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Patrol Craft Fast

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PCF-32 on patrol.
Class overview
NamePCF (Patrol Craft Fast)
BuildersSewart Seacraft (now Swiftships)[1]
OperatorsSee Operators
Completed193[1]
Preserved6
General characteristics
TypeRiverine patrol boat
Length
  • 50 ft (15 m) (Mk I)[2]
  • 51 ft (16 m) (Mk II)[2]
Beam13 ft (4.0 m)[2]
Draft3 ft (0.91 m)[2]
Propulsion2x General Motors 12V71"N" Detroit marine diesels[2]
Speed32 knots (59 km/h; 37 mph) (Mk I)[2]
Armament
  • 2x 0.50 caliber machine gun (top) (US-based)[3]
  • 1x 81mm mortar (US-based)[3]
  • 1x Mk 19 (US-based)[2]
  • 1x NSV (Vietnamese-based)[4]
  • 1x DsHK (Vietnamese-based)[5]
  • 1x AGS-17 (Vietnamese-based) [5]
ArmorQuarter inch thick aluminum hull[3]

The Patrol Craft Fast (PCF),[6] also known as Swift Boat,[6] were all-aluminum, 50-foot (15 m) long, shallow-draft vessels operated by the United States Navy, initially to patrol the coastal areas and later for work in the interior waterways as part of the brown-water navy[7] to interdict Vietcong movement of arms and munitions, transport South Vietnamese forces and insert SEAL teams for counterinsurgency (COIN) operations during the Vietnam War.

Development

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Conception

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The Swift Boat was conceived in a Naval Advisory Group, Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (NAVADGRP MACV) staff study titled "Naval Craft Requirements in a Counter Insurgency Environment," published 1 February 1965. The study was positively received, and the Navy began to search for sources. Sewart Seacraft of Berwick, Louisiana (Swiftships' predecessor),[8][9] built water taxis for companies operating oil rigs in the Gulf of Mexico, which appeared nearly ideal. The Navy bought their plans, and asked Sewart Seacraft to prepare modified drawings that included a gun tub, ammo lockers, bunks, and a small galley. The Navy used those enhanced plans to request bids from other boat builders. Sewart Seacraft was chosen to build the boats.

Mark I

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The Swift Boats had welded aluminum hulls about 50 feet (15 m) long with 13 feet (4.0 m) beam, and draft of about five feet (1.5 m). They were powered by a pair of General Motors 12V71"N" Detroit marine diesel engines rated at 480 horsepower (360 kW) each, with a design range from 320 nautical miles (590 km) at 21 knots (39 km/h) to about 750 nautical miles (1,390 km) at 10 knots (19 km/h). The normal complement for a Swift Boat was six: an officer in charge (skipper), a boatswains mate, a radar/radioman (radarman), an engineer (engineman), and two gunners (quartermaster and gunner's mate). In 1969, the crew was supplemented with a Vietnamese trainee.

The first two PCFs were delivered to the Navy in late August 1965. The original water taxi design had been enhanced with two .50 caliber M2 Browning machine guns in a turret above the pilot house, an over-and-under .50-caliber machine gun – 81 mm mortar combination mounted on the rear deck, a mortar ammunition box on the stern, improved habitability equipment such as bunks, a refrigerator and freezer, and a sink. The 81 mm combination mortar mounted on the rear deck was not a gravity firing mortar as used by the Army and Marine Corps, in which the falling projectile's primer struck the fixed firing pin at the base of the mortar tube, but a unique lanyard firing weapon in which the projectile was still loaded into the muzzle. The gunner could "fire at will" by the use of the lanyard. The weapon had been tested in the 1950s and discarded as the U.S. Navy lost interest in the system. The United States Coast Guard maintained the gun/mortar system before the Navy incorporated it into the PCF program.[10][11] Many boats also mounted a single M60 machine gun in the forward peak tank, just in front of the forward superstructure.

The original order for 50 boats was followed shortly by an additional order for 54 more Mark Is.

Mark II and Mark III

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In the latter half of 1967, 46 Mark II boats, with a modified deck house set further back from the bow. The newer boats also had round port holes (replacing larger sliding windows) in the aft superstructure. From 1969 through 1972, 33 Mark IIIs, which were a larger version of the Mark IIs, arrived in Vietnam.

