English: On September 28, 2019, Hurricane Lorenzo made history. According to the National Hurricane Center, the category 5 hurricane traveled farther east and north in the Atlantic Ocean than any previous storm of the same strength. By October 2, the hurricane had weakened to a category 1, but it still brought winds of 145 kilometers (90 miles) per hour to the Azores archipelago. The storm is expected to bring heavy rain to Ireland later this week.

The image above shows Lorenzo on October 2, 2019, shortly after passing the Azores. The image below shows the hurricane on September 28, when it was a category 5 storm. The images were acquired by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instruments on NASA’s Terra and Aqua satellites, respectively.

Lorenzo is moving toward colder North Atlantic waters and the storm is now an extratropical cyclone. The Irish Meteorological Service, Met Éireann, warned of heavy rainfall, fallen trees, and possible flooding on October 3.

From Ireland, the remnants of Lorenzo are expected to turn toward Britain and then continental Europe, though it is not expected to bring extreme weather. The UK Met Office expects the storm will be similar to other low-pressure systems typically seen at this time of year.

Lorenzo was the second category 5 hurricane in the Atlantic Ocean this year; the first was Hurricane Dorian. Hurricanes typically do not reach this strength in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean because water temperatures are usually too cold and wind shear conditions can hinder hurricane development. However, satellite measurements of sea surface temperature anomalies showed that the water under the storm was warm enough to give it an energy boost.

Hurricanes rarely travel this far east or north in the Atlantic; the last storm to brush the Azores archipelago was tropical storm Alex in 2016. In this case, news outlets noted that a large high pressure area in the western Atlantic blocked the storm from traveling toward North America.

Research has shown that the average latitude at which tropical cyclones reach their peak intensity has been shifting closer to the poles over the past 30 years. In other words, hurricanes in the northern hemisphere are reaching their maximum intensity at latitudes farther north than decades ago.

“It’s basically consistent with the oceans warming,” said Tim Hall, a hurricane climatologist at NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies. “There’s a larger area of temperatures that can sustain intense hurricanes pushing further north.”

Hall also noted that hurricanes in the North Atlantic naturally recurve eastward as they move north into mid-latitudes; this suggests that intense storms of the future could form further east in the Atlantic because they will be traveling farther north.