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Broad Front (Chilean political coalition)

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Broad Front
Frente Amplio
LeaderGabriel Boric
Founded21 January 2017; 7 years ago (2017-01-21)
Dissolved19 April 2024; 7 months ago (2024-04-19)
Succeeded byBroad Front (political party)
HeadquartersSantiago de Chile
Ideology Democratic socialism
Progressivism
Radical democracy[1]
Factions:
Autonomism
Social democracy
Political positionLeft-wing[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]
National affiliationApruebo Dignidad
Website
frente-amplio.cl

The Broad Front (Spanish: Frente Amplio, FA) was a Chilean political coalition founded in early 2017, composed of left-wing parties and movements. Its first electoral contest was the 2017 Chilean general election, where their presidential candidate Beatriz Sánchez came third with 20% of the vote in the first round of election (she just missed getting to the second-round run-off by 3%). The Broad Front also expanded their electoral representation to 20 deputies (out of 155), 1 senator (out of 43) and 21 out of 278 Regional Councillors, thus consolidating the movement as the 'third force' in Chilean politics.

In July 2024, its member parties merged into the new Broad Front political party.

Platform and ideology

[edit]

The Broad Front is mostly made up of left-wing political parties that aim to change the current political situation of Chile in favor of participative democracy and feminism.[10][11]

Some reports consider their ideology close to populism[12][13][14] due to the fact that the coalition was built off of existing popular movements (such as the 2011 student movement movement)[15][16][17]

Certain members of the Broad Front have expressed their support for the government of Nicolás Maduro in Venezuela after the call for presidential elections which was questioned by the international community and the Chilean government, while other members of the conglomerate, such as the Democratic Revolution Party and Social Convergence Party, rejected and criticized the elections and the Maduro regime.[18][19][20]

Although it has the same name as the center-left coalition from Uruguay, political analysts tend to see the Broad Front as more similar to the Spanish left-wing populist party Podemos.[21] Diverging views exist within the coalition. Some members, such as Liberal Vlado Mirosevic argued the coalition cannot be "broad" if it only includes left-leaning forces.[22] On the other hand, presidential primary candidate Alberto Mayol highlighted the fact that a clear "leftist tradition" exists in most of the coalition members.[23]

History

[edit]

The Broad Front's origins lay in the 2011 Chilean student movement, the second biggest social protest in the country's recent history since the restoration of democracy in 1990. Student demands centered on the right to free education and led to months of school and university occupations across Chile, which continued for several years. Within the student movement, new political forces began to emerge, displacing traditional forces (such as the Communist Youth and center-left groups) at the head of high school and university unions and federations. Among them where Giorgio Jackson at the Catholic University and Gabriel Boric at the University of Chile.

In the 2014 Chilean general election, both Jackson and Boric became MPs after running as independents and defying both traditional coalitions: the center-right Chile Vamos and the center-left Nueva Mayoría (formerly, Concertación). Along with Vlado Mirosevic (Liberal Party), Jackson and Boric were currently the only Broad Front MPs at the moment of the alliance's constitution. This movement had formed the organisations Democratic Revolution (2012) and Red Libertaria (2013), and participated in the Everyone to La Moneda platform in the 2013 Chilean general election.

At early 2016, it was reported that Boric and Jackson held talks with several political and social movements in order to create a "broad left front" of anti-establishment forces, aiming to have a parliamentary list and a presidential candidate for the 2017 general elections.[24] By August 2016, Boric's Autonomist Movement and Jackson's Democratic Revolution made a formal alliance with the Libertarian Left, New Democracy and the Humanist Party.[25] After the October 2016 municipal elections, Jorge Sharp (from the Autonomist Movement) became the first political independent to rule Chile's third largest city: Valparaiso. Sharp's rise began as a grassroots initiative, running with several other left-wing candidates in a "citizen primary", described by The Guardian as a "quiet revolution against politics-as-usual".[26]

In January 2017 the Broad Front was formally established by eleven political forces.[27] Discussions began on how to choose a presidential nominee. Initially, the coalition was in favor of implementing an online referendum, but later decided in favor of participating in the legal primary process, since this would give them the chance to engage in a real electoral test and obtain national coverage at the same level as their well-established rival political coalitions. Since most of the Broad Front forces were movements lacking official status as political parties, the bloc decided to collect thousands of signatures to grant Democratic Revolution official political party status and use it to apply for the primaries. In May 2017, Democratic Revolution submitted close to 49 thousand signatures to the Electoral Service, thus qualifying for implementing primaries.[28]

In June 2017, Constanza Valdés became the spokesperson for the Broad Front. She was the first trans spokesperson for a political organization.[29]

