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Francis Conyngham, 2nd Marquess Conyngham

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General
The Most Honourable
The Marquess Conyngham
KP GCH PC
Postmaster General
In office
5 July 1834 – 14 November 1834
MonarchWilliam IV
Prime MinisterThe Viscount Melbourne
Preceded byThe Duke of Richmond
Succeeded byThe Lord Maryborough
In office
30 April 1835 – 22 May 1835
MonarchWilliam IV
Prime MinisterThe Viscount Melbourne
Preceded byThe Lord Maryborough
Succeeded byThe Earl of Lichfield
Lord Chamberlain of the Household
In office
22 May 1835 – 6 May 1839
MonarchsWilliam IV
Victoria
Prime MinisterThe Viscount Melbourne
Preceded byThe Marquess Wellesley
Succeeded byThe Earl of Uxbridge
Personal details
Born
Francis Nathaniel Conyngham

(1797-06-11)11 June 1797
Dublin, Ireland
Died17 July 1876(1876-07-17) (aged 79)
London, England
NationalityBritish
Spouse(s)Lady Jane Paget
(1804–1876)

Francis Nathaniel Conyngham, 2nd Marquess Conyngham, KP, GCH, PC (11 June 1797 – 17 July 1876), styled Lord Francis Conyngham between 1816 and 1824 and Earl of Mount Charles between 1824 and 1832, was an Anglo-Irish soldier, courtier, politician and absentee landlord.

Background and education

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Born in Dublin, Conyngham was the second son of General The 1st Marquess Conyngham and Elizabeth, daughter of Joseph Denison, and the brother of Henry, Earl of Mount Charles, and The 1st Baron Londesborough. His mother was previously the infamous last mistress of King George IV. He was educated at Eton. He became known as Lord Francis Conyngham in 1816 when his father was created Marquess Conyngham and gained the courtesy title of Earl of Mount Charles in 1824 on the early death of his unmarried elder brother.[1]

Political career

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Conyngham was returned to Parliament for Westbury in 1818, a seat he held until 1820,[1][2] and later represented Donegal (succeeding his deceased elder brother the Earl of Mount Charles) between 1825 and 1831.[1][3] He served under the Earl of Liverpool as Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs between 1823 and 1826 and under Liverpool, George Canning, Lord Goderich and the Duke of Wellington as a Lord of the Treasury between 1826 and 1830. In 1832 he succeeded his father in the marquessate and entered the House of Lords.[1]

In July 1834 Lord Conyngham joined the Whig government of Lord Melbourne as Postmaster General, a post he retained until the government fell in December of the same year, and briefly held the same post under Melbourne again between April and May 1835.[1] The latter month he was sworn of the Privy Council[4] and appointed Lord Chamberlain of the Household. He remained in this position until 1839,[1] when he was succeeded by his brother-in-law the Earl of Uxbridge.

Lord Conyngham was also Vice-Admiral of Ulster between 1849 and 1876 and Lord-Lieutenant of County Meath between 1869 and 1876. He was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Hanoverian Order in 1830[1] and a Knight of the Order of St Patrick in 1833.[5]

Military career

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Queen Victoria Riding Out by Francis Grant, 1840. Conyngham is riding behind the Queen, raising his hat

On 21 September 1820, Conyngham purchased a cornetcy in the 22nd Light Dragoons,[6] but this appointment did not take place, and he was replaced by his brother Lord Albert Conyngham,[7] after he was appointed, without purchase, to be cornet and sub-lieutenant in the 2nd Regiment of Life Guards on 23 April 1821.[8] He purchased a lieutenancy in the 9th Light Dragoons on 24 October 1821,[9] and on 13 December, he exchanged from the half-pay of the 9th Light Dragoons into the 1st Regiment of Life Guards.[10] He exchanged again, into the 17th Light Dragoons, on 3 April 1823,[11] and purchased an unattached captaincy on 12 June 1823.[12] Mount Charles, as he then was, transferred to the Ceylon Rifle Regiment, and then purchased an unattached majority on 2 October 1827.[13] He was appointed Lieutenant-Colonel of the disembodied Clare Militia on 28 December 1825,[14] resigning in 1854.[15] He became a Major-General in 1858, a Lieutenant-General in 1866 and a full General in 1874.[1] He was appointed Honorary Colonel of the Royal Meath Militia on 20 December 1870.[16]

Ireland and the Hunger

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Burton-Conyngham was an absentee landlord in control of some territories in Ireland; particularly in County Donegal (covering Glenties, Arranmore and most of the barony of Boylagh) in Ulster.[17] He showed little interest in these estates he claimed there. According to Thomas Campbell Foster in an 1845 report for The Times of London newspaper, entitled "Commissioner to report on the condition of the people of Ireland", he had visited the area once in his life for a few days.[17] Burton-Conyngham instead hired John Benbow, an English MP, as his chief managing agent, who visited once a year and sub-agents collected rent from tenants each half a year. Foster's report described these estates as such "from one end of his large estate here to the other, nothing is to be found but poverty, misery, wretched cultivation, and infinite subdivision of land."[17]

