Emergency Action Message
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In the United States military's strategic nuclear weapon nuclear command and control (NC2) system, an Emergency Action Message (EAM) is a preformatted message that directs nuclear-capable forces[1] to execute specific Major Attack Options (MAOs) or Limited Attack Options (LAOs) in a nuclear war. They are the military commands that the US military chain of command would use to launch a nuclear strike. Individual countries or specific regions may be included or withheld in the EAM, as specified in the Single Integrated Operational Plan (SIOP). The SIOP was updated annually until February 2003, when it was replaced by Operations Plan (OPLAN) 8044.[2] Since July 2012, the US nuclear war plan has been OPLAN 8010-12, Strategic Deterrence and Force Employment.[3]
Overview
[edit]EAMs use cryptographic protocols (including such methods as digital signatures) to authenticate the messages,[1] thereby ensuring that they cannot be forged or altered.
In the United States, the EAM will be issued from the National Military Command Center (NMCC) at the Pentagon or, if it has been destroyed by an enemy first strike, by the Alternate National Military Command Center - Site R at Raven Rock, Pennsylvania or by the U.S. Air Force E-4B Nightwatch aircraft/U.S. Navy E-6A Mercury aircraft (TACAMO).
The messages are sent in digital format to nuclear-capable major commands. The messages are then relayed to aircraft that are on alert by the U.S. Strategic Command at Offutt Air Force Base in Omaha, Nebraska, via single-sideband modulation radio transmitters of the High Frequency Global Communications System (formerly known as the Global High Frequency System). The EAM is relayed to missile-firing nuclear submarines via special transmitters designed for communication with submarines. The transmitters include those designed to operate at Very Low Frequency (VLF). The submarines pick up the message via special antennas. Nuclear-capable forces will then be expected to carry out an EAM without fail. Crewed bombers may be recalled, but missiles fired from land-based silos or from submarines cannot be recalled.
Skyking messages
[edit]Skyking messages, also known as "Foxtrot Broadcasts", are also read on the same network as EAMs. These messages will interrupt an EAM if needed to be read. They contain a higher priority and time-sensitive code for orders that need immediate attention.[1]
In popular culture
[edit]The EAM system was featured extensively and used as one of the primary plot devices in the feature film Crimson Tide.
The start of a Sky King headed EAM message is briefly heard on the cockpit radio when the bomber crew are scrambled in the feature film By Dawn's Early Light.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c "The HF-GCS and Emergency Action Messages". Numbers Stations Research. n.d. Archived from the original on 10 March 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
- ^ Kristensen, Hans M. (15 September 2006) [21 December 2004]. "U.S. Changes Name of Nuclear War Plan". The Nuclear Information Project. Federation of American Scientists. Archived from the original on 9 March 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
The Pentagon has formally changed the name of the U.S. strategic nuclear war plan SIOP (Single Integrated Operational Plan). The new name is OPLAN (Operations Plan) 8044 Revision (FY).
- ^ Kristensen, Hans M. (4 April 2013). "US Nuclear War Plan Updated Amidst Nuclear Policy Review". Federation of American Scientists. Archived from the original on 16 June 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
At the same time the White House is finishing a review of nuclear weapons policy, U.S. Strategic Command has quietly put into effect a new strategic nuclear war plan. [...] The new plan, which entered into effect in July 2012, is called OPLAN 8010-12 Strategic Deterrence and Force Employment. It replaces an earlier plan from 2008, that was revised in 2009.
Further reading
[edit]- Carter, Ashton C. (January 1985). "The Command and Control of Nuclear War". Scientific American. 252 (1): 32–39. Bibcode:1985SciAm.252a..32C. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0185-32. ISSN 0036-8733. JSTOR 24967544. LCCN 79642761. OCLC 44911437.
- Haverlah, Jeff (2005). "What is an EAM?". Worldwide Ute News Club (WUN). Retrieved 2013-12-28.
- "Emergency Action Procedures of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Nuclear Control Orders (U), EAP-JCS Volume V" (PDF). Washington, DC: Joint Chiefs of Staff. 1985-03-20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-01-05. Retrieved 2013-12-28. (FOIA Release, February 1986)