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Fleet admiral (United States)

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Fleet admiral
Flag of the fleet admiral
Fleet admiral collar device, shoulder board, and sleeve stripes.
Country United States
Service branch United States Navy
AbbreviationFADM
RankFive-star
NATO rank codeOF-10
FormationDecember 14, 1944
Next lower rankAdmiral
Equivalent ranks

Fleet admiral[1] (abbreviated FADM)[2] is a five-star flag officer rank in the United States Navy whose rewards uniquely include active duty pay for life.[3] Fleet admiral ranks immediately above admiral and is equivalent to General of the Army and General of the Air Force.

Although it is a current and authorized rank, no U.S. Navy officer holds it presently. Only four World War II era officers have ever held the rank: William D. Leahy, Ernest J. King, Chester W. Nimitz, and William Halsey Jr. Leahy, King, and Nimitz were promoted to the rank in December 1944, followed by Halsey in December 1945. While all four men effectively retired in the late 1940s, the rank of fleet admiral is for life. The last active fleet admiral was Nimitz, who died in 1966.

History

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Post Spanish–American War

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Main article: Admiral of the Navy

The Navy originally had an established precursor 5-star rank of Admiral of the Navy, that was superior to Admiral.[4] The rank used the 1867 regulation Admiral insignia. This rank was established and given only to Admiral George Dewey, in recognition of his victory at Manila Bay in 1898.[5] On March 2, 1899, Congress passed Pub. L. 55–378 approving the creation of the rank.[6] The Senate confirmed Dewey's promotion to that rank on March 14, 1903, and he was officially promoted to Admiral of the Navy on March 24, 1903,[7] with a retroactive date-of-rank of March 2, 1899.[7] The congressional act also stipulated that upon Dewey's death, the rank would cease to exist.[6] Dewey died on January 16, 1917, ending the Navy's use of the rank.[7]

World War II

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A proper five-star rank of fleet admiral was created in 1944 in order to give United States military officers comparable rank to five-star officers of allied nations. The rank of fleet admiral was created by an Act of Congress for four officers to hold on a temporary basis under Pub.L. 78-482 on December 14, 1944.[8] The rank was made permanent for the four individual holders by Pub. L. 79–333 on March 23, 1946.[9] Although Congress authorized the promotion of Omar Bradley to the five-star rank of General of the Army in 1950 while serving as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff so that he would be of the same rank as General of the Army Douglas MacArthur, the theater commander in Korea, there has been no new legislation authorizing the use of the rank of fleet admiral since 1946.

It was held during and after World War II by the following officers:

Name Portrait Position Date of rank (age) Retired Deceased (age)
William D. Leahy Chief of Staff to the Chief Executive 15 December 1944 (69) March 1949 20 July 1959 (84)
Ernest King Chief of Naval Operations 17 December 1944 (66) December 1945 25 June 1956 (77)
Chester W. Nimitz Commander-in-Chief - Pacific Ocean Areas 19 December 1944 (59) December 1947 20 February 1966 (80)
William Halsey Jr. Commander-in-Chief - 3rd Fleet 11 December 1945 (63) March 1947 16 August 1959 (76)

The timing of the first three appointments was carefully planned, such that a clear order of seniority and a near-equivalence between the services was established for the Generals of the Army promoted at the same time.

Admiral Leahy acted as an executive Chief of Staff over Admiral King and General Marshall and briefed President Franklin D. Roosevelt. King coordinated all naval operations. Nimitz commanded all naval operations in the Pacific Ocean area. Halsey received his promotion based on his successes.

George C. Marshall was promoted to General of the Army on December 16, 1944; General MacArthur was promoted on December 18, 1944; General Eisenhower was promoted on December 20, 1944, and General Arnold was promoted on December 21, 1944. Arnold would later be laterally promoted to General of the Air Force on May 7, 1949, after the Air Force was created as a separate service as part of the National Defense Act of 1947.

The insignia for a fleet admiral is composed of five silver stars in a pentagonal design. Worn on the service dress blue uniform sleeve was a gold stripe two inches wide surrounding the sleeve two inches from the cuff with four half-inch stripes placed at 1⁄4 inch intervals. The single gold five-pointed star, one ray down, worn above the top stripe was not part of the rank, but indicated the wearer to be a line officer.

Post–World War II

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Another contender to receive the rank of fleet admiral was Admiral Raymond A. Spruance; the choice between him and Halsey was an issue that occupied several months of deliberation, before Admiral King finally chose Halsey. Purportedly U.S. Representative Carl Vinson, chairman of the House Armed Services committee and a strong supporter of Halsey, was responsible for blocking subsequent efforts to promote Spruance to fleet admiral (although his promotion continued to be blocked after Vinson retired).[10] Instead, Spruance's achievements were recognized by the unique honor of a Special Act of Congress awarding him full four-star admiral's salary during the remainder of his life. Spruance expressed the following feelings over the issue:

So far as my getting five star rank is concerned, if I could have had it along with Bill Halsey, that would have been fine; but, if I had received it instead of Bill Halsey, I would have been very unhappy over it.[11]

The first fleet admiral to leave active duty was Ernest King who retired immediately after the conclusion of World War II. Chester Nimitz and William Halsey both retired two years later while William Leahy was the last fleet admiral to leave active duty in 1949. According to Public Law 78-482, fleet admirals on active duty receive the same pay as a Rear Admiral, Upper Half (two star) plus a $5,000 personal allowance, and upon retirement were to receive 75% of their active duty pay.[12] When Public Law 79-333 made the rank permanent for Leahy, King, Nimitz, and Halsey, it also provided for full pay and allowances once those officers retired.[13] As with a general of the army, a fleet admiral was entitled to an office maintained by the Navy along with an aide (of the Naval rank of Captain), a secretary, and an orderly.[14]

Three of the four fleet admirals died in the late 1950s and, by 1960, Chester Nimitz was the sole surviving U.S. Navy fleet admiral. He held a ceremonial post as Navy adviser to the Western Sea Frontier with his quarters based in San Francisco. Nimitz died in 1966 with no further fleet admirals appointed since.

