Elections in the District of Columbia
| Elections in the District of Columbia |
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The District of Columbia (a political division coterminous with Washington, D.C.) holds general elections every two years to fill various D.C. government offices, including mayor, attorney general, members of the D.C. Council, members of the D.C. State Board of Education, and members of its Advisory Neighborhood Commissions. Special elections may be held to fill vacancies at other points in time. Additionally, citywide ballot measures may be proposed and voted on.
Procedure
[edit]Elections in the District of Columbia are administered by the D.C. Board of Elections.
Elected offices
[edit]Federal
[edit]President
[edit]Since the enactment of the 23rd amendment to the Constitution in 1961,[1] the District of Columbia has participated in 16 presidential elections. The amendment states that it cannot have any more electoral votes than the state with the smallest number of electors.[2] Since then, it has been allocated three electoral votes in every presidential election.[3] In each of the 16 presidential elections, the district has overwhelmingly voted for the Democratic candidate, with no margin less than 56.5 percentage points. It has been won by the losing candidate in 9 of the 16 elections.
In the 2000 presidential election, Barbara Lett-Simmons, an elector from the district, left her ballot blank to protest its lack of voting representation in Congress. As a result, Al Gore received only two of the three electoral votes from Washington, D.C.[4]
The district is a signatory of the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact, an interstate compact in which signatories award all of their electoral votes to the winner of the national-level popular vote in a presidential election, even if another candidate won an individual signatory's popular vote. As of 2023,[update] it has not yet gone into force.[5]Congress
[edit]According to the Article One of the Constitution, only states may be represented in the United States Congress.[6] The District of Columbia is not a U.S. state and therefore has no voting representation.[7]
In 1970, Congress enacted the District of Columbia Delegate Act, which established the District of Columbia's at-large congressional district and permitted residents to elect a non-voting delegate to the House of Representatives.[8] Nearly 100 years prior in the 1870s, the congressional district briefly existed before Congress abolished it in favor of direct rule.[9]
The majority of residents want the district to become a state and gain full voting representation in Congress.[10] To prepare for this goal, the district has elected shadow representatives and shadow senators since 1990. The shadow congresspeople emulate the role of representing the district in the House and Senate and push for statehood alongside the House delegate.[11]
Local
[edit]Mayor
[edit]The enactment of the District of Columbia Home Rule Act in 1973 provided for an elected mayor for the first time in nearly a century.[12] Starting in 1974,[13] there have been thirteen elections for mayor and six people have held the office. The Democratic Party has immense political strength in the district. In each of the mayoral elections, the district has solidly voted for the Democratic candidate, with no margin less than 14 percentage points.
The mayor serves a four-year term.[14] In 1994, residents approved a ballot measure limiting the mayor to two consecutive terms,[15] despite simultaneously electing Marion Barry to his fourth term. In 2001, the D.C. Council repealed the measure, abolishing term limits for all elected positions.[16]Attorney General
[edit]The Attorney General for the District of Columbia is an elected office.
D.C. Council
[edit]The Council of the District of Columbia is the elected legislative body of the city. Members serve four year terms.
