DescriptionNepenthes bicalcarata, Camponotus schmitzi and fly larvae.png
English: Original caption: "Figure 1. Association between Nepenthes bicalcarata pitcher plants, Camponotus schmitzi ants, and fly larvae that develop in the pitchers.
A. Pair of N. bicalcarata upper pitchers. B.C. schmitzi workers retrieve a drowned cockroach from the fluid inside a pitcher. C. examples of the rich dipteran infauna of N. bicalcarata; from left to right; top row: Toxorhynchites sp., Tripteroides sp., Culex morphospecies 1, Culex morphospecies 2, Uranotaenia sp.; bottom row: Wilhelmina nepenthicola, large puparium (cf. Phoridae) hanging under the pitcher rim, large culicid pupa at fluid surface (other pupae, culicid larvae and Polypedilum (Chironomidae) larvae living in protective cases are also visible).
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Scharmann, M., D.G. Thornham, T.U. Grafe & W. Federle (2013). A novel type of nutritional ant–plant interaction: ant partners of carnivorous pitcher plants prevent nutrient export by dipteran pitcher infauna. PLoS ONE8(5): e63556. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0063556
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