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Directorate of Military Intelligence (Ireland)

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Defence Forces
Directorate of Military Intelligence
Stiúrthóireacht na Faisnéise (Irish)
Badge of the Irish Defence Forces
Badge of the Irish Defence Forces
Country Ireland
BranchDFHQ
TypeMilitary intelligence
RoleCounterintelligence
Counter-terrorism
Security of critical infrastructure
SizeUnknown
Part of Defence Forces
Garrison/HQMcKee Barracks, Dublin[1]
Commanders
Director of Military Intelligence ("D J2")Currently unknown
Insignia
AbbreviationJ2[2] / "INT"[3]

The Directorate of Military Intelligence (aka D INT / D J2) (Irish: Stiúrthóireacht na Faisnéise) is the military intelligence branch of the Defence Forces, the Irish armed forces, and the national intelligence service of Ireland. The organisation has responsibility for the safety and security of the Irish Defence Forces, its personnel, and supporting the national security of Ireland. The directorate operates domestic and foreign intelligence sections, providing intelligence to the Government of Ireland concerning threats to the security of the state and the national interest from internal and external sources.[4]

Military Intelligence is a constituent part of Defence Forces Headquarters (DFHQ) and is the intelligence section of all Defence Forces branches.[5] The Directorate of Military Intelligence draws staff from the Army, Naval Service and Air Corps. The Irish military special operations forces, the Army Ranger Wing (ARW), carries out physical tasks in support of Military Intelligence in Ireland and overseas, and the Communications and Information Services Corps (CIS) provides technical and electronic support. "J2" works closely with the Garda Síochána Special Detective Unit (SDU), the national police counter-terrorism and counter-espionage unit.[6]

Mission and organisation

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McKee Barracks in Dublin is the reported headquarters of the Directorate of Military Intelligence
Military Intelligence is also believed to operate out of the Defence Forces Headquarters complex in Newbridge, County Kildare

The duties of the Defence Forces Directorate of Military Intelligence[7] are;

  • The provision of security and intelligence in relation to the state and its national interests, both domestic and foreign, and;
  • To provide operational intelligence and security to deployed Irish forces globally.

The Directorate of Military Intelligence staffs members drawn from the entire Defence Forces (Army, Naval Service and Air Corps), who then serve on a full-time basis with J2. Military Intelligence personnel regularly train, liaise and deploy with foreign intelligence, government and non-government agencies to share knowledge and best practice. This ensures they keep abreast of threats and are able to collate essential intelligence to further protect the state, the Defence Forces and its interests. The service is under the command of a Colonel, known as the Director of Military Intelligence,[8] who provides regular intelligence briefings to the Deputy Chief of Staff (Operations), Chief of Staff of the Defence Forces and the Secretary-General of the Department of Defence. The Director provides a monthly intelligence briefing in-person to the Minister for Defence. The Chief of Staff briefs the cabinet on matters of state security, as well as the secretive National Security Committee (NSC).[9]

The organisation's number of employees and budget are classified, with a further 150-200 operatives in the Army Ranger Wing (ARW), who can conduct missions at the behest of Military Intelligence. Funding comes from the overall Department of Defence budget (€1.16 billion in 2012).[10] The only publicly known funding is that for the budget to pay confidential informants, through the "Secret Service" budget, which is shared with the Garda Crime & Security Branch (CSB). In 2014, this figure was €1 million.[11] Operatives from the Directorate of Military Intelligence can carry firearms on operations both at home and abroad, and those in the Directorate may not wear uniforms on operations. The Garda Special Detective Unit (SDU) works closely with the Intelligence Branch on domestic matters. Military Intelligence operates out of a number of locations in Dublin and County Kildare, and their headquarters are understood to be based at McKee Barracks, Dublin and the Department of Defence Headquarters in Newbridge, County Kildare.[1] The latter is rumoured to house sophisticated modern technology for espionage; the building was completed in 2010 after a number of years of construction, at a cost of €30 million.[12] Intelligence and language training takes place at the Military College, Defence Forces Training Centre (DFTC), Curragh Camp.[13]

In Ireland, national security is primarily the responsibility of the Garda Síochána (national police service), while the Defence Forces are responsible for intelligence.[14]

Structure

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Defence Intelligence Section