D.C. Board of Education
[edit]The D.C. State Board of Education is an elected executive agency of the D.C. government that is responsible for managing the district's public education. Members serve four-year terms.[17]
Advisory Neighborhood Commissions
[edit]Advisory Neighborhood Commissions (ANCs) are bodies of local government in the district. The ANC system was created in 1974 through a referendum (73 percent voted "yes") in the District of Columbia Home Rule Act.[18] The first elections for Advisory Neighborhood Commissioners were held in the fall of 1975, and commissions began operating in 1976.[19] Congressman Don Fraser (D-Minn) and D.C. resident Milton Kotler helped to draft the ANC language in the Home Rule Act based on the success of Adams Morgan Organization (AMO) in Adams Morgan and on a 1970 report of the Minneapolis Citizen League, as well as on related neighborhood corporations in Pittsburgh; Brooklyn, New York; Chicago; and Columbus, Ohio.[20][21][22]
ANCs consider a wide range of policies and programs affecting their neighborhoods, including traffic, parking, recreation, street improvements, liquor licenses, zoning, economic development, police protection, sanitation and trash collection, and the district's annual budget. Commissioners serve two-year terms and receive no salary, but commissions do receive funds for the general purpose of improving their area and hiring staff.[23] This policy has come under scrutiny because of the misuse of funds by commissioners and their employees.[24] Candidates can accept campaign donations up to $25 per person.[25]
As of 2023, ANCs represent more than 100 neighborhoods.[26]Voting rights and voter powers
[edit]Ballot measures
[edit]The district has had a system of direct voting since 1979, shortly after it gained home rule in 1973. Residents have the ability to place new legislation, or legislation recently passed by the city council, on the ballot for a popular vote. The district has three types of ballot measures that can be voted on in a general election: District Charter amendments, initiatives and referendums. In order to be placed on the ballot, supporters of a measure must gather signatures from registered voters.[27]
Since adopting this process, ballot measures have become a common part of the city's electoral system. As of 2022,[update] more than 150 different initiatives had been filed with the district, along with a significantly smaller number of referendums; of those, only 29 have met the required qualifications to be placed on the ballot.[28][29] Ballot measures have been used to legalize politically contentious policies such as local term limits, abolition of the tipped minimum wage,[30] cannabis use,[31] and advancements in the District of Columbia statehood movement.[32]Non-citizen voting
[edit]Political parties
[edit]The District of Columbia recognizes four major political parties:[37]
- District of Columbia Democratic State Committee, an affiliate of the U.S. Democratic Party
- District of Columbia Republican Party, an affiliate of U.S. Republican Party
- D.C. Statehood Green Party, an affiliate of the U.S. Green Party
- Libertarian Party of the District of Columbia, an affiliate of U.S. Libertarian Party
To be a major party, it must be eligible to conduct a primary election,[37] and to be eligible, a political party must have received 7,500 cumulative votes for mayor, for councillor, for attorney general, or for U.S. presidential electors in the most recent general election.[38] The district has a closed primary system, meaning that a voter may only participate in a political party's primary if they are a registered member of that party (typically the 21st day) before the primary.[37]
Minor political parties do not meet those qualifications or are established for the first time, and they may only participate in general elections. They include the Socialist Workers Party of the District of Columbia, an affiliate of the U.S. Socialist Workers Party which last participated in the 2020 general election,[39] and the Umoja Party, which last participated in the 2000 general election.[40]
Party strength
[edit]The Democratic State Committee dominates district politics. The city only ever elected a Democratic mayor and attorney general, only ever voted for the Democratic candidate for all of its federal offices, and elects the maximum number of Democratic candidates to its city council.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Presidential Vote for D.C." National Constitution Center. Archived from the original on July 18, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2021.
- ^ "Presidential electors for D.C." (PDF). United States Government Publishing Office. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 22, 2020. Retrieved August 7, 2021.
- ^ "Distribution of Electoral Votes". National Archives and Records Administration. 19 September 2019. Archived from the original on 10 December 2020. Retrieved August 7, 2021.
- ^ Stout, David (December 19, 2000). "The 43rd President, The Electoral College: The Electors Vote, and the Surprises Are Few". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2021.
- ^ "Status of National Popular Vote Bill in Each State". National Popular Vote Inc. Retrieved 2022-12-27.
- ^ "Organization of the House of Representatives". Constitution Annotated. Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 2020-08-05. Retrieved 2021-03-08.
- ^ Ellis, Jessica (December 9, 2022). "Does Washington DC Have a Governor, Senators and Representatives?". United States Now. Retrieved 2022-12-26.
- ^ "Delegate Walter Fauntroy of the District of Columbia". History, Art, & Archives. United States House of Representatives. Retrieved 2022-12-26.
- ^ Gibbs, C. R. (March 2, 1989). "The District Had a Voice, If Not a Vote, in the 42nd Congress". The Washington Post. p. DC3. Retrieved 2022-12-26 – via ProQuest.
- ^ Davis, Aaron C. (November 8, 2016). "District Voters Overwhelmingly Approve Referendum to Make D.C. the 51st State". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2022-12-24.
- ^ "What does DC's 'Shadow Delegation' to Congress Actually Do?". WUSA9. November 2, 2018. Retrieved 2022-12-26.
- ^ "The District's Home Rule History and Statehood Goal". The Washington Informer. 2020-09-30. Retrieved 2022-12-29.
- ^ Mathews, Jay; Bowman, LaBarbara (1974-11-06). "Washington Winner in Mayoral Election". The Washington Post. p. A1. ProQuest 146114074.