Service

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Most of the 193 PCFs built were used by the U.S. Navy in Vietnam and the two training bases in California. About 80 of the boats constructed were sold or given away to nations friendly to the United States. The original training base for Swift Boats was at Naval Amphibious Base Coronado.

In 1969, training was moved to Mare Island near San Pablo Bay, California, where it remained for the duration of the war. Though not a deep water boat, PCF training boats frequently transited from Mare Island, through the Golden Gate Bridge to cruise either north or south along the Pacific Ocean coastline. PCF-8 sank in a storm off Bodega Bay, California in December 1969. This was the only Swift Boat lost during training operations. No crewmen were lost in the event.

The most frequent training area for the Mare Island units was the marshland that forms the northern shoreline of San Francisco Bay. This area, now known as the Napa Sonoma Marshes State Wildlife Area, was also used by United States Navy Reserve unit PBRs) up until 1995, when Mare Island was scheduled for base closure.

Vietnam War service

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PCFs carry a group of South Vietnamese marines up a narrow canal for insertion.

The first Swift Boats arrived in South Vietnam in October 1965. The boats were initially used as coastal patrol craft in Operation Market Time, interdicting seaborne supplies on their way to the Viet Cong (VC) and People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) forces in South Vietnam. However, the design's shallow draft and low freeboard limited their seaworthiness in open waters. These limitations, plus the difficulties being encountered in the interior waterways by the smaller, more lightly armed PBRs, led to the incorporation of Swifts to patrol the 1,500 miles (2,400 km) of rivers and canals of Vietnam's interior waterways.[12][13] Swift Boats continued to operate along the Vietnamese coastal areas, but with the start of Admiral Elmo Zumwalt's "SEALORDS" riverway interdiction strategy, their primary area of operations soon centered upon the Cà Mau Peninsula and the Mekong Delta area in the southern tip of Vietnam.[13] Here they patrolled the waterways and performed special operations, including gunfire support, troop insertion and evacuation, and raids into enemy territory.[13]

The Mekong Delta is composed of ten thousand square miles of marshland, swamps and forested areas. The region is interlaced by rivers and canal ways. Controlled by the VC, the interior waterways of the Mekong Delta were used to transport supplies and weapons.

Swift Boats generally operated in teams of three to five. Each boat had an officer in charge, one of whom would also be placed in overall charge of the mission. Their missions included patrolling the waterways, searching water traffic for weapons and munitions, transporting South Vietnamese marine units and inserting Navy SEAL teams.

When the Swift Boats began making forays up the waterways into the interior of the delta, they initially took the carriers by surprise, causing them to drop their materials and run off into the overgrowth. Occasionally a short firefight would break out. As it became clear that control of the waterways was being contested, the VC developed a number of tactics to challenge the U.S. Navy. They set up ambushes, built obstructions in the canals to create choke points and began to place mines in the waterways.

For the Swifts, coming back down river was always more dangerous than going up river. The passage of a patrol assured their eventual return, providing an opportunity for the VC. Ambushes were typically short lived affairs, set up at a river bend or in a narrow canal that restricted the maneuverability of the boats.[14] A wide variety of portable weapons were used in attacks, including recoilless rifles, B-40 rockets, .50 caliber machine guns and AK-47s, often fired from behind earthen bunkered positions.[15] Engagements were brief and violent, with the ambushers often slipping away into the undergrowth when the boats located the source of attack and began to concentrate their return fire. When attacked the boats would accelerate out of the hot zone, turn and then return as a group, firing as many of their guns as they could bring to bear. They would power past the ambush point, turn and return to attack again until the ambushers were either killed or slipped away. Though most cruising and patrolling was done at 8 to 10 knots, the boats could reach a top speed of 32 knots. Thick brush and vegetation in the delta provided excellent cover for the escaping ambushers. Casualties taken among the river crews were high. Casualties suffered among the VC were difficult to assess, as they would take their dead and wounded away from a firefight. Discovering newly dug graveyards was one of the few ways to confirm VC losses.[16]

The first Swift Boat to be lost during the war was PCF-4, which was lost to a mine in 1966. Two boats, PCF-14 and PCF-76, were lost in rough seas at the mouth of the Cua Viet River near the DMZ, and a third, PCF-77, was lost in a rescue effort during a monsoon at the mouth of the Perfume River on the approach to Huế. All three of these boats were lost in 1966. PCF-41 was lost that same year in an ambush when it was hit by fire from a 57 mm recoilless rifle. Its controls destroyed and coxswain killed, it ran aground at speed. When the crew ran out of ammunition it had to be abandoned.[17] It was recovered the next day but was too badly damaged to be repaired, so was salvaged instead.