Modern usage

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The President, with consent from the Senate, may award a fifth star to Admirals.[15][16][17] In the 1990s, there were proposals in Department of Defense academic circles to bestow a five-star rank on the office of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.[18][19][20] Military leaders in the Global War on Terrorism can be promoted to a five-star rank.[21]

Ranks senior to fleet admiral

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The Navy does not have an established rank senior to fleet admiral. The only officially recognized United States military rank senior to fleet admiral is General of the Armies when Congress passed Pub. L. 94–479[22] in 1976, promoting George Washington to that rank and making him senior to all other grades of the Army, past or present.[22]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ s:Public Law 78-482 Pub.L. 78-482 – To establish the grade of Fleet Admiral for the United States Navy; to establish the grade of General of the Army, and for other purposes.
  2. ^ United States Navy Uniform Regulations (January 1998), page 211
  3. ^ "Public Law 333, 79th Congress". Frequently Asked Questions. Naval History & Heritage Command. Archived from the original on 2007-10-13. Retrieved 2012-09-12.
  4. ^ U.S. Department of the Navy, Regulations for the Government of the Navy of the United States, Government Printing Office, 1913. Article 1126, "Rank, Command, and Duty" Chapter 11, page 97.
  5. ^ Daniels, Josephus (Secretary of the Navy) (17 January 1917). "Secretary of the Navy Announces the Death of Admiral Dewey: General Order No. 258". Naval History and Heritage Command. US Navy Office of Information. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
  6. ^ a b Pub. L. 55–378, 30 Stat. 995, enacted March 2, 1899 (An Act Creating the office of Admiral of the Navy)
  7. ^ a b c "Biography: George Dewey (26 December 1837 – 16 January 1917)". Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved October 31, 2020.
  8. ^ "An Act to establish the grade of Fleet Admiral for the United States Navy; to establish the grade of General of the Army, and for other purposes". 14 December 1944. Archived from the original on 6 February 2012. Retrieved 2012-09-21.
  9. ^ "Public Law 333, 79th Congress". Frequently Asked Questions. Naval History & Heritage Command. Archived from the original on 2007-10-13. Retrieved 2012-09-12.
  10. ^ Buell, Thomas (1974). The Quiet Warrior: A Biography of Raymond Spruance. Boston: Little, Brown and Co. p. 435-6. ISBN 0-316-11470-7.
  11. ^ Buell, Thomas (1974). The Quiet Warrior: A Biography of Raymond Spruance. Boston: Little, Brown and Co. p. 435-6. ISBN 0-316-11470-7.
  12. ^ s:Public Law 78-482 Pub.L. 78-482 – To establish the grade of Fleet Admiral for the United States Navy; to establish the grade of General of the Army, and for other purposes.
  13. ^ "Public Law 333, 79th Congress". Frequently Asked Questions. Naval History & Heritage Command. Archived from the original on 2007-10-13. Retrieved 2012-09-12.
  14. ^ James 1985, pp. 661–662.
  15. ^ "U.S. Sen. Kasten Pushing Effort to Award Powell with Historic Fifth Star". Jet. 79 (23). March 1991. ISSN 0021-5996. Retrieved February 21, 2011. ...there is a movement afoot in the U.S. Senate to award an historic fifth star to the nation's first Black Joint Chiefs of Staff Chairman Gen. Colin L. Powell for his military proficiency.
  16. ^ Italia, Bob (1991). Armed Forces: War in the Gulf. Abdo & Daughters. pp. 44–46. ISBN 978-1-56239-026-6. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
  17. ^ Stephanopoulos, George (1999). All Too Human: A Political Education. Thorndike Press. pp. 330–331. ISBN 978-0-7862-2016-8. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
  18. ^ Organizing for National Security: The Role of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Institute for Foreign Analysis. January 1986. p. 11. ISBN 9780895490742. Retrieved February 21, 2011. There was some discussion of the proposal to grant the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs five-star rank, as a symbol of his status as the most senior officer in the armed forces.
  19. ^ Jones, Logan (February 2000). Toward the Valued Idea of Jointness: The Need for Unity of Command in U.S. Armed Forces (PDF). Defense Technical Information Center (Report). Naval War College. p. 2. ADA378445. Archived from the original on June 1, 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2011. Promoting the Chairman to the five-star rank and ceding to him operational and administrative control of all U.S. Armed Forces would enable him to provide a unifying vision...
  20. ^ Owsley, Robert Clark (June 1997). Goldwater-Nichols Almost Got It Right: A Fifth Star for the Chairman (PDF) (Report). Naval War College. p. 14. ADA328220. Archived from the original on September 17, 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2011. ...Chairman's title be changed to Commander of the Armed Forces and commensurate with the title and authority he be assigned the grade of five stars.
  21. ^ Stringer, Kevin D. (2007). "A Supreme Commander for the War on Terror" (PDF). JFQ (44). National Defense University Press: 23. Archived from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved February 21, 2011. The development of a four- or even five-star commander with staff to run the war on terror...
  22. ^ a b Public Law 94-479 of 1976 to provide for the posthumous appointment of George Washington to the grade of General of the Armies of the United States

Works cited

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  • James, D. Clayton (1985). Volume 3, Triumph and Disaster 1945–1964. The Years of MacArthur. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-36004-0.
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