Gmelina arborea

Gmelina arborea
	Gmelina arborea tree plantation
	Gmelina arborea sapling from Mindanao, Philippines
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Lamiales
Family:	Lamiaceae
Genus:	Gmelina
Species:	G. arborea
Binomial name
	Gmelina arborea; Roxb.
Synonyms
	Gmelina arborea var. canescens Haines ; Gmelina arborea var. glaucescens C.B.Clarke ; Gmelina rheedei Hook. [Illegitimate] ; Gmelina sinuata Link ;

Gmelina arborea, (in English beechwood, gmelina, goomar teak, Kashmir tree, Malay beechwood, white teak, yamane^[3] ), locally known as gamhar, is a fast-growing deciduous tree in the family Lamiaceae.^[4]

Distribution and habitat

Gmelina arborea grows naturally throughout India, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam and in southern provinces of China. It is found at altitudes from sea level to 1,500 metres (5,000 ft).^[1] Since the 1960s, it has been introduced extensively as fast-growing timber trees in Brazil, Gambia, Honduras, Ivory Coast, Malaysia, Malawi, Nigeria, the Philippines, and Sierra Leone. It is also planted in gardens and avenues.^[5]^[6]

Utilization of the species

The Lion Throne, the most important, and last surviving, of the eight royal thrones of Myanmar, now in the National Museum in Yangon, is carved from Gmelina arborea wood.^[7]^[8]

Chemistry

Lignans, such as 6" - bromo - isoarboreol, 4-hydroxysesamin, 4,8-dihydroxysesamin, 1,4-dihydroxysesamin (gummadiol), 2-piperonyl-3-hydroxymethyl-4-(α-hydroxy-3,4-methylenedioxybenzyl)-4-hydroxytetrahydrofuran and the 4-O-glucoside of 4-epigummadiol, can be isolated from the heartwood of Gmelina arborea.^[9] The parent compounds are arboreol or gmelanone.^[10]

Umbelliferone 7-apiosylglucoside can be isolated from the root.^[11]

Five constituents, isolated from the heartwood of G. arborea, (+)-7′-O-ethyl arboreol, (+)-paulownin, (+)-gmelinol, (+)-epieudesmin and (−)-β-sitosterol, show antifungal activity against Trametes versicolor.^[12]

References

^ ^a ^b de Kok, R. (2019). "Gmelina arborea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T32354A67741197. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T32354A67741197.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
^ "Gmelina arborea Roxb". The Plant List. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
^ "A tree species reference and selection guide". Archived from the original on 2011-09-30. Retrieved 2009-06-28.
^ "Gmelina arborea Gmelina, Snapdragon, White Teak PFAF Plant Database". pfaf.org. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
^ Lauridesen, E.B.; Kjaer, E.D. (2002). "Provenance research in Gmelina arborea Linn., Roxb. A summary of results from three decades of research and a discussion of how to use them". The International Forestry Review. 4 (1): 20–29. JSTOR 43740942.
^ Duke, James A. (1983). Handbook of Energy Crops. Center for New Crops & Plants Products, Purdue University.
^ "The Thrones of Myanmar Kings : Enchanting Myanmar (Burma) - A Guide to Tourism Destinations and Beyond". Archived from the original on 2017-04-03. Retrieved 2017-07-23.
^ Gangadharan V. (2012 Mar 26) Materials behind the method The New Indian Express, page 2
^ Novel hydroxy lignans from the heartwood of gmelina arborea. A.S.R. Anjaneyulu, A.Madhusudhana rao, V.Kameswara Rao and L.Ramachandra Row, Tetrahedron, 1977, Volume 33, Issue 1, Pages 133–143, doi:10.1016/0040-4020(77)80444-4
^ The structures of lignans from Gmelina arborea Linn. A.S.R. Anjaneyulu, K.Jaganmohan Rao, V.Kameswara Rao, L.Ramachandra Row, C. Subrahmanyam, A. Pelter, R.S. Ward, Tetrahedron, 1975, Volume 31, Issue 10, Pages 1277–1285, doi:10.1016/0040-4020(75)80169-4
^ An apiose-containing coumarin glycoside from gmelina arborea root. P. Satyanarayana, P. Subrahmanyam, R. Kasai and O. Tanaka, Phytochemistry, 1985, Volume 24, Issue 8, Pages 1862–1863, doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)82575-3
^ Antifungal activity of constituents from the heartwood of Gmelina arborea: Part 1. Sensitive antifungal assay against Basidiomycetes. F. Kawamura, S. Ohara and A. Nishida, Holzforschung, June 2005, Volume 58, Issue 2, Pages 189–192, doi:10.1515/HF.2004.028

GAMHAR (Gmelina arborea): Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education, Dehradun
Crop index at the Purdue University

External links

Media related to Gmelina arborea at Wikimedia Commons
Gmelina arborea in West African plants – A Photo Guide.

[iucn_status_19_November_2021-1] Kok, R. (2019). "Gmelina arborea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T32354A67741197. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T32354A67741197.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.

[2] "Gmelina arborea Roxb". The Plant List. Retrieved 6 March 2020.

[Agroforestry_common_names-3] "A tree species reference and selection guide". Archived from the original on 2011-09-30. Retrieved 2009-06-28.

[4] "Gmelina arborea Gmelina, Snapdragon, White Teak PFAF Plant Database". pfaf.org. Retrieved 9 February 2021.

[Lauridesen-5] Lauridesen, E.B.; Kjaer, E.D. (2002). "Provenance research in Gmelina arborea Linn., Roxb. A summary of results from three decades of research and a discussion of how to use them". The International Forestry Review. 4 (1): 20–29. JSTOR 43740942.

[6] Duke, James A. (1983). Handbook of Energy Crops. Center for New Crops & Plants Products, Purdue University.

[7] "The Thrones of Myanmar Kings : Enchanting Myanmar (Burma) - A Guide to Tourism Destinations and Beyond". Archived from the original on 2017-04-03. Retrieved 2017-07-23.

[The_New_Indian_Express-8] Gangadharan V. (2012 Mar 26) Materials behind the method The New Indian Express, page 2

[HeartwoodLignans-9] Novel hydroxy lignans from the heartwood of gmelina arborea. A.S.R. Anjaneyulu, A.Madhusudhana rao, V.Kameswara Rao and L.Ramachandra Row, Tetrahedron, 1977, Volume 33, Issue 1, Pages 133–143, doi:10.1016/0040-4020(77)80444-4

[ParentCompounds-10] The structures of lignans from Gmelina arborea Linn. A.S.R. Anjaneyulu, K.Jaganmohan Rao, V.Kameswara Rao, L.Ramachandra Row, C. Subrahmanyam, A. Pelter, R.S. Ward, Tetrahedron, 1975, Volume 31, Issue 10, Pages 1277–1285, doi:10.1016/0040-4020(75)80169-4

[RootUmbelliferone-11] An apiose-containing coumarin glycoside from gmelina arborea root. P. Satyanarayana, P. Subrahmanyam, R. Kasai and O. Tanaka, Phytochemistry, 1985, Volume 24, Issue 8, Pages 1862–1863, doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)82575-3

[12] Antifungal activity of constituents from the heartwood of Gmelina arborea: Part 1. Sensitive antifungal assay against Basidiomycetes. F. Kawamura, S. Ohara and A. Nishida, Holzforschung, June 2005, Volume 58, Issue 2, Pages 189–192, doi:10.1515/HF.2004.028

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