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The Directorate of Military Intelligence Defence Intelligence (DI) Section is staffed by military commissioned and non-commissioned officers. It is tasked with providing intelligence support to the Defence Forces. Staff actively monitor relevant political, economic, social and military situations globally to produce intelligence reports and strategic studies to support operations. Personnel in this section can be found briefing all the way up to the Minister for Defence. The Directorate is responsible for conducting background checks of all Defence Forces personnel through close cooperation with the Garda National Vetting Bureau (GNVB).[15] The Defence Intelligence Section is tasked with keeping members of the Defence Forces safe, be it in Ireland or abroad during active military engagements. The Army Ranger Wing Intelligence Section deploys in foreign countries alongside Military Intelligence soldiers during Irish military deployments, which are generally peacekeeping missions on behalf of the United Nations, European Union and NATO (Partnership for Peace), due to Ireland's policy of military neutrality.[16]

National Security Intelligence Section

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The Directorate of Military Intelligence National Security Intelligence Section (NSIS) deals with threats to the state and the Defence Forces. This includes identifying, monitoring and assessing possible threats to the state and Irish national interests at home and abroad, be it by hostile intelligence services, terrorist groups and/or criminal organisations. Counter-intelligence forms a large part of the section's remit, in addition to fulfilling counter-terrorist, counter-subversion, counterinsurgency, counter-sabotage roles, and physical security of critical infrastructure. The National Security Intelligence Section works very closely with the Garda SDU and Garda National Surveillance Unit (NSU) to spy on potential terrorism threats, particularly from Islamic terrorists and dissident republicans.[17] Military Intelligence have a number of Arabic speakers in their ranks as a result of Defence Forces deployments overseas.[18]

Separately, outside of Defence Forces Headquarters, the Naval Service maintains a Naval Intelligence Cell within its Intelligence and Fishery Section at Naval Operations Command, Haulbowline Naval Base, Cork Harbour, which is responsible for the collection, collation and dissemination of Naval Intelligence.[19] The Air Corps maintains an Air Intelligence Section at its HQ at Casement Aerodrome, Baldonnel, Dublin responsible for aviation intelligence.[20][21] Army Brigades maintain their own regional intelligence function – designation "G2" – reporting into J2.

History

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Founded in the mid-1920s following the Anglo-Irish Treaty, the Office of the Directorate of Intelligence was originally the intelligence arm of the Irish Army, hence its code-name "G2", which is a designation in NATO's continental staff system used to refer to an army intelligence, security, and information branch. Later the Directorate became the intelligence service for the entire Irish armed forces, hence it is now referred to as "J2" (which refers to joint services, i.e. the Army, Naval Service and Air Corps) and took on more national security roles. G2 spent much of its early efforts combating the Anti-Treaty IRA, in the Republic of Ireland, and also operated in Northern Ireland.[22]

World War II

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G2 first came to public attention during World War II (1939-1945), known in Ireland as The Emergency. Although Ireland had a policy of military neutrality and was "non-belligerent" during WWII, G2 formed secret agreements with the United Kingdom's Military Intelligence Section 5 (MI5) and the United States' Office of Strategic Services (OSS), the predecessor to the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). During this period, G2 intercepted German naval and aerial communications through listening stations located across Ireland, sharing the information with Allied forces.[23] Under Colonel Daniel "Dan" Bryan, Director of Intelligence, G2 apprehended all thirteen Nazi spies sent to Ireland, notably Hermann Görtz, and broke German codes during the war, under the supervision of cryptologist Richard J. Hayes.

During this period, G2 also undertook intelligence operations in Europe, including a notable covert mission in April 1943 where G2 officers travelled to neutral Portugal by flying boat, using the cover of the Irish Red Cross delivering supplies to refugees in Spain, in order to gather information on the Irish minister (precursor to ambassador) in Madrid whom the Irish government had become increasingly suspicious about, due to his close links with Germany. Leopold H. Kerney had been visited by Edmund Veesenmayer, a senior Waffen-SS officer, who was one of the main Nazis involved in plotting secret Nazi operations in Ireland. G2 made contact with British spies in Lisbon and Madrid and concluded that Kerney was in fact neutral.[24]

The Troubles in Northern Ireland

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Main article: The Troubles

G2 was involved throughout The Troubles (late 1960s to 1998), and Army officers were sent across the border into Northern Ireland on intelligence-gathering missions from 1969.[25]

