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FN-6

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FeiNu-6
(Hongying-6)
FN-16, an improved variant of FN-6
TypeMan-portable surface-to-air missile
Place of originChina
Service history
Used bySee Operators
Wars
Production history
VariantsSee Variants
Specifications (FN-6)
Mass16 kg
Length1495mm
Diameter72mm
Maximum firing range6,000 meters
EngineSingle Stage Solid Rocket Motor
Flight altitude3,800 meters
Maximum speed 600m/s
Guidance
system
Infrared homing

FN-6 (Chinese: 飞弩-6; pinyin: Fēi Nú-6; lit. 'Flying Crossbow-6'; NATO reporting name: CH-SA-10)[1] is a third-generation passive infrared homing (IR) man portable air defence system (MANPADS). Development from HN-5 missile, FN-6 missile is an export-oriented product and China's most advanced surface-to-air missile offered on the international market. Specially designed to engage low-flying targets, it has a range of 6 km and a maximum altitude of 3.8 km. The missile has been exported to Malaysia, Cambodia, Sudan, Pakistan, and Peru, and a variant was incorporated into People's Liberation Army (PLA) service as the HN-6 (Chinese: 红樱-6). Based on FN-6, China has several numbers of other MANPADS and other vehicle-based short-range air defense systems.

Development

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The weapon was specifically designed to be used against targets flying at low and very low altitudes.[2] The FN-6 was developed in parallel with the Qian Wei (QW) missile series. FN-6, or FeiNu-6, is the export name given to the export version derived from this system, and it is known as HongYing-6 (Chinese: 红缨; pinyin: hóng yīng; lit. 'red tassel') in the PLA.[3][4] The training simulator of FN-6 is not developed by the contractor of the missile system, but instead, the simulator is developed by PLA itself after the missile was purchased, and the general designer of the training simulator of FN-6 is Liu Weixing (Chinese: 刘卫星).[citation needed] The training simulator of FN-6 is also used for later versions of MANPADS developed from FN-6.[citation needed]

Export sales of the weapon is the responsibility of China National Precision Machinery Import and Export Corporation, a state-owned trading company responsible for representing the domestic defense production industry in air defense-related products.[5]

Design

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According to Janes, the FN-6 is a third generation, passive infrared,[2] man-portable air defense system (MANPADS). It is equipped with a digital infrared seeker with a strong resistance to flares, solar heat and heat from the ground. The pyramid shaped nose of the missile houses the four unit infrared seeker. The handle of the launcher houses the batteries and cooling system. An IFF antenna and an optional clip-on optical sight are fitted onto the launcher.[2][4]

The missile is capable of an all-aspect attack and has a 70% single-shot hit probability. It can engage targets maneuvering at up to 4 g.[2] When FN-6 MANPADS can be equipped with night vision equipment, and it can also be equipped with IFF systems. Two types were shown to the public, one of which is similar in appearance to AN/PPX-1 IFF of FIM-92 Stinger, while the other IFF system is a Yagi-Uda antenna configuration.

The complete FN-6 missile system weighs 16 kg. The missile is 1.495 m in length, and has a diameter of 0.072 m. The weight of the missile is 10.77 kg. It uses a single-stage solid rocket motor, and can obtain a maximum speed of 360 m/s when flying head-on, and 300 m/s when tail chasing. The missile's operating range is from 500 m to 6 km, and its operating altitude is from 15 m to 3.5 km.[4]

Further developments

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FN-6A

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FN-6A is the vehicle-mounted version of FN-6 first revealed to the public in 2005. The system is based on a Dongfeng EQ2050, weighing 4.6 tons in total. A one-man turret is sandwiched between two quadruple launchers, and the electro-optical fire control system (FCS) with IR, laser, and TV sensors. Contrary to the common arrangements on similar systems, the FCS of FN-6A is mounted under the launchers. Due to space limitations, the FCS is distributed between two places, one portion under one launcher and the other portion in the opposite launcher across the turret. A 12.7 mm heavy machine gun is added for additional protection. The vehicle is operated by a two-man crew, one driver, and one weapon system operator. Communication gear and land navigation gear are standard. The modular design of the system enables other subsystems to be incorporated easily, such as IFF. The auxiliary power unit provides enough power for the system to operate continuously for more than 8 hours.

