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Feline leukemia virus

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Feline leukemia virus
Electron micrograph of "Feline leukemia virus"
Electron micrograph of Feline leukemia virus
Virus classification Edit this classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Pararnavirae
Phylum: Artverviricota
Class: Revtraviricetes
Order: Ortervirales
Family: Retroviridae
Genus: Gammaretrovirus
Species:
Feline leukemia virus
Synonyms[1]
  • Feline sarcoma and leukemia virus
  • Feline sarcoma virus

Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is a retrovirus that infects cats. FeLV can be transmitted from infected cats when the transfer of saliva or nasal secretions is involved. If not defeated by the animal's immune system, the virus weakens the cat's immune system, which can lead to diseases which can be lethal. Because FeLV is cat-to-cat contagious, FeLV+ cats should only live with other FeLV+ cats.

FeLV is categorized into four subgroups, A, B, C and T. An infected cat has a combination of FeLV-A and one or more of the other subgroups.[2][3] Symptoms, prognosis and treatment are all affected by subgroup.[2]

FeLV+ cats often have a shorter lifespan, but can still live "normal", healthy lives.[4]

Signs and symptoms

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The signs and symptoms of infection with feline leukemia virus are quite varied and include loss of appetite, poor coat condition, anisocoria (uneven pupils), infections of the skin, bladder, and respiratory tract, oral disease, seizures, lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph nodes), skin lesions, fatigue, fever, weight loss, stomatitis, gingivitis, litter box avoidance, pancytopenia, recurring bacterial and viral illnesses, anemia, diarrhea and jaundice.[citation needed]

Asymptomatic carriers will show no signs of disease, often for many years.[citation needed]

Progression

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The disease has a wide range of effects. The cat can fight off the infection and become totally immune, can become a healthy carrier that never gets sick itself but can infect other cats, or a mid-level case in which the cat has a compromised immune system.[citation needed] Nevertheless, the development of lymphomas is considered the final stage of the disease. Although it is thought that virus protein has to be present to induce lymphomas in cats, newer evidence shows that a high percentage of FeLV-Antigen negative lymphomas contain FeLV-DNA, indicating a "hit-and-run" mechanism of virus-induced tumor development.[5]

Once the virus has entered the cat, there are six stages to a FeLV infection[citation needed]:

  • Stage One: The virus enters the cat, usually through the pharynx where it infects the epithelial cells and infects the tonsilar B-lymphocytes and macrophages. These white blood cells then filter down to the lymph nodes and begin to replicate.
  • Stage Two: The virus enters the blood stream and begins to distribute throughout the body.
  • Stage Three: The lymphoid system (which produces antibodies to attack infected and cancerous cells) becomes infected, with further distribution throughout the body.
  • Stage Four: The main point in the infection, where the virus can take over the body's immune system and cause viremia. During this stage the hemolymphatic system and intestines become infected.

If the cat's immune system does not fight off the virus, then it progresses to:[citation needed]

  • Stage Five: The bone marrow becomes infected. At this point, the virus will stay with the cat for the rest of its life. In this phase, the virus replicates and is released four to seven days later in infected neutrophils, and sometimes lymphocytes, monocytes, and eosinophils (all white blood cells formed in the bone marrow).
  • Stage Six: The cat's body is overwhelmed by infection and mucosal and glandular epithelial cells (tissue that forms a thin protective layer on exposed bodily surfaces and forms the lining of internal cavities, ducts, and organs) become infected. The virus replicates in epithelial tissues including salivary glands, oropharynx, stomach, esophagus, intestines, trachea, nasopharynx, renal tubules, bladder, pancreas, alveolar ducts, and sebaceous ducts from the muzzle.

Transmission

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Illustration of the potential outcomes following a cat's exposure to the FeLV infection

Cats infected with FeLV can serve as sources of infection of FeLV-A.[3] Cats can pass the virus between themselves through saliva and close contact, by biting another cat, and (rarely) through a litter box or food dish used by an infected cat.[6]

Once a cat has been infected with FeLV-A, additional mutated forms of the original FeLV-A virus may arise, as may FeLV subgroups B, C and T.