In August 1969 Taoiseach Jack Lynch asked Irish Army Intelligence to draft proposals for a military intervention and guerilla operations in Northern Ireland in order to protect Irish nationalists there from sectarian attack from Ulster loyalist mobs, under a plan known as Exercise Armageddon. However it was deemed unworkable and was not adopted by the cabinet. Nationalist areas were later given a form of protection by British forces under Operation Banner.[26][27]

In 1970, the Arms Crisis and subsequent trial engulfed the state in a political scandal in which Irish Army intelligence officer Captain James Kelly was implicated in an unauthorised covert operation with the knowledge of Minister for Finance Charles Haughey and Minister for Agriculture and Fisheries Neil Blaney whereby £50,000 of a secret Irish government humanitarian fund of £100,000 (which had been set-up to help refugees fleeing Northern Ireland) was diverted and used to illegally import and smuggle arms and ammunition for the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA). The Garda Special Branch became aware of the unsanctioned operation and informed Minister for Justice Mícheál Ó Móráin and Taoiseach Lynch, who were slow to take action. Sensing this inaction, the Special Branch leaked the information to the press and the leader of the opposition Fine Gael leader Liam Cosgrave, who put pressure on Lynch to act. This resulted in Ministers Haughey (who later became Taoiseach) and Blaney being sacked from their posts, Captain Kelly was forced to resign, and the subsequent trial of all three in which the case collapsed and they were cleared of charges.[28][29]

Cold War

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During the Cold War, G2 monitored known and suspected communists as well as agents of communist governments operating in Ireland, primarily through embassies in Dublin, sharing information with western allies.

Declassified intelligence files marked "Confidential" released at the end of 2019, after 30 years, show Irish government concerns over the possibility of British nuclear weapons in Northern Ireland. Colonel L Buckley, then Director of Intelligence briefed Peter Barry, then foreign minister, in November 1983 on the possibility of British/NATO nuclear missiles on the island of Ireland. Col Buckley believed nuclear weapons could be situated at underground facilities inside Benbradagh mountain in Derry, which US forces used as a communications hub in order to communicate with its North Atlantic fleet, but which were also designed for the storage of conventional high explosives. Col Buckley complained that he did not have "the monitoring or surveillance systems" to confirm the presence of nuclear weapons in Northern Ireland, but that the British strongly denied land-based systems in the territory and refused to confirm the movements of air and sea-based nuclear weapons.[30]

A separate file marked "Secret" from June 1985 shows that Irish military intelligence carried out reconnaissance on a British Army installation at Forkhill, Armagh (Northern Ireland) after it received information of "strong rumors" from locals that it was being converted into a nuclear facility. Their findings "strongly discounted the possibility". Materials had been brought into the base in night convoys but this was done for security reasons and it noted that there were underground facilities at Forkhill but that these were for accommodation and protection in the event of a mortar attack. Military intelligence did, however, have a reservation that Forkhill was "now on a microwave communications network which would have a Nato function in relation to possible nuclear attack".[31]

J2 has been deployed numerous times alongside Irish forces on peacekeeping duties globally, mainly to ensure the safety and security of Irish troops, but also to provide intelligence on hostile forces. It is considered one of the most secretive intelligence agencies in Europe, and the Irish government and Defence Forces rarely allude to its very existence.[32]

Operations

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Foreign activities

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Following the September 11 attacks on the United States in 2001, the Directorate of Military Intelligence significantly expanded their operations both internally and externally to provide the Irish government with a better intelligence picture in relation to terror threats emanating from al-Qaeda and affiliated groups, working with western partners. The 2004 Madrid train bombings (11-M) in Spain and 7 July 2005 London bombings in the United Kingdom also saw an increase in the budget and deployments of Irish intelligence officers.[citation needed]

The service came to national and international attention in late 2005, when Arabic-speaking intelligence officers from the Directorate of Military Intelligence were deployed in Iraq, alongside heavily armed Irish Army Rangers, following the kidnapping of Irish journalist Rory Carroll in Baghdad by militants. Following the intervention of Irish, British and American governments, Rory Carroll was released unharmed days later and returned safely to Dublin.[33]