PCF-43 was lost to a rocket attack in 1969.[18] Several other Swift Boats had been lost to river mines, but had been salvaged and either repaired or used for spare parts.

When Vietnamization was implemented, several Swift Boats were turned over to the South Vietnamese Navy.[19]

Controversy over loss of PCF-19

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Sinking of PCF-19
Part of Operation Market Time, Vietnam War
DateJune 16, 1968
~0030 - 0400 hours (UTC+07:00)
Location
Bến Hải & Cửa Việt Rivers, South Vietnam
Result Determined to be a friendly fire incident due to an unrelated incident in the same area the next day
Belligerents
Vietnam North Vietnam  United States
Commanders and leaders
Unknown LTJG John Davis
LTJG Peter Snyder
LTJG Ronald Fritz
Col Dominic Damico
Strength
2-4 Mi-4 helicopters
1 unknown fixed-wing aircraft		 2 PCFs
1 point-class cutter
1 F-4 Phantom II
Casualties and losses
1 helicopter allegedly damaged 1 PCF destroyed
5 killed
2 wounded

On the night of 15/16 June 1968, U.S. marine aircraft spotters on the ground began reporting unidentified helicopters near the DMZ. The first report stated that four helicopters had been detected and were proceeding toward Tiger Island, just off the North Vietnamese coast at an altitude of 700–1,000 feet (210–300 m). These spotters observed the aircraft visually, using Starlight Scopes and by radar. Over the course of the night, Air Force pilots reported 19 additional helicopter sightings. On this same evening the guided missile heavy cruiser USS Boston, operating near the DMZ, also began reporting helicopter activity in the vicinity of Bến Hải, Cap Lay and Tiger Island. At 00:10 on the 16th, an unidentified aircraft fired three rockets or missiles at Boston, but none hit the vessel.[20]: 240 

At 01:00 on 16 June 1968 in the same area, PCF-19 was struck by two missiles, one struck the cabin just below the pilothouse on the port side, the other hit the engine room. The boat sank in four minutes. Four of its crewmen were killed, and two others badly injured.[21][20]: 240  The remaining crew managed to swim free from the sinking craft and cling to a life raft until USCGC Point Dume arrived on scene at 01:30. As soon as the survivors were on board, Point Dume departed the scene to drop them off at the Cua Viet Base for a medevac to Danang. In the meantime, the crew of PCF-12, which had arrived on the scene at 01:50 to continue the search for survivors, noticed illumination rounds being fired that were not their own. Opting to investigate, the officer in charge ordered the boat to speed to the Cua Viet River. When PCF-12 was 3 miles (4.8 km) from the river mouth, crewmembers observed two sets of aircraft lights off the port and starboard beam, about 300 yards (270 m) away and 100 feet (30 m) above the water. The boat commander immediately got on the radio and requested permission to engage the aircraft. At 02:25, PCF-12 received a single rocket from seaward at a low trajectory. The rocket passed a couple of feet over the main cabin and exploded in the water ten feet from the boat. PCF-12 came about, increased speed and moved away from the kill zone while bringing its .50-caliber guns to bear against an aerial target hovering at 1,000 feet (300 m) with lights blinking. The aircraft decreased altitude and turned off its lights. After a short time, PCF-12 stopped to observe the scene and saw two aircraft appeared off its beams again with lights on. The boat commander contacted the marine observer and inquired about their status. The marines told him that they could not identify the aircraft because they did not have their identification, friend or foe (IFF) transponders turned on. At 02:35, the aircraft near the beach fired 40–50 rounds of .50-caliber tracer fire at the PCF. All rounds landed astern. PCF-12 responded with machine-gun and mortar fire.[20]: 241 

At 02:40, Point Dume, now back on the scene was attacked by a fixed-wing aircraft, which made two attack runs against the vessel. Both the commanding officer of Point Dume and the commander of PCF-12 positively identified the aircraft as a "jet." The crews of Point Dume and PCF-12 then observed numerous lighted aircraft that appeared to be helicopters in the northern part of the area. These aircraft approached the U.S. vessels and made firing runs with their lights off. Point Dume received heavy caliber automatic weapons fire from these aircraft and returned fire. PCF-12 also returned fire intermittently for approximately 75 minutes. Neither vessel was damaged in the engagement; there were no personnel injured.[20]: 241 

