File:Jewel Carmen - Les Miserables promotional still.jpg

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Summary

Description	English: Jewel Carmen in Les Miserables (1918)
Date	1918
Source	eBay
Author	Credited to Fox Studio
Permission (Reusing this file)	English: This is a publicity still taken and publicly distributed to promote the subject or a work relating to the subject. As stated by film production expert Eve Light Honathaner in The Complete Film Production Handbook (Focal Press, 2001, p. 211.): "Publicity photos (star headshots) have traditionally not been copyrighted. Since they are disseminated to the public, they are generally considered public domain, and therefore clearance by the studio that produced them is not necessary." Nancy Wolff, in The Professional Photographer's Legal Handbook (Allworth Communications, 2007, p. 55.), notes: "There is a vast body of photographs, including but not limited to publicity stills, that have no notice as to who may have created them." Film industry author Gerald Mast, in Film Study and the Copyright Law (1989, p. 87), writes: "According to the old copyright act, such production stills were not automatically copyrighted as part of the film and required separate copyrights as photographic stills. The new copyright act similarly excludes the production still from automatic copyright but gives the film's copyright owner a five-year period in which to copyright the stills. Most studios have never bothered to copyright these stills because they were happy to see them pass into the public domain, to be used by as many people in as many publications as possible." Kristin Thompson, committee chairperson of the Society for Cinema and Media Studies writes in the conclusion of a 1993 conference of cinema scholars and editors[1], that: "[The conference] expressed the opinion that it is not necessary for authors to request permission to reproduce frame enlargements... [and] some trade presses that publish educational and scholarly film books also take the position that permission is not necessary for reproducing frame enlargements and publicity photographs."

Licensing

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published (or registered with the U.S. Copyright Office) before January 1, 1929.

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File history

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	Date/Time	Dimensions	User	Comment
current	06:05, 7 January 2019	952 × 1,309 (169 KB)	Drown Soda	Crop
	06:04, 7 January 2019	1,038 × 1,538 (198 KB)	Drown Soda	Front
	06:03, 7 January 2019	1,031 × 1,540 (223 KB)	Drown Soda	User created page with UploadWizard