In addition to domestic cats, some other members of Felidae are now threatened by FeLV (e.g. lynx and Florida panther).[3] Overwhelming epidemiologic evidence suggests FeLV is not transmissible to either humans[2] or dogs.[7]

Approximately 0.5% of pet cats are persistently infected with FeLV, but many more pet cats (>35%) have specific IgG antibodies which indicate prior exposure and subsequent development of immunity instead of infection. FeLV is highly infectious.[8][9]

Kittens can be born with it, having contracted it from their mother while in utero.[6]

Infection is far higher in city cats, stray or owned, than in rural cats: this is entirely due to the amount of contact the cats have with each other.[10]

Diagnosis and prognosis

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Testing for FeLV is possible with ELISA tests that look for viral antigens, free particles found in the bloodstream. These ELISA tests use blood samples most often, but can also use saliva or eye secretions. The sample is added to a container or dish that contains the antibodies to the viral antigens. If the antigens are present in the sample, the antibodies will bind to them and an indicator on the test will change color. These give a definitive diagnosis, but it cannot differentiate between acute or persistent infections. Therefore, it is recommended that the cat be retested in three to four months after the positive result to determine if the virus has been cleared from the body. Diagnosis can also be made by reference lab testing, using an immunofluorescence (IFA) test. The IFA test uses a blood sample and will detect the virus once it is in the bone marrow by detecting the virus's presence in white blood cells. IFA testing will not give positive results for transient, primary infections - the infection must be persistent to get a positive result on this test. Other than ELISA and IFA testing, routine laboratory blood work may show changes that indicate infection but cannot be used as a definitive diagnosis. There may be blood cell count changes like leukopenia, decreased Packed Cell Volume (PCV) and Total Protein (TP) levels due to anemia, hemoconcentration and hypoglycemia due to vomiting and diarrhea, electrolyte imbalance caused by dehydration and anorexia, and recurrent urinary tract infections.[11]

Cats diagnosed as persistently infected by ELISA testing may die within a few months or may remain asymptomatic for longer; median survival time after diagnosis is 2.5 years.[6]

FeLV is categorized into four subgroups.[2][12]

  • FeLV-A is responsible for the immunosuppression characteristic of the disease. The vast majority of cats with FeLV has FeLV-A.[13] An exception was reported in 2013.[14]
  • FeLV-B causes an additional increase in the incidence of tumors and other abnormal tissue growths. About half of FeLV infected cats have FeLV-B.[15] It forms by recombination of FeLV-A and cat endogenous FeLV (enFeLV).[12]
  • FeLV-C causes severe anemia. Approximately 1% of FeLV infected cats have FeLV-C.[13][15] It forms by mutation of FeLV-A.[12]
  • FeLV-T leads to lymphoid depletion and immunodeficiency.[2] It forms by mutation of FeLV-A.[12]

The fatal diseases are leukemias, lymphomas, and non-regenerative anemias. Although there is no known cure for the virus infection, in 2006 the United States Department of Agriculture approved Lymphocyte T-Cell Immunomodulator as a treatment aid for FeLV (see Treatment).

In Canada, one feline infected with progressive Feline Leukemia Virus Type C and its Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia complication has been successfully managed so far for over 6 months with the use of high-dose corticosteroids, broad-spectrum antibiotics to treat opportunistic and comorbid infections, antiviral medications, and immunomodulators such as cyclosporine after requiring multiple packed red blood cell transfusions to raise a critically low blood cell count.

Prevention

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Three types of vaccines for FeLV are available: an adjuvanted killed virus noninfectious vaccine, an adjuvanted subunit vaccine, and a nonadjuvanted canarypox virus-vectored recombinant infectious vaccine (ATCvet code QI066AA01 and various combination vaccines), though no currently available vaccine offers 100% protection from the virus.[16] Vaccination is recommended for high-risk cats: those that have access to the outdoors, feral cats, cats that do not have the virus but live with an infected cat, multicat households, and cats with an unknown status, such as cats in catteries and shelters.[11]

Serious side effects have also been reported as a result of FeLV vaccination; in particular, a small percentage of cats who received the adjuvanted killed virus vaccine developed vaccine-associated sarcomas, an aggressive tumour, at the injection site.[17] The development of sarcomas with the use of the old FeLV and other vaccines may be due to the inflammation caused by aluminium adjuvants in the vaccines.[18]

Merial produces a recombinant vaccine consisting of canarypox virus carrying FeLV gag and env genes (sold as PUREVAX FeLV in the US and Eurifel FeLV in Europe). This is thought to be safer than the old vaccine as it does not require an adjuvant to be effective. Although this is a live virus, it originates from a bird host and so does not replicate in mammals.[19]