The FCS of the FN-6A can lock on to a target 10 km away, and the reaction time is less than 5 seconds. Each vehicle can fight independently but can be integrated with others to fight as a coherent unit by incorporating a command vehicle that is also based on the same vehicle chassis. The command vehicle provides a light solid-state passive phased array radar to increase situational awareness and can direct up to 8 launching vehicles simultaneously. A command vehicle and 8 launching vehicles form an air defense company when fighting as a coherent unit, and this in turn can be integrated into larger air defense networks. Alternatively, the launching vehicle can be directly integrated into larger air defense networks without the need for the command vehicle.

Each launching vehicle needs a support vehicle for resupply, and the support vehicle is also based on Dongfeng EQ2050 to reduce logistic costs. Each supply vehicle carries 24 missiles and reloading each missile takes less than a minute. Similar to the M1097 Avenger, each launcher is designed so that each missile can also be removed and fired by a soldier manually like a regular MANPAD. Although effective against supersonic aircraft, for UAVs and missiles the maximum target speed is limited to 300 meters per second.

FB-6A

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FN-6A did not enter mass production and served only in very limited numbers in Chinese forces, mainly for trial purposes. In the subsequent Zhuhai Airshows followed by its original debut, FN-6A is replaced by its successor FB-6A, which did see greater numbers in service with Chinese forces. The general designer of the FB-6A system is Mr. Wei Zhigang (卫志刚), rumored also to be the general designer of FN-6A, the predecessor of FB-6A.[6] The main difference between FN-6A and its successor FB-6A is that the SAM system is broken down into two portions in the latter, as opposed to a single unit in the former: FB-6A SAM system consists of two vehicles, one carrying the engagement radar, while the other carrying the missile.[7][8] The search/engagement radar of FB-6A is planar array, and can be folded down in transit, but the developer has not revealed whether the radar itself is a phased array or not.[9] However, the developer did claim that both the mechanically scanned planar array and the electronically scanned passive phased array are both available upon customer's request, but it's not clear which one is in service with Chinese forces.

The missile launching platform of FB-6A differs from its predecessor in that both the 12.7 mm heavy machine (HMG) for self-protection and the electro-optical fire control sight on that of FN-6A are removed, but a backup operator console is incorporated with bulletproof glass added between the launchers, though the FB-6A system can be operated with the vehicle. Although the 12.7 mm HMG no longer comes as standard equipment for the FB-6A, it can be added as an option and can be changed to other machine guns. The total numbers of missiles carried by the launching vehicle of FB-6A remain the same as FN-6A, which is eight.[10]

An upgraded version FB-6C was unveiled at the 2016 Zhuhai Airshow.[11]

FN-16

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At the 7th Zhuhai Airshow held at the end of 2008, China revealed a new addition to FN series MANPAD, FN-16. FN-16 is an improvement of earlier FN-6, with better all aspect attack capability and better resistance against electronic countermeasures. Another major improvement is in its seeker, which in addition to the original IR guidance, UV guidance is also incorporated,[12] a practice adopted in the later version of FIM-92 Stinger. Like its predecessor FN-6, FN-16 can also be fitted with both IFF systems used on FN-6, and just like FN-6, FN-16 is re-designated as FY-16 (Fei Ying = 飞鹰, meaning Flying Eagle) when equipped with IFFs. The missile system is designed to counter fighter-bomber, attack aircraft, and helicopters. UAV, cruise missile etc.[12]

  • Specifications:[12]
    • Length: ≤1,600 mm
    • Diameter: 72 mm
    • Weight: ≤11.5 kg (missile)
    • Range: 500 m to 6000 m
    • Altitude: 10 m to 4000 m
    • Overload: ≥18 g
    • Guidance System: Infrared homing/Ultraviolet dual-spectrum seeker

HN-6

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HN-6 is a further development of FN-16 in Chinese military service. HN-6 utilizes fire control systems (FCS) of earlier FN-6 and FN-16 MANPADS, but a new FCS sight of unknown designation has also been developed.[13]

In addition to improved performance over the original FN-6/16 MANPADS, HN-6 incorporates a protective cap over the seeker of missile, offering better protection against the environmental elements.[14] Based on the photos and video clips of PLA training, this protective cap needs to be manually removed before firing the missile.[15]

HN-6 can also be incorporated into a portable tripod firing station similar to that of RBS 70 and Mistral. A seat is attached to the lightweight tripod firing stand that can be folded for transportation and storage, and the operator is protected by a bulletproof glass shield.[16]

Operational history

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Syrian Civil War

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The combat debut of the FN-6 came during the 2013 phase of the Syrian civil war.[17] By March 2013, two Syrian Air Force Mil Mi-8 or Mi-17 were shot down.[18]