As the poverty was particularly severe on Burton-Conyngham's estates, the Great Hunger of 1845–52 was miserable for his tenants. They had been surviving on a diet of potatoes and water, due to the constantly raising rent levels and those in Arranmore lived on seaweed part of the year.[17] Including all of County Donegal, not just territories controlled by Burton-Conyngham, around 13,000 Irish people died as a consequence of the Hunger from 1845 to 1850 and many more emigrated.[18] Burton-Conyngham sold Arranmore in 1847 to the land speculator Walter Chorley of Belfast for £200, who proved more interested in the estate but also far more ruthless (who decided to evict all the sub-tenants, many of whom fled to Donegal Town, while other Islanders were shipped off to the Great Lakes of North America).[18][19]

Courtier

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Drawing of two men on their knees in front of Victoria
Queen Victoria receives the news of her accession from Lord Conyngham (left) and the Archbishop of Canterbury.

In his youth, Lord Conyngham was a Page of Honour to the Prince Regent (later George IV). Between 1820 and 1830 he was a Groom of the Bedchamber and Master of the Robes to George IV.[1] As Lord Chamberlain, it fell to him on the death of William IV to go with the Archbishop of Canterbury to Kensington Palace at 5 a.m. on 20 June 1837 to inform Princess Victoria that she was now Queen of Great Britain and Ireland. He was the first to address her as "Your Majesty".[20][21]

Family

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Lord Conyngham married Lady Jane Paget, daughter of Henry Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey, on 23 April 1824. They had six children:

Lady Conyngham died at Folkestone, Kent, in January 1876, aged 77. Lord Conyngham only survived her by five months and died in London in July 1876, aged 79, after an operation for lithotomy. He was succeeded in the marquessate by his eldest son, George.[1]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j thepeerage.com General Sir Francis Nathaniel Conyngham, 2nd Marquess Conyngham
  2. ^ "leighrayment.com House of Commons: Waterloo to West Looe". Archived from the original on 1 May 2009. Retrieved 24 August 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  3. ^ "leighrayment.com House of Commons: Devizes to Dorset West". Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 24 August 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  4. ^ "No. 19272". The London Gazette. 22 May 1835. p. 980.
  5. ^ "No. 19034". The London Gazette. 29 March 1833. p. 617.
  6. ^ "No. 17638". The London Gazette. 30 September 1820. p. 1848.
  7. ^ "No. 17697". The London Gazette. 14 April 1821. p. 838.
  8. ^ "No. 17708". The London Gazette. 19 May 1821. p. 1082.
  9. ^ "No. 17769". The London Gazette. 1 December 1821. p. 2343.
  10. ^ "No. 17778". The London Gazette. 1 January 1822. p. 1.
  11. ^ "No. 17915". The London Gazette. 19 April 1823. p. 626.
  12. ^ "No. 17935". The London Gazette. 28 June 1823. p. 1050.
  13. ^ "No. 18401". The London Gazette. 2 October 1827. p. 2033.
  14. ^ Arthur Sleigh, The Royal Militia and Yeomanry Cavalry Army List, April 1850, London: British Army Despatch Press, 1850/Uckfield: Naval and Military Press, 1991, ISBN 978-1-84342-410-9, p. 131.
  15. ^ Edinburgh Gazette, 16 February 1855.
  16. ^ Army List, various dates.
  17. ^ a b c d "The Famine--"The Times"--and Donegal: Part III". Vindicator. 5 December 2015.
  18. ^ a b "Famine Times in Donegal". Irish Famine Pots. 5 December 2015.
  19. ^ "Beaver Island and Arranmore Island". We Love Donegal. 5 December 2015. Archived from the original on 4 July 2017. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  20. ^ St Aubyn, Giles (1991) Queen Victoria: A Portrait, London: Sinclair-Stevenson, ISBN 1-85619-086-2, pp. 55–57
  21. ^ * Woodham-Smith, Cecil (1972) Queen Victoria: Her Life and Times 1819–1861, London: Hamish Hamilton, ISBN 0-241-02200-2, p. 138
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Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded by Member of Parliament for Westbury
1818–1820
With: Ralph Franco 1818–1819
William Leader Maberly 1819–1820 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Member of Parliament for Donegal
1825–1831
With: George Vaughan Hart 		Succeeded by
Political offices
Preceded by Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
1823–1826
With: The Lord Howard de Walden from 1824 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Postmaster General
1834 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Postmaster General
1835 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Lord Chamberlain
1835–1839 		Succeeded by
Court offices
Preceded by Master of the Robes
1820–1830 		Succeeded by
Honorary titles
Preceded by Lord Lieutenant of Meath
1869–1876 		Succeeded by
Peerage of Ireland
Preceded by Marquess Conyngham
1832–1879 		Succeeded by
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