Viral structure

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Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is an RNA virus in the subfamily Oncovirinae belonging to the Retroviridae family. The virus comprises 5' and 3' LTRs and three genes: Gag (structural), Pol (enzymes) and Env (envelope and transmembrane); the total genome is about 9,600 base pairs.[citation needed]

See the entry on retroviruses for more details on the life cycle of FeLV.[citation needed]

Treatment

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Approved US treatment

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In 2006, the United States Department of Agriculture issued a conditional license for a new treatment aid termed Lymphocyte T-Cell Immunomodulator (LTCI).[20] Lymphocyte T-Cell Immunomodulator is manufactured and distributed exclusively by T-Cyte Therapeutics, Inc.[21]

Lymphocyte T-Cell Immunomodulator is intended as an aid in the treatment of cats infected with feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and/or feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), and the associated symptoms of lymphocytopenia, opportunistic infection, anemia, granulocytopenia, or thrombocytopenia. The absence of any observed adverse events in several animal species suggests that the product has a very low toxicity profile.

Lymphocyte T-Cell Immunomodulator is a potent regulator of CD-4 lymphocyte production and function.[22] It has been shown to increase lymphocyte numbers and Interleukin 2 production in animals.[23]

Lymphocyte T-Cell Immunomodulator is a single chain polypeptide. It is a strongly cationic glycoprotein, and is purified with cation exchange resin. Purification of protein from bovine-derived stromal cell supernatants produces a substantially homogeneous factor, free of extraneous materials. The bovine protein is homologous with other mammalian species and is a homogeneous 50 kDa glycoprotein with an isoelectric point of 6.5. The protein is prepared in a lyophilized 1 microgram dose. Reconstitution in sterile diluent produces a solution for subcutaneous injection.[21]

Approved European treatment

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Interferon-ω (omega) is sold in Europe at least under the name Virbagen Omega and manufactured by Virbac. When used in treatment of cats infected with FeLV in non-terminal clinical stages (over the age of 9 weeks) there have been substantial improvements in mortality rates; in non-anemic cats, mortality rate of 50% was reduced by approximately 20% following treatment.[24]

History

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FeLV was first described in cats in 1964.[25] The disease was originally associated with leukemia; however, it was later realized that the initial signs are generally anemia and immunosuppression.[25] The first diagnostic test became available in 1973, which led to a "test and elimination" regime, dramatically reducing the number of infected cats in the general population.[26] The first vaccine became available in 1986.[26]

Comparison with feline immunodeficiency virus

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FeLV and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) are sometimes mistaken for one another, though the viruses differ in many ways. Although they are both in the same retroviral subfamily (Orthoretrovirinae), they are classified in different genera (FeLV is a gamma-retrovirus and FIV is a lentivirus like HIV-1). Their shapes are quite different: FeLV is more circular while FIV is elongated. The two viruses are also quite different genetically, and their protein coats differ in size and composition. Although many of the diseases caused by FeLV and FIV are similar, the specific ways in which they are caused also differ. Also, while the feline leukemia virus may cause symptomatic illness in an infected cat, an FIV infected cat can remain completely asymptomatic its entire lifetime.[citation needed]