The primaries took place as part of the July 2017 Chilean presidential primaries. Beatriz Sanchez, a popular journalist nominated by the majority of the Broad Front forces, obtained 67.56%, beating sociologist Alberto Mayol, who obtained 32.44%. 327,716 people voted in the Broad Front primary (a small number compared to the 1,418,138 who decided to vote for the right-wing Chile Vamos candidates).[30]

As of September 2017 — and according to several opinion polls — Beatriz Sanchez was fighting closely with Nueva Mayoría candidate, Alejandro Guillier, to make it into the second round of and face businessman and former president Sebastián Piñera.[31]

The Broad Front presented several candidates for the Chamber of Deputies and Regional Councils, as well as some for the Senate. Among the notable figures were (besides those currently serving as MPs at that time) former presidential candidate Tomás Hirsch, journalist Pamela Jiles, student leaders such as former FECh president Camila Rojas and several others.[32]

Finally, in the November general election, Sánchez came third with 20% of the vote — just missing getting into the second-round by 3%. This was the best performance of any non-traditional left-wing candidate since the return to democracy. The Broad Front also expanded their electoral representation from 3 to 20 deputies, one senator and 21 Regional Counselors, thus consolidating the alliances as the "third force" of Chilean politics.

After the 2017 elections, a reorganization process took place among the members of the coalition: in January 2018, the Autonomist Movement (MA) began organizing convergences or mergers in order to become a new political party,[33] and on November 10, 2018, a meeting between the MA, Libertarian Left (IL), New Democracy (ND) and Socialism and Freedom (SOL) was held at the Huemul Theater, which led to the creation of the Social Convergence party in May 2019.[34] On the other hand, Autonomous Left (IA) and Citizen Power announced their merger on September 27, 2018, which materialized on January 20, 2019 with the launch of the Comunes party. In total, the Broad Front would be made up of seven parties and two political movements.[35][36]

Internal crisis and desertions

[edit]

On November 17, 2018, after the signing —by some of the Broad Front members— of the "Agreement for Social Peace and the New Constitution" as a result of a series of protests that had occurred in October,[37] the Equality and Green Ecologist parties announced the suspension of their participation in the Broad Front, waiting for their respective support bases to define the permanence or departure of the coalition.[38] The Green Ecologist Party (PEV) confirmed their departure from the Broad Front on November 21, 2019, after a vote in which 76% of members voted to abandone the coalition.[39]

Two weeks after an agreement between the ruling and opposition parties was signed, the Democratic Popular Movement (MDP) also announced their departure.[40] At the same time, the Equality Party (PI) announced their resignation from the party on November 30.[41] The next day, the Humanist Party (PH) announced a consultation between its members during December 7 and 8 relating to their continued membership of the Broad Front.[42] According to said statement, the following facts were taken into consideration when agreeing to carry out said consultation: the participation of the Democratic Revolution, the Liberal Party and Comunes in the agreement with the government for a new constitution; the resignation of the PEV and the PI; the destructuring of Social Convergence with the departure of the mayor of Valparaíso Jorge Sharp and part of Libertarian Left,[43] in addition to the departure of several grassroots political and social groups such as the MDP. Finally, on December 12, the PH announced its withdrawal from the Broad Front. On December 26, 2019, the Chilean Pirate Party announced its withdrawal from the Broad Front, pointing out the same reasons as the PEV, the PH and the PI.[44]

On December 5, 2020, the Liberal Party (PL) announced its exit from the coalition after the coalition's unsuccessful negotiations to establish an electoral pact with Constituent Unit.[45][46] That same month, three of its deputies resigned from the bloc, Natalia Castillo and Pablo Vidal (both former RD) and Patricio Rosas (former Unir member, although he would later return to the party), leaving it with a representation of twelve seats in the Chamber of Deputies. Castillo, Vidal and the two PL deputies -Vlado Mirosevic and Alejandro Bernales- announced the creation of a new center-left platform on December 16 called “Nuevo Trato” (New Deal).[47]

Apruebo Dignidad Pact (2021-2023)

[edit]

April 2021 elections

[edit]

On December 22, 2020, the Broad Front made official a pact with Chile Digno, formed by the Communist Party, the Social Green Regionalist Federation and Humanist Action. This agreement was carried out with the intention of participating in the elections of constituent conventions, regional and municipal governors in April 2021. This conglomerate was called Apruebo Dignidad.[48][49]

On January 11, 2021, they registered their candidates to the Constitutional Convention, forming part of the list “Apruebo Dignidad”, among which stood out that of their former presidential candidate Beatriz Sánchez, for the 12th district, the Santiago Metropolitan Region.[37]