The New York Times reported that Qatar supplied the Syrian rebels, possibly through purchase from the Sudanese inventory, with the FN-6 and that several units have now fallen into the hands of ISIS. However, spray paint had been used to obscure serial numbers in an effort to impede tracking of the weapon's supply chain.[19]

The Global Times, states that, though Chinese-made missiles have downed aircraft in the past, the Syrian war "is the first time such a success has been recorded on video." The news outlet further raises the possibility of this improving the sales and image of Chinese defense products abroad.[18] The New York Times, though claims that rebels have complained the missile's performance, such as failings to fire or lock on and two premature explosions while firing, which killed two rebels and wounded four more.[19]

On 18 August 2013, the first recorded kill of a fixed-wing aircraft took place when a team from the Islamic Harakat Ahrar ash-Sham Al Islami brigade downed a SyAAF MiG-21 over Latakia province. The jet's pilot was filmed parachuting but his fate is not known. This downing is also the FN-6's first jet kill.[20]

ISIL in Iraq

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In the aftermath of the 2014 ISIL offensive in Iraq, on 3 October, an FN-6 allegedly supplied by Qatar was used by the militant group to shoot down an Iraqi Army Mil Mi-35 attack helicopter near Baiji.[21] It also may have been used to destroy a Bell 407 scout helicopter in the same area on 8 October, killing both pilots.[22]

Myanmar Civil War

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On January 16, 2024, a Myanmar Air Force FTC-2000G light fighter was shot down by a Kachin Independence Army FN-6 missile in Shan State. Both pilots were killed.[23]

Variants

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FN-6
original MANPADS variant
FN-6A
vehicle-mounted air defense system that mounts 8 FN-6 missiles.
FB-6A
vehicle-mounted air defense system with separate radar and missile vehicles.
FB-6C
improved FB-6A
FN-16
improved MANPADS variant based on FN-6
NH-6
improved MANPADS variant based on FN-16
PGZ-04A
Four FN-6 missiles are mounted on the upgraded Type 95 SPAAA.[24]

Operators

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Map with FN-6 operators in blue
  •  Bangladesh: Bangladesh Army uses FN16 variant.[25]
  •  Cameroon[citation needed]
  •  Cambodia: On 25 June 2009, the National Television of Cambodia (TVK) showed Cambodian soldiers with FN-6 and FN-16 missiles to be deployed near the Thai-Cambodian border in the 2008 Cambodian-Thai stand-off.[citation needed]
  •  China: The FN-6 has been taken into service with the PLAGF and PLAAF.[4] In PLAAF, the FN-6 is deployed in various ground-to-air missile units to provide extra layer of air defence, and to protect high value weaponry from enemy's low-fly aircraft or weapons. In many PLAAF live firing exercise, FN-6s were seen to participate in action.[26]
  •  Kurdistan - used by The Peshmerga[27]
  •  Ghana: 100 FN-6 missiles delivered on 2016.[25]
  •  Malaysia: The CNPMIEC offered to sell FN-6 missiles to Malaysia for purchasing the KSA-1A medium range surface-to-air missiles.[28] In May 2004, a memorandum of understanding was signed with Malaysia for the transfer of technology of the FN-6.[29]
  •  Namibia: First spotted in Namibian service in 2016, confirmed in August 2018. 50 speculated to be in service.[30]
  •  Pakistan: 806 FN-6 delivered between 2010 and 2016. 1,191 FN-16 delivered between 2018 and 2021.[31][32]
  •  Peru: A small batch of FN-6 missiles was acquired by the Peruvian Navy in July 2009 for US$1.1 million[33]
  •  Qatar[34]
  •  Sudan: displayed at Sudan's Independence Day military parade of 2007.[3][35] Produced as the "Nayzak".[36]
  •  Syria: Captured from rebel groups.[37]