See also

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References

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  • B. Zharkoy, A. Zolototrubov, D. Fedosov. "Intensity of free radical processes in limphocytes at BLV and FeLV". Journal of Animal Science. XLII,5/2005, p. 272-276.
  1. ^ "ICTV Taxonomy history: Feline leukemia virus". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Retrieved January 8, 2019.
  2. ^ a b c d e "Feline Leukemia Virus and Related Diseases in Cats - Overview - Generalized Conditions - Merck Veterinary Manual". Merck Veterinary Manual. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
  3. ^ a b c "Feline leukemia virus inhibits thiamine uptake, with pathological consequences". Fred Hutch. Archived from the original on May 22, 2018. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
  4. ^ "Feline Leukemia FAQs". Austin Pets Alive!.
  5. ^ Weiss AT, Klopfleisch R, Gruber AD (2010). "Prevalence of feline leukaemia provirus DNA in feline lymphomas". J Feline Med Surg. 12 (12): 929–35. doi:10.1016/j.jfms.2010.07.006. PMC 11135535. PMID 21036089. S2CID 5397336.
  6. ^ a b c "Feline Leukemia Virus". Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine. October 11, 2017. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
  7. ^ "Feline leukemia virus (FeLV)". American Animal Hospital Association. Archived from the original on August 15, 2015. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
  8. ^ Phipps, A. J.; Chen, H; Hayes, K. A.; Roy-Burman, P; Mathes, L. E. (2000). "Differential Pathogenicity of Two Feline Leukemia Virus Subgroup a Molecular Clones, pFRA and pF6A". Journal of Virology. 74 (13): 5796–5801. doi:10.1128/jvi.74.13.5796-5801.2000. PMC 112073. PMID 10846058.
  9. ^ Vobis, M.; d'Haese, J.; Mehlhorn, H.; Mencke, N. (2003). "Evidence of horizontal transmission of feline leukemia virus by the cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis)". Parasitology Research. 91 (6): 467–470. doi:10.1007/s00436-003-0949-8. PMID 14557874. S2CID 23898163.
  10. ^ "Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)". Alley Cat Allies. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
  11. ^ a b Johnson, A. (2014). Small Animal Pathology for Veterinarian Technicians. Hoboken: Wiley Blackwell.
  12. ^ a b c d Greggs WM, 3rd; Clouser, CL; Patterson, SE; Mansky, LM (2011). "Broadening the use of antiretroviral therapy: the case for feline leukemia virus". Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management. 7: 115–22. doi:10.2147/TCRM.S17731. PMC 3071348. PMID 21479142.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ a b "Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) - Symptoms & Treatment | petMD | petMD". www.petmd.com. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
  14. ^ Stewart, H; Jarrett, O; Hosie, MJ; Willett, BJ (January 2013). "Complete genome sequences of two feline leukemia virus subgroup B isolates with novel recombination sites". Genome Announcements. 1 (1). doi:10.1128/genomeA.00036-12. PMC 3569371. PMID 23405366.
  15. ^ a b "Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) Overview, Types of FeLV - Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) - HealthCommunities.com". www.healthcommunities.com. Archived from the original on December 18, 2019. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
  16. ^ "Feline Leukemia Virus: A Cause of Immunodeficiency in Cats".
  17. ^ "Feline Leukemia Virus Diseases". Archived from the original on December 10, 2007. Retrieved December 9, 2007.
  18. ^ Richards J, Elston T, Ford R, Gaskell R, Hartmann K, Hurley K, Lappin M, Levy J, Rodan I, Scherk M, Schultz R, Sparkes A (2006). "The 2006 American Association of Feline Practitioners Feline Vaccine Advisory Panel report". J Am Vet Med Assoc. 229 (9): 1405–41. doi:10.2460/javma.229.9.1405. PMID 17078805.
  19. ^ Poulet H, Brunet S, Boularand C, Guiot AL, Leroy V, Tartaglia J, Minke J, Audonnet JC, Desmettre P (2003). "Efficacy of a canarypox virus-vectored vaccine against feline leukaemia". The Veterinary Record. 153 (5): 141–5. doi:10.1136/vr.153.5.141. PMID 12934796. S2CID 41343372.
  20. ^ "LTCI Product Information". T-Cyte Therapeutics, Inc. Archived from the original on August 16, 2012. Retrieved July 28, 2012.
  21. ^ a b "T-Cyte Therapeutics, Inc". T-Cyte Therapeutics, Inc. Retrieved July 28, 2012.
  22. ^ Beardsley, et al. "Induction of T-Cell Maturation by a Cloned Line of Thymic Epithelium (TEPI) Immunology 80: pp. 6005-6009, (Oct. 1983).
  23. ^ Beardsley, Terry R. Patent # 7,196,060; Method to enhance hematopoiesis. Method to enhance hematopoiesis – Google Patents[dead link‍] at www.google.com
  24. ^ "Virbagen Omega". European Medicines Agency. March 8, 2007.
  25. ^ a b Hartmann, Katrin (2013). "Chapter 11: Feline leukemia virus infection". In Greene, Craig E. (ed.). Infectious diseases of the dog and cat (4 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 9780323266215.
  26. ^ a b Louwerens, M; London, CA; Pedersen, NC; Lyons, LA (2005). "Feline lymphoma in the post-feline leukemia virus era". Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 19 (3): 329–35. doi:10.1111/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02703.x. PMID 15954547.
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