2021 presidential election

[edit]

Looking to the 2021 presidential election, the Unir Movement announced Marcelo Díaz as their presidential candidate in November 2020,[50] while Social Convergence and Democratic Revolution nominated the Deputy of Magallanes Gabriel Boric in March 2021.[51][52]

Finally, Boric participated in the presidential primary of Apruebo Dignidad as representative of the FA, facing the candidate of the Communist Party, Daniel Jadue, who also represented the Chile Digno pact. Boric defeated Jadue in that primary with over 60% of the votes, thus becoming the sole card of Apruebo Dignidad and the left in the November presidential elections.[53] In the first round of the presidential election, held on November 21, 2021, Boric obtained 25.83% of the votes, and therefore went on to the second round of the presidential election along with José Antonio Kast of the Republican Party, who received 27.91% of the votes.[54] After passing to the second round, Boric received the support of the Socialist Party, Christian Democratic Party, Party for Democracy, Liberal Party, Progressive Party, Radical Party, Green Ecologist Party, Equality Party, Humanist Party, Citizens and the movements New Deal and Non-Neutral Independents.[55][56][57][58][59][60][61]

During the second round, the close circle of his cabinet was formed by the former president of the Medical Association Izkia Siches as head of the campaign, the deputy Giorgio Jackson as political manager and the sociologist Sebastián Kraljevich as strategy leader. It also received the collaboration of Congresspeople Gonzalo Winter, Camila Vallejo, Camila Rojas, Miguel Crispi and Alejandra Sepúlveda.[62]

In the December 19, 2021 elections, more than 8.3 million people voted, which meant the highest electoral participation in Chile since the implementation of voluntary voting.[63] Boric was elected President of the Republic with 55.8% of the votes, the highest number of votes in Chilean history and the youngest at the time of assuming the national presidency.[64]

Officialism and party fusion

[edit]

On March 11, 2022, the FA became part of the ruling party. The first cabinet of ministers appointed by President Boric had a large presence of the bloc in eight portfolios, among them the General Secretariat of the Presidency, with Giorgio Jackson (RD); and in Women and Gender Equity, with Antonia Orellana (CS), both belonging to La Moneda's political committee.[65] The defeat of the “Apruebo” option in the September 2022 constitutional referendum, where the Constitutional Convention's proposal for a new Constitution was rejected, ended with a cabinet change that set back the presence of Apruebo Dignidad and the FA in the Government.[66]

A year later, the leaders of Apruebo Dignidad admitted that the coalition had ceased to function, explaining that the coordination of the pro-government parties was carried out under the organization of the Government Alliance.[67]

On October 5, 2023, the Broad Front began the process of merging its member parties to form a single political collective.[68] RD and CS called for a referendum on March 9 and 10, where the members were consulted on their approval or rejection of the merger. A little more than 10 thousand people participated in the process, 16% of the militancy of the two formations registered to the electoral service, and voted in favor of the merger by more than 80%.[69][70] Comunes did not participate in the consultation due to the dissolution process it was facing at that time before the Court of Appeals. With the merger, the single party of the FA will be the group with the most members in Chile, with 62 thousand registered people.[71]

Composition

[edit]

The coalition consists of four political parties and movements:

Party Spanish Leader Deputies Senators
Democratic Revolution Revolución Democrática (RD) Diego Vela
7 / 155
1 / 43
Social Convergence Convergencia Social (CS) Diego Ibáñez
10 / 155
0 / 43
Comunes Comunes Marco Velarde
4 / 155
0 / 43

Movements

[edit]
Movement Spanish Leader Deputies Senators
Socialist Platform 		Plataforma Socialista Jorge Arrate
0 / 155
0 / 43

Former members

[edit]
Party Spanish
País PAIS
Libertarian Left Izquierda Libertaria (IL)
Equality Party Partido Igualdad (PI)
Humanist Party Partido Humanista (PH)
Liberal Party Partido Liberal (PL)
Green Ecologist Party Partido Ecologista Verde (PEV)
Democratic Popular Movement 		Movimiento Democrático Popular (MDP)

