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Festival

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Festivals and feasts)
For other uses, see Festival (disambiguation).
"Festivity" redirects here. For the ship, see MV Festivity.

Musikfest, an eleven-day outdoor music festival held annually each August in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, is the largest free music festival in the United States, drawing over 1.3 million attendees.[1]
The Hindu festival of Holi at Sri Sri Radha Krishna Temple in Utah, U.S.

A festival is an event celebrated by a community and centering on some characteristic aspect or aspects of that community and its religion or cultures. It is often marked as a local or national holiday, mela, or eid. A festival constitutes typical cases of glocalization, as well as the high culture-low culture interrelationship.[2] Next to religion and folklore, a significant origin is agricultural. Food is such a vital resource that many festivals are associated with harvest time. Religious commemoration and thanksgiving for good harvests are blended in events that take place in autumn, such as Halloween in the northern hemisphere and Easter in the southern.

Festivals often serve to fulfill specific communal purposes, especially in regard to commemoration or thanking to the gods, goddesses or saints: they are called patronal festivals. They may also provide entertainment, which was particularly important to local communities before the advent of mass-produced entertainment. Festivals that focus on cultural or ethnic topics also seek to inform community members of their traditions; the involvement of elders sharing stories and experience provides a means for unity among families.[3] Attendants of festivals are often motivated by a desire for escapism, socialization and camaraderie; the practice has been seen as a means of creating geographical connection, belonging and adaptability.[4][5]

Etymology

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The annual Met Gala at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in Manhattan is a haute couture festival celebrating the global fashion industry.
A country festival in Swabia
Procession in Honor of Isis, a 1903 depiction of the Egyptian Navigium Isidis festival by Frederick Arthur Bridgman

The word "festival" was originally used as an adjective from the late fourteenth century, deriving from Latin via Old French.[6] In Middle English, a "festival dai" was a religious holiday.[7]

The first recorded used of the word "festival" as a noun was in 1589 (as "Festifall").[6] Feast first came into usage as a noun c. 1200,[8] and its first recorded use as a verb was circa 1300.[9]

The word gala comes from Arabic word khil'a, meaning robe of honor.[10] The word gala was initially used to describe "festive dress", but came to be a synonym of "festival" starting in the 18th century.[11]

History

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A festival at Antwerp, Belgium, in the 17th century

Festivals have long been significant in human culture and history and are found in virtually all cultures.[12][13] The importance of festivals, to the present, is found in private and public; secular and religious life.[14] Ancient Greek and Roman societies relied heavily upon festivals, both communal and administrative.[15] Saturnalia was likely influential to Christmas and Carnival.[16] Celebration of social occasions, religion and nature were common.[16] Specific festivals have century-long histories and festivals in general have developed over the last few centuries – some traditional festivals in Ghana, for example, predate European colonisation of the 15th century.[5][16][17] Festivals prospered following the Second World War.[16] Both established in 1947, Avignon Festival and the Edinburgh Festival Fringe have been notable in shaping the modern model of festivals.[18] Art festivals became more prominent by the turn of the 21st century.[14] In modern times, festivals are commodified as a global tourist prospect although they are commonly public or not-for-profit.[19][20]

Traditions

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Many festivals have religious origins and entwine cultural and religious significance in traditional activities. The most important religious festivals such as Christmas, Rosh Hashanah, Diwali, Eid-al-Fitr and Eid-al-Adha serve to mark out the year. Others, such as harvest festivals, celebrate seasonal change. Events of historical significance, such as important military victories or other nation-building events also provide the impetus for a festival. An early example is the festival established by Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Ramesses III celebrating his victory over the Libyans.[21] In many countries, royal holidays commemorate dynastic events just as agricultural holidays are about harvests. Festivals are often commemorated annually.

There are numerous types of festivals in the world and most countries celebrate important events or traditions with traditional cultural events and activities. Most culminate in the consumption of specially prepared food (showing the connection to "feasting") and they bring people together. Festivals are also strongly associated with national holidays. Lists of national festivals are published to make participation easier.[22]

Types of festivals

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The scale of festivals varies; in location and attendance, they may range from a local to national level.[23][16] Music festivals, for example, often bring together disparate groups of people, such that they are both localised and global.[24] The "vast majority" of festivals are, however, local, modest and populist.[25] The abundance of festivals significantly hinders quantifying the total there of.[14] There exists significant variation among festivals, beyond binary dichotomies of sacred and secular, rural and urban, people and establishment.[25]

Religious festivals

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Main article: Religious festival