From 2006 to 2014, it has been reported that Military Intelligence and ARW Intelligence Section operatives were on the ground in; Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Sudan, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Kosovo and Bosnia-Herzegovina as part of various international missions.[34] The Directorate receives intelligence reports from civil servants posted at Irish diplomatic missions overseas, via the Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA). Irish Military Intelligence works closely with the British Security Service (MI5) and Secret Intelligence Service (SIS/MI6), American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and National Security Agency (NSA), and is understood to have a relationship with Israeli Mossad.[35][36]

The Defence Forces and Garda Síochána provide security briefings to Department of Foreign Affairs employees and their families regarding potential terrorist attacks in host countries they are posted to.[37]

In May 2019, J2 was reported to have drawn up a plan to extract Lisa Smith – a former Irish Army soldier who converted to Islam before fleeing Ireland to join ISIS – and her two-year-old child from Syria by working with US military intelligence, who agreed to the plan. She would have been brought by Kurdish forces who had arrested her south to the Jordanian border by US military intelligence where Irish military intelligence would have escorted her back to Ireland. The plan was presented to the government by Minister Kehoe but was rejected by the government.[38] There was reported to be significant dissatisfaction within J2 and the higher levels of the Defence Forces with the government's decision, as intelligence officers believed their experience put them in the best position to extract Smith and her child safely and quietly, rather than the DFA or Gardaí.[39] Later, in October 2019 it was reported the Army Ranger Wing had been deployed to the Syrian border in order to try and extract Smith and her child in a Non-Combatant Evacuation Operation after the 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria resulted in Kurdish-held ISIS prisoners escaping, including Smith, although the Defence Forces did not confirm this.[40]

Domestic activities

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It has been alleged that Ireland facilitated the CIA's extraordinary rendition program of terrorism suspects in the aftermath of 9/11, including the secret detention and interrogation of suspects. It is claimed that Irish airports Casement Aerodrome (military) and Shannon International Airport (civilian) – used by the US military as stopover hubs – have been used by the CIA for rendition operations, with support from the Irish government.[41]

Military Intelligence and the Garda Special Detective Unit's Middle Eastern Desk are tasked with monitoring potential jihadists in Ireland and Irish citizens who fight abroad in warzones – specifically Syria and Iraq – for Muslim extremist organisations such as the self-proclaimed "Islamic State".[42][43][44]

Electronic surveillance

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The Defence Forces CIS Corps have a signals intelligence role

Ireland is reported to be a member of the ECHELON SIGINT (signals intelligence) network, sharing and receiving information with its members (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, United Kingdom and United States).[citation needed] The Defence Forces CIS Corps is jointly responsible with the Military Intelligence Directorate for SIGINT and cyber operations within the Defence Forces.[citation needed]

According to the Department of Defence: "The Defence Forces adheres to the provisions of all legislation regulating the conduct of intelligence gathering. The Interception of Postal Packets and Telecommunications Messages (Regulation) Act 1993 does provide the Defence Forces with the authority to conduct intelligence-led operations involving surveillance, electronic communications and stored electronic information in order to safeguard and maintain the security of the State. The Criminal Justice (Surveillance) Act 2009 also provides for surveillance to be conducted by the Defence Forces in order to safeguard the security of the State."[45]

The Directorate of Military Intelligence ceased the practice of providing transcripts of intercepts on mobile phone calls, landlines, texts and emails and other raw intelligence to the CIA in 2011/2012. It now provides information on Irish residents to foreign intelligence services through a mutual assistance programme instead.[46][47] A warrant signed by the Minister for Defence or Minister for Justice is required to intercept a telephone call or email of an Irish citizen.[1]

J2 maintains a secured information technology network and a registry of classified documentation. All intelligence electronically transmitted to J2 from abroad comes via secured data links to the Army's Intelligence Comcen (Communications Centre), where messages are encrypted and electronically logged before being passed on for analysis. J2's computer systems are linked with the Garda CSB for the purpose of information share and cross-analysis.[25]

A report in late 2018 found that the Defence Forces had received 1,380 disclosures of communication data (mobile, landline and internet) based on requests to phone and internet firms over the five years 2013 to 2017 under the powers of the Communications (Retention of Data) Act 2011. The Defence Forces can only seek data for state security – and averaging more than 5 requests per week – they were the next biggest user of such data after the Garda Síochána, ahead of the Revenue Commissioners and Garda Síochána Ombudsman Commission.[48]

