Identifier: oceancarrierhist00smit (find matches)
Title: The ocean carrier; a history and analysis of the service and a discussion of the rates of ocean transportation
Year: 1908 (1900s)
Authors: Smith, J. Russell (Joseph Russell), 1874-1966
Subjects: Merchant marine Shipping -- Rates
Publisher: New York, London : G. P. Putnam's New York, Chicago, Railroad Age Gazette
Contributing Library: University of California Libraries
Digitizing Sponsor: MSN

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all of them several times-as valuable per ton as the staple imports. Sometimes there is a small export of wheat, but there is usually a large surplus of shipping that must fall back upon coal, which fortunately Australia possesses at Newcastle, sixty miles north of Sydney. With this cargo many vessels go to East Indian and Oriental ports—Batavia, Sourabaya, Singapore,Manila, Hong Kong. After discharging the coal they can sometimes reload directly, but often another though shorter ballast voyage must be made to secure a cargo of Java sugar, Manila hemp, Siam or Burmah rice, or even Indian jute,grain, and seeds. From Newcastle (Australia)other vessels, usually sailers, depart to Hawaii for sugar or to San Francisco, Portland, or Puget Sound for wheat. Others, both sail and steam,carry coal cargoes to northern Chile for nitrate of SOTO,. By these various routes a large propor-tion, possibly a half, of the vessels that go out on the South African trunk route return to the north Atlantic by another way.
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Leading Routes of Ocean Commerce 77 China and Japan are likewise countries with a surplus of outgoing shipping, and Japan is an exporter of coal that is in common use as far south as Singapore, and it is sometimes sent to Hawaii and the Pacific coast of the United States.The surplus shipping of east Asia usually seeks cargo in the Philippines, Java, or the United States;some vessels crossing the north Pacific and trans-ferring themselves from the Mediterranean-Asiatic trunk to the South American by way of the American-Oriental. Triangular voyages are often made in these transfers from route to route. Such a triangle in the north Atlantic is very pronounced. Brazil exports coffee very largely to the United States, and as the return trade is light, many of the coffee ships load in American ports for Europe and return thence with European goods to Brazil, completing a triangular voyage. Voy-ages of a triangle character are often made by tramp vessels, and many of them can be fig-ured out from the ex

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