On the afternoon of 16 June, Task Unit 77.1.0 ordered USS Edson, USS Theodore E. Chandler and the Royal Australian Navy guided-missile destroyer Hobart HMAS Hobart to conduct a surveillance mission in the vicinity of Tiger Island in attempt to flush out any enemy helicopters or waterborne craft operating from there. At 01:18 on the 17th, Boston, which was engaged in a naval gunfire support mission in the same general area, came under attack from an unidentified jet aircraft. The jet fired two missiles at the ship: one exploded 200 yards (180 m) off the port beam; and the other close aboard to port, showering the ship with fragments. No sailors were injured, and the missiles caused only minor structural damage to the ship. At 03:09, while Hobart was searching a 5-mile radius area between the coast and Tiger Island with its radar, it detected a single aircraft tracking east. The aircraft was not squawking IFF. An attempt was made to identify the aircraft by visual gun direction personnel on the bridge. Five minutes later a missile slammed into the chief petty officers' mess and nearby spaces, killing one sailor and wounding two others. The ship took evasive action but temporarily lost radar contact with the aircraft. At 03:16, two more missiles hit the ship, destroying the gunners' store and damaging other spaces, including the engineers' workshop, the seamen's mess, the missile director room, the RIM-24 Tartar checkout room, and the chiefs' mess (again). This second attack killed an officer and wounded other sailors. As the aircraft turned to make a third pass, one of the ship's gun turrets fired five rounds and the aircraft turned and retreated. Fourteen minutes later Edson, now at general quarters due to reports from Hobart about hostile aircraft in the area, came under attack by an unidentified aircraft. Lookouts and sonar confirmed a near miss astern by a missile.[20]: 242 

The next day Vice Admiral William F. Bringle, Commander Seventh Fleet, appointed Rear Admiral S. H. Moore, Commander Task Group 77.1/70.8, to conduct an informal investigation into the various firing incidents occurring between 15 and 17 June. The board determined that Air Force F-4s launched two AIM-7E Sparrow missiles on 17 June at 01:15 and one at 03:15 that same day. Fragments of Sparrow missiles complete with serial numbers found on Boston and Hobart confirmed these findings. The case was therefore quite clear with regard to these two attacks on 17 June — Hobart and Boston had been the victims of friendly fire. The board also investigated the 16 June attacks on Boston and PCF-19 and the attack on Edson on the 17th. From the positions of American vessels and attacking aircraft, the board concluded that Air Force aircraft attacked Boston and PCF-19 on the 16th and that American aircraft also attacked Edson on the 17th. Unlike the Boston and Hobart attacks on the 17th, however, no physical evidence supported these findings. Later research of the incident with surviving veterans and a review of salvage reports from USS Acme, the ship that recovered the bodies and codebooks from PCF-19 shortly after the attack, found that the rocket entry holes in the hull of PCF-19 were 76.2mm in size—the size of a standard helicopter rocket carried by a Soviet-manufactured Mi-4 Hound helicopter and not Sparrow or Sidewinder holes, which would have been larger.[20]: 242 [22]

Vietnam People's Navy service

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The Vietnam People's Navy managed to capture 107 of Republic of Vietnam Navy PCFs after the Fall of Saigon in 1975. The PCFs were quickly used in VPN operations at Thổ Chu and other islands to repel the invasion of the Khmer Rouge.[23] The Swift Boats are still active in the Vietnam People's Navy.[4][24]

The M2 machine gun was replaced by a domestically produced 12.7 mm NSV gun, which had fewer jamming problems and was easier for the crews to maintain.[4] The electronic and communication systems were also overhauled.[4] Some PCFs captured have a DsHK HMG and an AGS-17 AGL mounted on top.[5]

Operators

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Current

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Former

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Non-State Actors

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  • Cambodia: Khmer Rouge, captured from the US and Khmer Navy.[25]

Preservation

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Malta

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Former U.S. Navy Vietnam veterans, from the Swift Boat Sailors' Association, visited Malta in 2010 and said the Malta Swifts were the last two still in service, out of hundreds that were built.[32] One of the two patrol boats headed back to the United States to become a memorial in summer 2012 at the Maritime Museum of San Diego in California.[33]

The museum has a display paying tribute to the Maltese servicemen who died on board the P23 (the sister vessel of P24) during an accident that occurred on September 7, 1984. The incident – known as the C23 tragedy and the worst peace-time accident suffered by Maltese services personnel – killed five AFM soldiers and two policemen when illegal fireworks about to be dumped into the sea exploded on the bow of the small patrol boat.