- ^ Code of the District of Columbia § 1–204.21.
- ^ "November 8 General Election". District of Columbia Board of Elections. November 18, 1994. Retrieved 2022-12-26.
- ^ Chan, Sewell (2008-10-01). "When a City Council Repealed Term Limits". The New York Times. Retrieved 2022-12-29.
- ^ "District of Columbia State Board of Education". Ballotpedia. Retrieved 2022-12-27.
- ^ Garrison, David F. (2011). "District of Columbia's Elected Advisory Neighborhood Commissions: An Unlikely Experiment in Governance at the Grassroots". State & Local Government Review. 43 (2): 159–166. doi:10.1177/0160323X11416074. JSTOR 41303187. S2CID 155798683.
- ^ Garrison, David F. (2011). "District of Columbia's Elected Advisory Neighborhood Commissions: An Unlikely Experiment in Governance at the Grassroots". State & Local Government Review. 43 (2): 159–166. doi:10.1177/0160323X11416074. JSTOR 41303187. S2CID 155798683.
- ^ Gibson, Josh; Nahikian, Marie (March 23, 2020). "A Minnesota congressman is one reason we have ANCs. But the true inspiration was the spirited tradition of activism of Adams Morgan". The DC Line.
- ^ Garrison, David F. (2011). "District of Columbia's Elected Advisory Neighborhood Commissions: An Unlikely Experiment in Governance at the Grassroots". State & Local Government Review. 43 (2): 159–166. doi:10.1177/0160323X11416074. JSTOR 41303187. S2CID 155798683.
- ^ Kotler, Milton (10 July 2019). "ECCO bene: Organizing Neighborhood Government Milton Kotler—father of the ANC".
- ^ "Employment Opportunities". DC Government. Archived from the original on 10 October 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
- ^ DeBonis, Mike (2012-04-27). "William Shelton gets 30 days for theft of ANC funds". Washington Post. Retrieved 22 January 2013.
- ^ "ANC Elections". DC Government. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
- ^ Tikkanen, Amy; Campbell, Heather; Goldberg, Maren; Wallenfeldt, Jeff; Augustyn, Adam (2023-05-04). "Washington, D.C. - Government". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2023-05-05.
- ^ "Initiative Measures and Referenda". District of Columbia Board of Elections. Retrieved 2022-12-24.
- ^ Master Initiative and Initiative Measure List (Report). District of Columbia Board of Elections. Retrieved 2022-12-24.
- ^ Master Referendum List (Report). District of Columbia Board of Elections. Retrieved 2022-12-24.
- ^ Gomez, Amanda Michelle (2022-11-08). "D.C. Voters Approve Measure Phasing Out the Tipped Minimum Wage". DCist. Archived from the original on November 9, 2022. Retrieved 2022-12-24.
- ^ Davis, Aaron C. (2014-11-04). "D.C. Voters Overwhelmingly Support Legalizing Marijuana, Joining Colo., Wash". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2022-12-24.
- ^ Hersher, Rebecca (2016-11-09). "D.C. Votes Overwhelmingly To Become 51st State". NPR. Retrieved 2022-12-24.
- ^ "DC Legislation Information Management System".
- ^ "Washington DC City Council says bill for allowing noncitizens to vote is now law: Report". Fox News. February 27, 2023.
- ^ Hockaday, Natalie C.; Block, Eliana (October 20, 2022). "DC Council passes non-citizens voting bill". WUSA9. Retrieved December 7, 2023.
- ^ "Non-Citizen Resident of the District of Columbia". District of Columbia Board of Elections. Retrieved December 7, 2023.
- ^ a b c "Register/Update Voter Registration". District of Columbia Board of Elections. Retrieved 2022-12-27.
- ^ D.C. Code § 1–1001.08. "No political party shall be qualified to hold a primary election to select candidates for election to any such office in a general election unless, in the next preceding election year, at least 7,500 votes were cast in the general election for a candidate of such party for any such office or for its candidates for electors of President and Vice President."
- ^ "General Election 2020 - Certified Results". District of Columbia Board of Elections. December 2, 2020. Retrieved 2022-12-26.
- ^ "November 7 General Election". District of Columbia Board of Elections. November 17, 2000. Retrieved 2022-12-26.
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