Among many religions, a feast is a set of celebrations in honour of God or gods.[26] A feast and a festival are historically interchangeable. Most religions have festivals that recur annually and some, such as Passover, Easter, and Eid al-Adha are moveable feasts – that is, those that are determined either by lunar or agricultural cycles or the calendar in use at the time. The Sed festival, for example, celebrated the thirtieth year of an Egyptian pharaoh's rule and then every three (or four in one case) years after that.[27] Among the Ashantis, most of their traditional festivals are linked to gazette sites which are believed to be sacred with several rich biological resources in their pristine forms. Thus, the annual commemoration of the festivals helps in maintaining the buoyancy of the conserved natural site, assisting in biodiversity conservation.[28]

In the Christian liturgical calendar, there are two principal feasts, properly known as the Feast of the Nativity of our Lord (Christmas) and the Feast of the Resurrection (Easter), but minor festivals in honour of local patron saints are celebrated in almost all countries influenced by Christianity. In the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Anglican liturgical calendars there are a great number of lesser feasts throughout the year commemorating saints, sacred events or doctrines. In the Philippines, each day of the year has at least one specific religious festival, either from Catholic, Islamic, or indigenous origins.[29]

Buddhist religious festivals, such as Esala Perahera are held in Sri Lanka and Thailand.[30] Hindu festivals, such as Holi are very ancient. The Sikh community celebrates the Vaisakhi festival marking the new year and birth of the Khalsa.[31]

Religious festivals

Arts festivals

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Main article: Arts festival

Among the many offspring of general arts festivals are also more specific types of festivals, including ones that showcase intellectual or creative achievement such as science festivals, literary festivals and music festivals.[32] Sub-categories include comedy festivals, rock festivals, jazz festivals and buskers festivals; poetry festivals,[33] theatre festivals, and storytelling festivals; and re-enactment festivals such as Renaissance fairs. In the Philippines, aside from numerous art festivals scattered throughout the year, February is known as national arts month, the culmination of all art festivals in the entire archipelago.[34] The modern model of music festivals began in the 1960s-70s and have become a lucrative global industry.[4] Predecessors extend back to the 11th century and some, such as the Three Choirs Festival, remain to this day.[35]

Film festivals involve the screenings of several different films, and are usually held annually. Some of the most significant film festivals include the Berlin International Film Festival, the Venice Film Festival and the Cannes Film Festival.

Arts festivals

A food festival is an event celebrating food or drink. These often highlight the output of producers from a certain region. Some food festivals are focused on a particular item of food, such as the National Peanut Festival in the United States, or the Galway International Oyster Festival in Ireland. There are also specific beverage festivals, such as the famous Oktoberfest in Germany for beer. Many countries hold festivals to celebrate wine. One example is the global celebration of the arrival of Beaujolais nouveau, which involves shipping the new wine around the world for its release date on the third Thursday of November each year.[36][37] Both Beaujolais nouveau and the Japanese rice wine sake are associated with harvest time. In the Philippines, there are at least two hundred festivals dedicated to food and drinks.[citation needed]

Food and drink festivals
  • Soweto Wine Festival, South Africa (2009)
    Soweto Wine Festival, South Africa (2009)
  • Holi India (2011)
    Holi India (2011)
  • La Tomatina, Spain (2010)
    La Tomatina, Spain (2010)
  • Beer horse cart from the Hofbräuhaus brewery at Oktoberfest Germany (2013)
    Beer horse cart from the Hofbräuhaus brewery at Oktoberfest Germany (2013)

Seasonal and harvest festivals

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Main article: Food festival

Seasonal festivals, such as Beltane, are determined by the solar and the lunar calendars and by the cycle of the seasons, especially because of its effect on food supply, as a result of which there is a wide range of ancient and modern harvest festivals. Ancient Egyptians relied upon the seasonal inundation caused by the Nile River, a form of irrigation, which provided fertile land for crops.[38] In the Alps, in autumn the return of the cattle from the mountain pastures to the stables in the valley is celebrated as Almabtrieb. A recognized winter festival, the Chinese New Year, is set by the lunar calendar, and celebrated from the day of the second new moon after the winter solstice. Dree Festival of the Apatanis living in Lower Subansiri District of Arunachal Pradesh is celebrated every year from July 4 to 7 by praying for a bumper crop harvest.[39]

Midsummer or St John's Day, is an example of a seasonal festival, related to the feast day of a Christian saint as well as a celebration of the time of the summer solstice in the northern hemisphere, where it is particularly important in Sweden. Winter carnivals also provide the opportunity to utilise to celebrate creative or sporting activities requiring snow and ice. In the Philippines, each day of the year has at least one festival dedicated to harvesting of crops, fishes, crustaceans, milk, and other local goods.[citation needed]

