Marcel Duchamp: Chocolate Grinder (No. 1)
Artist	Marcel Duchamp  (1887–1968)      Alternative names R. Mutt, Rrose Sélavy Description French actor, chess player, painter, sculptor, photographer and poet Date of birth/death 28 July 1887  2 October 1968  Location of birth/death Blainville-Crevon  Neuilly-sur-Seine  Work period 1965  Work location Paris (1904); New York City  Authority file : Q5912 VIAF: 36917441 ISNI: 0000000121280214 ULAN: 500115393 LCCN: n80057220 NLA: 35047304 WorldCat creator QS:P170,Q5912
Photographer	Fuzheado (talk)
Title	Chocolate Grinder (No. 1) label QS:Len,"Chocolate Grinder (No. 1)" label QS:Lhe,"מטחנת שוקולד מס' 1" label QS:Lfr,"Broyeuse de chocolat, n°1"
Series title	Chocolate Grinder (series)
Object type	painting
Description	painting by Marcel Duchamp
Date	1913
Medium	oil on canvas
Dimensions	height: 61.9 cm (24.3 in) ; width: 64.5 cm (25.3 in)  dimensions QS:P2048,+61.9U174728 dimensions QS:P2049,+64.5U174728
Collection	Philadelphia Museum of Art    Native name Philadelphia Museum of Art Location 2600 Benjamin Franklin Parkway Philadelphia, Pennsylvania United States of America Coordinates 39° 57′ 57″ N, 75° 10′ 53″ W   Established 1876  Website www.philamuseum.org Authority file : Q510324 VIAF: 137352121 ISNI: 0000000404536400 ULAN: 500214534 LCCN: n79005616 NLA: 35420649 WorldCat institution QS:P195,Q510324
Accession number	1950-134-69 (Philadelphia Museum of Art)
Place of creation	France
References	Philadelphia Museum of Art work ID: 51518  Bpk-ID: 70183256
Source/Photographer	Own work

The painting was completed in 1913 in France. It was first exhibited at the Carroll Galleries in New York in 1915 and then at the Bourgeois Galleries in New York in 1916. (Schwarz, p. 578)

The first reproduction of the painting was published in La Boîte-en-valise. (Lebel, p. 165) The Boîte-en-valise was published in New York, 1941–42, and distributed in New York in 1943. (Lebel, p. 184)

Public display of an artwork could constitute a publication, particularly if the work was offered for sale or if the public were not prevented from making copies of the artwork. (Nimmer on Copyright § 4.09) If either of the 1915–16 exhibitions were considered a publication, then the painting is in the public domain because it was published more than 95 years ago.

If the 1915–16 exhibitions were not considered a publication, then the first known publication occurred in New York by 1943. Copyright could have been secured at publication, or by registration any time earlier. If copyright was secured before 1929, then the painting is in the public domain because it was registered more than 95 years ago. If copyright was secured between 1929 and 1943, then renewal would have to have been filed between 1957 and 1971. The copyright renewals listings for artworks from 1951 to 1971 contain no entries for "Duchamp" or "Chocolate Grinder" or "Broyeuse de Chocolat".

In either case, the painting's country of origin is the United States, the country of first publication.

Sources:

• Lebel, Robert (1959) Marcel Duchamp, Grove Press
• Schwarz, Arturo (1997) The Complete Works of Marcel Duchamp (3rd ed.), Delano Greenidge Editions

This work is in the public domain because it was published in the United States between 1929 and 1963, and although there may or may not have been a copyright notice, the copyright was not renewed. For further explanation, see Commons:Hirtle chart and the copyright renewal logs. Note that it may still be copyrighted in jurisdictions that do not apply the rule of the shorter term for US works (depending on the date of the author's death), such as Canada (70 years p.m.a.), Mainland China (50 years p.m.a., not Hong Kong or Macao), Germany (70 years p.m.a.), Mexico (100 years p.m.a.), Switzerland (70 years p.m.a.), and other countries with individual treaties. العربية ∙ Deutsch ∙ English ∙ español ∙ français ∙ galego ∙ italiano ∙ 日本語 ∙ 한국어 ∙ македонски ∙ português ∙ português do Brasil ∙ русский ∙ sicilianu ∙ slovenščina ∙ українська ∙ 简体中文 ∙ 繁體中文 ∙ +/−

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