ^ "Gandhi (1985)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Archived from the original on 23 May 2019. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  41. ^ "Gandhi Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on 1 January 2019. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
  42. ^ Pamela McClintock (19 August 2011). "Why CinemaScore Matters for Box Office". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 26 April 2014. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  43. ^ "UPDATE: How "Toxic" Is IFTA's Best Indies?". Deadline. 10 September 2010. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2017.
  44. ^ "Vatican Best Films List". Official website of the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops. Archived from the original on 22 April 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  45. ^ "West End Biz Still Soft". Variety. 15 December 1982. p. 45.
  46. ^ "Major Openings Bolster B.O.". Daily Variety. 14 December 1982. p. 1.
  47. ^ Ginsberg, Steven (21 December 1982). "'Tootsie,' 'Toy' And 'Dark Crystal' Win Big At National Box-Office". Daily Variety. p. 1.
  48. ^ "1982 Domestic Grosses". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on 27 May 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
  49. ^ a b "BFI Research and Statistics" (PDF). British Film Institute. April 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 February 2018. Retrieved 26 April 2018. £22.3 million inflation-adjusted; GDP deflator 34.558
  50. ^ "Pacific Exchange Rate Service (0.57245 GBP per USD)" (PDF). UBC Sauder School of Business. University of British Columbia. 1982. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 May 2015. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
  51. ^ Eberts, Jake; Illott, Terry (1990). My indecision is final. Faber and Faber. p. 656.
  52. ^ Graham, Jefferson (28 November 1983). "'Gandhi' vid tops 50,000 units; eyeing all-time RCA/Col total". The Hollywood Reporter. p. 1.
  53. ^ "The 55th Academy Awards (1983) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on 5 September 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2011.
  54. ^ "BAFTA Awards: Film in 1983". British Academy Film Awards. Retrieved 16 September 2016.
  55. ^ "Best Cinematography in Feature Film" (PDF). British Society of Cinematographers. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
  56. ^ "35th Annual DGA Awards". Directors Guild of America Awards. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
  57. ^ "Gandhi". Golden Globe Awards. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  58. ^ "26th Annual GRAMMY Awards". Grammy Awards. Retrieved 1 May 2011.
  59. ^ "KCFCC Award Winners – 1980-89". Kansas City Film Critics Circle. 14 December 2013. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
  60. ^ "The 8th Annual Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards". Los Angeles Film Critics Association. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  61. ^ "1982 Award Winners". National Board of Review. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  62. ^ "Past Awards". National Society of Film Critics. 19 December 2009. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
  63. ^ "1982 New York Film Critics Circle Awards". Mubi. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  64. ^ AFI’s 100 YEARS…100 CHEERS American Film Institute. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
  65. ^ AFI’s 100 YEARS…100 HEROES & VILLAINS American Film Institute. Retrieved 18 December 2023.

Further reading

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  • Attenborough, Richard. In Search of Gandhi (1982), memoir on making the film
  • Hay, Stephen. "Attenborough's 'Gandhi,'" The Public Historian, 5#3 (1983), pp. 84–94 in JSTOR; evaluates the film's historical accuracy and finds it mixed in the first half of the film and good in the second half
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