Seasonal and harvest festivals

Politics

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Scholarly literature notes that festivals functionally disseminate political values and meaning, such as ownership of place, which undergoes transformation in accordance with the festival.[5][25] Furthermore, a festival may act as an artefact which allows citizens to achieve "certain ideals", including those of identity and ideology.[40] Festivals may be used to rehabilitate or elevate the image of a city; the ephemerality of festivals means that their impact is often incorporeal, of name, memory and perception.[14][25] In deviating from routine, festivals may reinforce the convention, be it social, cultural or economic.[16][25]

Study of festivals

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ "By the numbers: Musikfest 2023". WFMZ.com. August 15, 2023.
  2. ^ Caves, R. W. (2004). Encyclopedia of the City. Routledge. p. 264. ISBN 978-0-415-25225-6.
  3. ^ "Why festivals are important". www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved February 10, 2023.
  4. ^ a b Davies, Karen (2021). "Festivals Post Covid-19". Leisure Sciences. 43 (1–2): 184–189. doi:10.1080/01490400.2020.1774000. ISSN 0149-0400. S2CID 225693273.
  5. ^ a b c Quinn, Bernadette (2003). "Symbols, practices and myth-making: Cultural perspectives on the Wexford Festival Opera". Tourism Geographies. 5 (3): 329–349. doi:10.1080/14616680309710. ISSN 1461-6688. S2CID 143509970. Archived from the original on August 28, 2022. Retrieved August 21, 2022.
  6. ^ a b "festival, adj. and n." OED Online. Oxford University Press. March 2014. Archived from the original on August 28, 2022. Retrieved April 16, 2014.
  7. ^ "festival (adj.)". Middle English Dictionary. Archived from the original on July 2, 2014. Retrieved April 16, 2014.
  8. ^ "feast, n." OED Online. Oxford University Press. March 2014. Archived from the original on August 28, 2022. Retrieved April 16, 2014.
  9. ^ "feast, v." OED Online. Oxford University Press. March 2014. Archived from the original on August 28, 2022. Retrieved April 16, 2014.
  10. ^ James E Glevin (2020). The Modern Middle East: A History. Oxford University Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-19-007406-7.
  11. ^ "gala (n.)". Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on June 27, 2020. Retrieved June 27, 2020.
  12. ^ Cudny 2016, p. 13.
  13. ^ Falassi, Alessandro, ed. (1987). Time Out of Time: Essays on the Festival. University of New Mexico Press. p. 1. ISBN 0-8263-0932-1. OCLC 15017471. Archived from the original on August 28, 2022. Retrieved August 21, 2022.
  14. ^ a b c d Quinn, Bernadette (2005). "Arts Festivals and the City". Urban Studies. 42 (5–6): 927–943. Bibcode:2005UrbSt..42..927Q. doi:10.1080/00420980500107250. ISSN 0042-0980. S2CID 154354884.
  15. ^ Brandt, J. Rasmus; Iddeng, Jon W., eds. (2012). Greek and Roman Festivals: Content, Meaning, and Practice (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-19-969609-3.
  16. ^ a b c d e f Cudny, Waldemar (2014). "The Phenomenon of Festivals: Their Origins, Evolution, and Classifications". Anthropos. 109 (2): 640–656. doi:10.5771/0257-9774-2014-2-640. ISSN 0257-9774. JSTOR 43861801. Archived from the original on August 23, 2022. Retrieved August 23, 2022.
  17. ^ Odotei, Irene (2002). "Festivals in Ghana: Continuity, Transformation and Politicisation of Tradition". Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana (6): 17–34. ISSN 0855-3246. JSTOR 41406666. Archived from the original on August 24, 2022. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
  18. ^ Bartie, Angela (2013). The Edinburgh Festivals: Culture and Society in Post-war Britain. Edinburgh University Press. p. 6. doi:10.3366/edinburgh/9780748670307.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-7486-7030-7. Archived from the original on August 28, 2022. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
  19. ^ Prentice, Richard; Andersen, Vivien (2003). "Festival as creative destination". Annals of Tourism Research. 30 (1): 7–30. doi:10.1016/S0160-7383(02)00034-8. Archived from the original on June 23, 2022. Retrieved August 21, 2022.
  20. ^ Andersson, Tommy D.; Getz, Donald (2008). "Stakeholder Management Strategies of Festivals". Journal of Convention & Event Tourism. 9 (3): 199–220. doi:10.1080/15470140802323801. ISSN 1547-0148. S2CID 154831702. Archived from the original on August 27, 2022. Retrieved August 28, 2022.