Non-state actors

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See also

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Reference list

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  1. ^ The International Institute for Strategic Studies (15 February 2023). "6 Asia". The Military Balance 2023. London: Routledge.
  2. ^ a b c d "FN-6 (China), Man-portable surface-to-air missile systems". Jane's Information Group. Archived from the original on 5 December 2009. Retrieved 30 December 2008.
  3. ^ a b Andrei Chang (28 March 2008). "China ships more advanced weapons to Sudan". UPI Asia. Archived from the original on 12 October 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2008.
  4. ^ a b c d "HongYing-6 (FN-6) Man-Portable Surface-to-Air Missile". Sinodefence. 21 December 2007. Archived from the original on 10 May 2006. Retrieved 30 December 2008.
  5. ^ The Chinese Army Today: Tradition and Transformation for the 21st Century. Routledge. 2012. p. 54.
  6. ^ "FB-6A designer". Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
  7. ^ "FB-6A SAM". Archived from the original on 20 May 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
  8. ^ "FB-6A ADS". Archived from the original on 17 November 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
  9. ^ "FB-6A". Archived from the original on 20 May 2013.
  10. ^ "FB-6A Mobile SAM". Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
  11. ^ "Zhuhai in 2016. Air defense equipment | Saidpvo". 5 November 2016. Archived from the original on 11 July 2018. Retrieved 10 November 2018.
  12. ^ a b c "FN-16" (PDF).
  13. ^ "HN-6 FCS sight". Archived from the original on 20 May 2013. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
  14. ^ "HN-6". Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
  15. ^ Hongying-6 Archived 21 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  16. ^ "Hongying-6 SAM". Archived from the original on 13 April 2014. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
  17. ^ Chivers, C.J. (24 July 2013). "The Risky Missile Systems That Syria's Rebels Believe They Need". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 30 August 2013.
  18. ^ a b Agence France-Presse (14 March 2013). "Rebels use China missiles to shoot down Syrian army helicopters". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 29 August 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
  19. ^ a b Chivers, C. J.; Schmitt, Eric (12 August 2013). "Arms Shipments Seen From Sudan to Syria Rebels". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 29 September 2018. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
  20. ^ Binnie, Jeremy (18 August 2013). "Hardline Islamists down Syrian jet with Chinese MANPADS". janes.com. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  21. ^ Gibbons-Neff, Thomas (10 October 2014). "Islamic State's shootdown of an Iraqi helicopter amplifies fears of shoulder-fired missiles". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 6 October 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
  22. ^ Semple, Kirk; Al-Jawoshy, Omar (8 October 2014). "ISIS Militants Shoot Down Iraqi Helicopter, Killing 2". The New York Times.
  23. ^ "ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 349973". aviation-safety.net. 17 January 2024. Retrieved 17 January 2024..
  24. ^ "PGZ-95". weaponsystems.
  25. ^ a b "Trade-Register-1971-2020.rft". Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Archived from the original on 14 April 2010. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
  26. ^ "FN-6 Man-portable surface-to-air missile systems in PLAAF". Archived from the original on 9 October 2015. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
  27. ^ International Institute for Strategic Studies (February 2016). The Military Balance 2016. Vol. 116. Routledge. p. 492. ISBN 9781857438352.
  28. ^ "Malaysia to purchase Chinese missiles". Daily Express. 21 July 2004. Archived from the original on 3 August 2004. Retrieved 30 December 2008.
  29. ^ Nick Leong (21 July 2004). "China offers to transfer missile technology". The Star. Archived from the original on 11 October 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2008.
  30. ^ "Namibia operating FN-6 missiles". DefenceWeb. 30 August 2018. Archived from the original on 30 August 2018. Retrieved 2 September 2018.
  31. ^ SIPRI Arms Transfers Database. "Transfers and licensed production of major conventional weapons". Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  32. ^ "Pakistan's MoDP reveals orders for MANPADSs and other weapon systems in 2017–18". Jane's 360. 8 October 2019. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
  33. ^ "Perú: Adquisición de misiles MANPADS". Alejo Marchessini. Defensa.com. 27 July 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2018. Retrieved 11 September 2009.
  34. ^ Mitzer, Stijn; Oliemans, Joost (6 March 2021). "Qatar's Purchase of BP-12A SRBMs: A Guppy Sprouts Teeth". Oryx Blog.
  35. ^ "Idex Abu 2017". Archived from the original on 23 January 2018. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  36. ^ Zen Adra (7 May 2018). "Homs rebels hand over air defense systems as per agreement with Syrian Army [+ Photos]". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 21 July 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
  37. ^ C. J. Chivers; Eric Schmitt (12 August 2013). "Arms Shipments Seen From Sudan to Syria Rebels". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 13 August 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  38. ^ Mitzer, Stijn; Oliemans, Joost. "Vehicles and equipment captured by the Islamic State inside Syria until November 2014". Oryx Blog.
  39. ^ "Kachin Independence Army Claims Downing Of Tatmadaw Mi-35 Attack Helicopter". 3 May 2021.
  40. ^ "Myanmar's Generals Make a Show of Displeasure at China's Arming of Rebels". The Irrawaddy. 26 November 2019.
  41. ^ Davis, Anthony (28 November 2019). "China's mobile missiles on the loose in Myanmar". Asia Times.
  42. ^ "United Wa State Army military parade showcases ongoing modernisation". Janes. 23 April 2019. Archived from the original on 15 February 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
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