Frederick Thomas Trouton

"Trouton" redirects here. For the Canadian artist, see Lycia Trouton.

Frederick Thomas Trouton OBE FRS
Born	(1863-11-24)24 November 1863 Dublin, Ireland
Died	21 September 1922(1922-09-21) (aged 58) Down, Kent, England (now Downe, Greater London)
Education	Royal School Dungannon
Alma mater	Trinity College Dublin (MA, DSc)
Known for	Radio Trouton's rule Trouton–Rankine experiment Trouton–Noble experiment
Spouse	Anne Maria Fowler ​ (m. 1887)​
Children	7
Awards	FRS (1897) Order of the British Empire (1918)
Scientific career
Fields	Physics
Institutions	University College London
Academic advisors	George Francis FitzGerald
Notable students	Edward Andrade

Frederick Thomas Trouton OBE FRS (/ˈtraʊtən/; 24 November 1863 – 21 September 1922) was an Irish physicist known for Trouton's rule and experiments to detect the Earth's motion through the luminiferous aether.

Life and work

Trouton was born in Dublin on 24 November 1863, the youngest son of the wealthy and prominent Thomas Trouton. He attended Royal School Dungannon and went on to Trinity College, Dublin in 1884, where he studied engineering and physical science. While still an undergraduate student, Trouton observed a relationship between boiling points and energies of vaporisations, which he presented in two short papers. He found the change of entropy per mole for vaporisation at a boiling point is constant, or expressed mathematically ΔS_m,vap = 10.5 R (where R is the ideal gas constant). This became known as Trouton's rule and, despite having some exceptions, is used to estimate the enthalpy of vaporisation of liquids whose boiling points are known. Trouton himself belittled his discovery as it was merely the result of an afternoon's manipulation of data from a book of tables. Before graduating he also took a leading role in surveying for a railway.

Trouton graduated Master of Arts and Doctor of Science in 1884, and was immediately appointed assistant to the professor of experimental physics, George Francis FitzGerald. They collaborated on many experiments and became good friends; FitzGerald's influence can be seen in much of Trouton's early work.

Trouton was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in June 1897. His application citation read: "Discovered the law connecting the latent heat of vaporisation and molecular weights of bodies known as "Trouton's law" and experimentally determined the directions of vibration of electric and inaquatic force in plane polarised light. He has made other important observations on the phase of secondary waves and on the influence of the size of the reflector in Hertz's equipment."

A 1902 appointment as Quain Professor of Physics at University College London led to a 12-year career of experimental physics, including work on the Trouton-Rankine experiment. He received an OBE in 1918.

Trouton married Anne Maria Fowler in 1887 and they had four sons and three daughters. Their first two sons, Eric and Desmond, were killed in World War I. He became severely ill in 1912 and an operation in 1914 left him paralysed in the lower limbs and caused his retirement. Despite this, he retained the wit and charm he was known for. After retiring, Trouton lived in Tilford, Surrey, and then Downe in Kent where he died on 21 September 1922.