  21. ^ Berrett, LaMar C.; Ogden D. Kelly (1996). Discovering the world of the Bible (3rd ed., rev. ed.). Provo, Utah: Grandin Book Co. p. 289. ISBN 0-910523-52-5.
  22. ^ See for example: List of festivals in Australia; Bangladesh; Canada; China; Colombia; Costa Rica; Fiji; India; Indonesia; Iran; Japan; Laos; Morocco; Nepal; Pakistan; Philippines; Romania; Tunisia; Turkey; United Kingdom; United States; Vietnam.
  23. ^ Cudny 2016, p. 15.
  24. ^ Hondros, Konstantin; Silva, Glaucia Peres da, eds. (2019). Music Practices Across Borders : (E)Valuating Space, Diversity and Exchange. Transcript. p. 86. ISBN 978-3-8394-4667-6. OCLC 1105916920. Archived from the original on August 28, 2022. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
  25. ^ a b c d e Waterman, Stanley (1998). "Carnivals for elites? The cultural politics of arts festivals". Progress in Human Geography. 22 (1): 54–74. doi:10.1191/030913298672233886. ISSN 0309-1325. S2CID 144867877.
  26. ^ Bleeker, Claas Jouco (1967). Egyptian Festivals: Enactments of Religious Renewal. Brill Archive. Archived from the original on August 28, 2022. Retrieved August 27, 2022.
  27. ^ "Heb-Sed (Egyptian feast)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on May 4, 2015. Retrieved April 16, 2014.
  28. ^ Robson, James P. (2007). "Local approaches to biodiversity conservation: lessons from Oaxaca, southern Mexico". International Journal of Sustainable Development. 10 (3): 267. doi:10.1504/ijsd.2007.017647. ISSN 0960-1406.
  29. ^ "Calendar of Philippine Festivals and Monthly Observances / Theme | Tourism Promotions Board". www.tpb.gov.ph. Archived from the original on September 27, 2023. Retrieved February 10, 2023.
  30. ^ Gerson, Ruth (1996). Traditional festivals in Thailand. Kuala Lumpur; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 967-65-3111-1.
  31. ^ Roy, Christian (2005). "Sikh Vaisakhi: Anniversary of the Pure". Traditional Festivals, Vol. 2 [M – Z]: A Multicultural Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 480. ISBN 978-1-57607-089-5.
  32. ^ See List of music festivals.
  33. ^ Some such as such as Cúirt International Festival of Literature started as a poetry festival and then broadened in scope.
  34. ^ Kasilag, Giselle P. (February 1999). "Performances, exhibits around the country mark National Arts Month". BusinessWorld (SanJuan, Philippines): 1. ISSN 0116-3930 – via Nexis Uni.
  35. ^ Frey, Bruno S. (1994). "The Economics of Music Festivals". Journal of Cultural Economics. 18 (1): 29–39. doi:10.1007/bf01207151. ISSN 0885-2545. S2CID 153806851. Archived from the original on August 28, 2022. Retrieved August 25, 2022.
  36. ^ Hyslop, Leah (November 21, 2013). "Beaujolais Nouveau day: 10 facts about the wine". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022.
  37. ^ Haine, W. Scott (2006). Culture and Customs of France. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 103. ISBN 978-0-313-32892-3. Archived from the original on May 1, 2016. Retrieved December 15, 2015.
  38. ^ Bunson, Margaret (2009). "Nile festivals". Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Infobase Publishing. p. 278. ISBN 978-1-4381-0997-8. Archived from the original on May 7, 2016. Retrieved December 15, 2015.
  39. ^ "Press release – Dree festival". Directorate of Information, Govt of Arunachal Pradesh. July 5, 2004. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved July 13, 2009.
  40. ^ Jeong, Sunny; Santos, Carla Almeida. (2004). "Cultural Politics and Contested Place Identity". Annals of Tourism Research. 31 (3): 640–656. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2004.01.004.
  41. ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Heortology" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  42. ^ Parker, Robert (1996). Athenian religion : a history. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-814979-4. OCLC 32590127. Archived from the original on May 12, 2022. Retrieved August 27, 2022.

Further reading

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  • Ian Yeoman, ed. (2004). Festival and events management: an international arts and culture perspective (1st ed., repr. ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-7506-5872-0.
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Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article "Festivals".
  • Media related to Festivals at Wikimedia Commons
  • The dictionary definition of Festival at Wiktionary
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