The AFM retained P23 as a memorial to those killed in the explosion.[34] P23 was also depicted on a Maltese postage stamp commemorating the island's maritime heritage on 10 August 2011.[35]

Philippines

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A Swift Mk.3-class PB-353 physically restored and converted to museum display at the re-launched Philippine Navy Museum, Fort San Felipe, Cavite.[citation needed]

United States

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A preserved PCF 104 boat in the middle, located at the Vietnam Unit Memorial Monument, Naval Amphibiious Base Coronado.

There are two operational PCFs in the United States today. R/V Matthew F. Maury is operated by Tidewater Community College in Virginia Beach, Virginia. Formerly PCF-2, the vessel was awarded to the college in 1995 and has been used in oceanographic research and education since then. It is berthed at JEB Little Creek and operates in and around Chesapeake Bay. The second operational PCF, PCF-816 (formerly P-24 in the service of Malta) is operational in San Diego, California at the Maritime Museum of San Diego. The boat makes regular runs on weekends and is staffed with former Swift Boat sailors as narrators.[26]

There are two Swift Boats preserved in static displays in the United States. Both are former U.S. Navy Swift Boats that were originally stationed in California to train PCF crews. One is located at the Navy Museum at Washington Navy Yard in Washington, D.C.;[36] the second Swift Boat is on the Naval Special Weapons Base at Naval Amphibious Base Coronado, California, the original home of PCF training.[37]

Notable personnel

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Those who served on the boats in Vietnam and later became politicians include Nebraska Governor and U.S. Senator Bob Kerrey, a recipient of the Medal of Honor,[38] and Arizona Congressman Jim Kolbe, who served in the United States Navy.[39]

U.S. Senator and Secretary of State John Kerry commanded a Swift Boat when he served in Vietnam.[40] LTJG Kerry was awarded the Silver Star, Bronze Star and three Purple Hearts during riverine combat in a PCF.

Controversy

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As the Democratic nominee for president in 2004, then-Senator Kerry's military record was attacked by a political 527 group called Swift Boat Veterans for Truth. Ever since, the term "swiftboating" has entered American political jargon associating swift boat service with political smear tactics.

In an article in The New York Times on June 30, 2008, Swift Boat veterans objected to the prevalent use of the verb "swiftboating" as this type of ad hominem attack, stating that it is disrespectful to the men who served and died on the PCFs during Vietnam.[41][42]