Timeline

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References

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  1. ^ Alvarado Espina, Eduardo; Rivera-Vargas, Pablo; Morales Olivares, Rommy; Alvarado Espina, Eduardo; Rivera-Vargas, Pablo; Morales Olivares, Rommy (November 2019). "Radicalize democracy from social movements. The comparative cases of Podemos in Spain and the Broad Front in Chile". Izquierdas (48): 87–105. doi:10.4067/S0718-50492019000400087. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
  2. ^ "Chile polls pit billionaire against ex-news anchor". BBC News. 18 November 2017. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
  3. ^ Kozak, Piotr (21 November 2017). "Chile faces new political landscape as leftwingers dent billionaire Piñera's hopes". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
  4. ^ "Chile: the government struggles to implement its reform programme" (PDF). European Parliament. April 2019. Retrieved 22 October 2019. She stood for the Broad Front (Frente Amplio), a left-wing coalition of six political parties and various social and political movements, which took a critical line against both Michelle Bachelet's governing centre-left coalition and the opposition.
  5. ^ Le Saux, Marianne (21 December 2017). "Chile is Not Saved". NACLA. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
  6. ^ Encarnación, Omar (9 May 2018). "The Rise and Fall of the Latin American Left". The Nation. Archived from the original on 12 November 2019. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
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  39. ^ Gallardo, Rosario (2019-11-21). "Partido Ecologista Verde abandona el Frente Amplio en medio de cuestionamientos por acuerdo de nueva Constitución". La Tercera. Retrieved 2024-05-31.
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  49. ^ "Chile Digno y FA formalizan nuevo bloque de cara a elecciones de abril". El Desconcierto / Periodismo digital independiente (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-05-31.
  50. ^ "Movimiento Unir Proclama a Marcelo Díaz Como Su Precandidato Presidencial". Al servicio de la verdad (in Spanish). 2020-11-23. Retrieved 2024-05-31.
  51. ^ González, Alberto (2021-03-17). "Convergencia Social proclama a Gabriel Boric como su candidato presidencial". BioBioChile - La Red de Prensa Más Grande de Chile (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-05-31.
  52. ^ "Gabriel Boric proclamado candidato presidencial: «Somos una generación joven que despertó»". El Desconcierto / Periodismo digital independiente (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-05-31.
  53. ^ "Las causas por la que Gabriel Boric es el presidenciable de Apruebo Dignidad". Radio Pauta 100.5 (in Spanish). 2021-07-19. Retrieved 2024-05-31.
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  55. ^ "Todos menos la DC: centroizquierda se cuadra con Boric para enfrentar a JAK, mientras la falange y Provoste estiran el elástico". El Mostrador (in Spanish). 2021-11-21. Retrieved 2024-06-01.
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  59. ^ "Partido Humanista de Pamela Jiles anuncia apoyo a candidatura de Gabriel Boric". www.biobiochile.cl. Retrieved 2024-06-01.
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  62. ^ Cáceres, Felipe (2021-12-03). "El "cuarto de guerra": el verdadero núcleo de la campaña de Boric". La Tercera. Retrieved 2024-06-01.
  63. ^ "Segunda vuelta se convierte en la elección de mayor participación desde el voto voluntario". facebook.com/teletrece (in Spanish). 2021-12-19. Retrieved 2024-06-01.
  64. ^ "Gabriel Boric se convierte en el Presidente más votado de la historia de Chile". facebook.com/teletrece (in Spanish). 2021-12-19. Retrieved 2024-06-01.
  65. ^ "El criterio del Presidente Boric para elegir su comité político". Radio Pauta 100.5 (in Spanish). 2022-01-21. Retrieved 2024-06-01.
  66. ^ Browne, Martín; Verdejo, Rodrigo (2022-09-26). "Catarsis frenteamplista: conglomerado se reunió tras la derrota en el plebiscito y el cambio de gabinete". La Tercera. Retrieved 2024-06-01.
  67. ^ Fuentes, Cristóbal (2023-09-20). "Fin de Apruebo Dignidad: cómo la coalición base de Boric dejó de funcionar". La Tercera. Retrieved 2024-06-01.
  68. ^ Basulto, Alejandro (2023-10-03). "A 35 años desde que el «No» salió victorioso: Frente Amplio hará oficial el proceso para crear un partido único el 5 de octubre". ADN Radio (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-06-01.
  69. ^ "Con la participación de diez mil militantes: CS y RD aprueban unificación bajo el nombre de "Frente Amplio"". Emol (in Spanish). 2024-03-11. Retrieved 2024-06-01.
  70. ^ Vatel, Alonso; Rosas, Pedro; Fuentes, Cristóbal (2024-03-11). "El llamado de Boric no bastó: Solo un 16% del FA participó en el plebiscito por la fusión". La Tercera. Retrieved 2024-06-01.
  71. ^ Fuentes, Cristóbal; Ojeda, Juan Manuel (2024-03-11). "RD y CS aprueban su fusión y Frente Amplio se proyecta como el partido con más militantes en Chile". La Tercera. Retrieved 2024-06-01.
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