Training and selection

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Individuals can apply to be selected for the Directorate of Military Intelligence, and they must be Officers or NCOs to be considered for appointment. Unlike a number of similar military forces, the Irish Defence Forces actively include intelligence as part of Officer and NCO education,[49] but those selected to join the Directorate receive further specialist training. The Defence Forces run their own Defence Intelligence & Security Course (DISC). The course runs for a number of months and covers the main areas of intelligence operations, including the principles of intelligence operations, defence intelligence, intelligence analysis, and combat intelligence. The course is supported by additional "on-the-job" training as part of the Directorate. This includes additional weapons, surveillance and communications training to support ongoing operations. Further training in languages is available, and specialist training on sensitive subjects such as religion, culture, ethnicity and radicalisation are also provided. Members of the Intelligence Branch may also receive further training with friendly forces overseas, such as in imagery intelligence.[13][50]

The Directorate of Military Intelligence consists of a high proportion of commissioned officers, most of whom will enter J2 with third level education, a Level 7 or Level 8 Bachelor's degree as per modern Defence Forces education standards and may go on to undertake further academic studies (such as a Level 9 Masters or higher) in a relevant field.[51]

Known locations

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Mooney, John (22 November 2015). "Recordings of Irish Islamists passed to CIA". The Sunday Times. Archived from the original on 24 November 2015. Retrieved 23 November 2015.
  2. ^ "Why Irish security forces would struggle in a terror attack". The Irish Times. 10 June 2017. J2, the Irish Defence Forces' military-intelligence service [..] used to be known as G2; it was renamed because of its connection, jointly, to the Army, Air Corps and Naval Service.
  3. ^ "April 2012 – An Cosantóir". An Cosantóir. April 2012.
  4. ^ "Army monitors threats to the State's security". The Irish Examiner. 25 May 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
  5. ^ "2015 White Paper on Defence". Defence Organisation. Archived from the original on 1 February 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  6. ^ Dean, A. (30 March 2011). "A History of the Irish Intelligence Community". 30 March 2011. Top Secret Writers. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
  7. ^ "Department of Defence and Defence Forces Annual Report 2010" (PDF). military.ie. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
  8. ^ "Department of Defence and Defence Forces Annual Report 2013" (PDF). military.ie. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
  9. ^ Mulqueen, Michael (23 February 2005). "United We Stand? EU Counter-Terrorism Initiatives Meet A Small Member State's Security Community". All Academic Inc, Political Research Online, International Studies Association (46th Annual ISA Convention at the Hilton Hawaiian Village, Honolulu, Hawaii, March, 2005): 25. Archived from the original on 25 February 2014. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
  10. ^ Brady, Tom (2 January 2014). "Frontline forces: elite Ranger Wing grows in size by one-third". Irish Independent. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
  11. ^ "Irish Secret Service not so secret". Daily Star (Ireland). 17 May 2013. Archived from the original on 20 November 2015. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
  12. ^ "Department of Defence expected to occupy new Newbridge officecs in summer". Leinster Leader. 7 April 2010. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
  13. ^ a b c "A Look at Intelligence Section" (PDF). An Cosantóir. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
  14. ^ Gleeson, Colin (24 March 2016). "Irish intelligence techniques inadequate against attack, says expert". The Irish Times. Retrieved 30 March 2016.
  15. ^ "Annual Report 2011" (PDF). Department of Defence and Defence Forces. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
  16. ^ "Ireland a new front in global intelligence game". Irish Echo. 17 February 2011. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
  17. ^ James, Steve (17 May 2011). "The royal visit to Ireland". The World Socialist Web Site (WSWS). Retrieved 17 February 2014.
  18. ^ Williams, Paul; Brady, Tom (24 November 2015). "Units to counter terrorism step up training". Irish Independent. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
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  20. ^ "Freedom of Information". military.ie. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  21. ^ a b "David Norris targets Shannon Airport". The Phoenix (Magazine). 2 December 2005.
  22. ^ McMahon, Paul (2008). British spies and Irish rebels: British intelligence and Ireland, 1916-1945. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell & Brewer. ISBN 978-1843833765.