See also

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References

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Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Sage, Darrell. "Remembering the 193 Swift Boats". Swiftships. Swiftships.com. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g "Boat Specifications". Archived from the original on 2019-12-30.
  3. ^ a b c "PATROL CRAFT FAST | Homeland Magazine".
  4. ^ a b c d e f "Khám phá vũ khí mới trên tàu PCF VN sau nâng cấp" (in Vietnamese). Soha. 2014-06-18. Archived from the original on 2014-06-20.
  5. ^ a b c d "Việt Nam trang bị súng phóng lựu tự động AGS-17 cho giang thuyền". 16 November 2015.
  6. ^ a b "Photos of the Swift Boat at the US Navy Museum".
  7. ^ "WATCH: The Brown Water Navy and Swift Boats of Vietnam".
  8. ^ "NEW PATROL BOATS: Swiftships' swift boats for Iraq". 26 October 2011.
  9. ^ "Swiftships: The Sea's Best Aluminum Water Vessel". March 2018.
  10. ^ Wells II, William R. (August 1997). "The United States Coast Guard's Piggyback 81mm Mortar/.50 cal. machine gun". Vietnam Magazine. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
  11. ^ Bob Stoner. "Notes on Mk 2 Mod 0 and Mod 1 .50 Caliber MG/81mm Mortar".
  12. ^ Symmes War on the Rivers p. 95
  13. ^ a b c "PCF 816 Swift Boat". Maritime Museum of San Diego. Archived from the original on 2015-09-06. Retrieved 2015-07-06.
  14. ^ Symmes War on the Rivers p. 148
  15. ^ Symmes War on the Rivers p. 136
  16. ^ Symmes War on the Rivers p. 173
  17. ^ Wasikowski, Lawrence J. (April 26, 2008). "Coastal Squadron One; 22 May 1966 Sinking of PCF-41". swiftboats.net. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved July 13, 2018.
  18. ^ Symmes War on the Rivers pp. 120-122
  19. ^ "Patrol Craft, Fast (PCF)".
  20. ^ a b c d e f Sherwood, John (2015). War in the Shallows: U.S. Navy and Coastal and Riverine Warfare in Vietnam 1965-8. Naval History and Heritage Command. ISBN 9780945274773.Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  21. ^ Steffes, p.68-71, official U.S. Navy OinC (Officer In Charge) PCF-12 After Action Report
  22. ^ Steffes, James (2005), Swift Boat Down: The real story of the sinking of PCF-19, Xlibris, ISBN 1-59926-612-1
  23. ^ "Chuyên trang Infonet Báo VietnamNet".
  24. ^ "Giá súng đa năng trên tàu PCF". 6 November 2015.
  25. ^ a b "Jane's Fighting Ships - Cambodia swift boats". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
  26. ^ a b "PCF 816 Swift Boat - Maritime Museum of San Diego". Archived from the original on 7 July 2016. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
  27. ^ "Panama Navy".
  28. ^ "Jane's Fighting Ships - Philippines swift boats". Archived from the original on 18 March 2017. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
  29. ^ "South Vietnamese Navy Crewmembers on PCFs · Swift Boat Crew and Responsibilities · Swift Boat Sailors Memorial". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
  30. ^ Tribune, San Diego Union (9 May 2013). "Swift Boat takes vets, public back in time". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
  31. ^ "Jane's Fighting Ships - Thailand swift boats". Archived from the original on 18 March 2017. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
  32. ^ "Veteran patrol boat to head back to the US". Times of Malta. 10 January 2012. Archived from the original on 28 April 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  33. ^ "Swift Boat takes vets, public back in time". 9 May 2013.
  34. ^ "Updated: Patrol boat explosion tragedy recalled". Times of Malta. 7 September 2009. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  35. ^ "Maritime Stamp issue by MaltaPost". The Malta Independent. 28 August 2011. Archived from the original on 27 April 2014. Retrieved 27 April 2014.
  36. ^ "PFC 1". Historic Naval Ships Association. Archived from the original on 2008-05-09.
  37. ^ "Swift Boat Sailors Association Memorial Ceremony - Honoring the 50 Swift Boat Sailors "Still on Patrol"". 5 May 2017.
  38. ^ "Full Citations of Living Recipients K-L". Retrieved May 7, 2020.
  39. ^ The Vietnam War and the Congressman of the 1980s, New York Times, David K. Shipler, May 28, 1986. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
  40. ^ Bowers, Andy (25 August 2004). "What, Exactly, Is a Swift Boat?". Slate.com. Archived from the original on 25 November 2005. Retrieved 13 September 2004.
  41. ^ Zernike, Kate (2008-06-30). "Veterans Long to Reclaim the Name 'Swift Boat'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2009-04-24. Retrieved 2010-03-27.
  42. ^ Cogan, Brian; Kelso, Tony (2009). Encyclopedia of Politics, the Media, and Popular Culture. ABC-CLIO. pp. 155, 335. ISBN 978-0-313-34379-7.

General bibliography

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  • Daly, Dan (2017). [https://books.google.com/books?id=8qgaDgAAQBAJ White Water, Red Hot Lead: On Board US Navy Swift Boats in Vietnam. Published by Casemate. ISBN 978-1612004785.
  • Friedman, Norman. U.S. Small Combatants: An Illustrated Design History, United States Naval Institute, 1987 ISBN 0-87021-713-5.
  • Gugliottia, Guy, Yeoman, Neva Sullaway, Swift Boats at War in Vietnam. Stackpole Books, 2017. ISBN 978 081 171 9599
  • Steffes, James Swift Boat Down: The real story of the sinking of PCF-19, Xlibris, 2005 ISBN 1-59926-612-1
  • Steffes, James Operation Market Time: The Early Years, 1965–66, Xlibris, 2009, ISBN 978-1-4415-9049-7
  • Symmes, Weymouth War on the Rivers: A Swift Boat Sailor's Chronicle of the Battle of the Mekong Delta Pictorial Histories Publishing Company, 2004. ISBN 1-57510-109-2
  • Time, August 9, 1968, Vol. 92 No. 6; "Viet Nam War: Fatal Error" (The World/Vietnam War)
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