  23. ^ "Ex Trinity student was CIA's Irish link, records show". The Irish Times. 28 December 2007. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
  24. ^ Joyce, Joe (5 December 2015). "Spuds for secrets: an Irish Second World War spy mission to Spain". The Irish Times. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
  25. ^ a b Mulqueen, Michael (2009). Re-evaluating Irish national security policy : affordable threats?. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-8027-2.
  26. ^ Clonan, Tom (31 August 2009). "'Operation Armageddon' would have been doomsday – for Irish aggressors". The Irish Times. Retrieved 30 May 2016.
  27. ^ Downey, James (2 January 2001). "Army on Armageddon alert". Irish Independent. Retrieved 30 May 2016.
  28. ^ CAIN – Chronology of the Conflict – 1970 – from the CAIN project at the University of Ulster.
  29. ^ "The Idiot's Guide to the Arms Trial". Irish Independent. 6 May 2001. Retrieved 30 May 2016.
  30. ^ Hutton, Brian (30 December 2019). "Security forces feared nuclear weapons in Northern Ireland". The Times. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  31. ^ Hutton, Brian (30 December 2019). "Nuclear weapons could be sited underground inside mountain in Northern Ireland". Daily Mirror. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  32. ^ King, Stephen (21 October 2009). "British spooks' story sheds light on key aspects of modern Irish history". Irish Examiner. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
  33. ^ Harden, Tony (25 October 2005). "Westerners face new fears as Rory returns to his delighted family". Irish Independent. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
  34. ^ Clonan, Tom. "Irish Intelligence Staff Work From Kosovo To Kabul". 1 January 2006. Dublin Institute of Technology | School of Media. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
  35. ^ "Secret army squad keeps watch on 60 Al Qaeda in Ireland". Irish Daily Star. 26 May 2013. Archived from the original on 20 November 2015. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
  36. ^ Williams, Paul (11 January 2015). "Ireland being used as 'transit hub for Jihadis' heading for Iraq and Syria". Irish Independent. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
  37. ^ Lawrence, John (14 December 2016). "Irish diplomats receive €820k of foreign language tuition". Irish Examiner. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
  38. ^ Gallagher, Conor (19 July 2019). "Ireland 'engaging with international actors' to help bring Lisa Smith home, says Flanagan". The Irish Times. Retrieved 6 November 2019.
  39. ^ Gallagher, Conor (6 July 2019). "Government rejected military plan to bring home suspected Isis supporter Lisa Smith". The Irish Times. Retrieved 6 November 2019.
  40. ^ O'Connell, Patrick (3 November 2019). "Irish Defence Forces launch secret mission to bring home Islamic State bride Lisa Smith and her child". Irish Independent. Retrieved 6 November 2019.
  41. ^ "Ireland facilitated CIA's secret detention, rendition and interrogation of suspects after 9/11". 6 February 2013. Irish Central. 6 February 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
  42. ^ Brady, Tom; Phelan, Shane; Worden, Tom (21 August 2014). "Hunt begins for 'Jailer John' as gardai step up surveillance on 30 Irish jihadi fighters". Irish Independent. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
  43. ^ "Editorial: Homegrown 'jihadists' could pose risk to State". Irish Independent. 21 August 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
  44. ^ "'Irish' fighter seeks to lure more to Islamic State's cause". Irish Independent. 21 August 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
  45. ^ "Department of Defence: Defence Forces Intelligence Operations". 18 June 2013. Kildare Street. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
  46. ^ Lillington, Karlin (6 December 2014). "State sanctions phone and email tapping". The Irish Times. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
  47. ^ Buckley, Dan (21 July 2005). "Treaty gives CIA powers over Irish citizens". Irish Examiner. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
  48. ^ O'Keeffe, Cormac (10 December 2018). "Irish Examiner: Personal data shared 92,000 times". Archived from the original on 14 May 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2021 – via PressReader.
  49. ^ "Defence Forces Military College". 2013. Defence Forces Ireland. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
  50. ^ "DoD/DF Annual Report to the Minister for Defence 2007" (PDF). 1 January 2008. Department of Defence / Defence Forces. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
  51. ^ "Army Cadetships / Third Level Education". Irish Defence Forces. Retrieved 30 March 2016.
  52. ^ Mulqueen, Michael. "Terrorism will only be defeated by solidarity and collective action". March 2005. UCD. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
  53. ^ "Department of Defence (Contact)". Department of Defence GHQ. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
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