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In United Kingdom election law, an election court is a special court convened to hear a petition against the result of a local government or parliamentary election. The court is created to hear the individual case, and ceases to exist when it has made its decision.

Statutory basis

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Election courts are governed by the Representation of the People Act 1983.[1] They are overseen by a rota of High Court (in England and Wales) or Court of Session (in Scotland) judges.

The election court is established following the presentation, to the High Court or Court of Session, of an election petition challenging the result of the election. The constitution of the court differs depending on whether the election being challenged is for a seat on a local council or in Parliament. In the case of a parliamentary election, the court comprises two of the High Court or Court of Session judges who are on the rota.[2][3] In the case of a local government election in England and Wales, the judges appoint an experienced barrister as a commissioner to hear the case.[4][5] In the case of a council election in Scotland, the case is heard by one or more sheriffs principal.[6] The Court sits in the parliamentary constituency, or in the local government area, in question. The election court ceases to exist when the case is concluded.[7]

Procedure

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The election court tries the petition without a jury,[8] and has all the powers of the High Court or Court of Session.[2] Witnesses give evidence on oath, and a witness is not excused from answering a question even if the answer would incriminate him, although the answer cannot be used against him in any subsequent criminal proceedings (except in the case of a charge of perjury).[9] The trial itself is preceded by 'the scrutiny' in which the ballot papers are examined by an officer of the court (or, in rare cases, by the court itself) in order to establish a factual basis for the trial. The scrutiny may be attended by the parties and their lawyers, who can make representations to the person carrying out the scrutiny.[10][11][better source needed]

After the judges trying a petition against the result of a parliamentary election have determined whether the successful candidate was validly elected or not, they issue a certificate of their decision to the Speaker of the House of Commons.[3] If the two judges disagree as to whether the election is valid, the original result of the election stands.[12] In the case of a local government election in England and Wales, the commissioner issues a certificate of their decision to the High Court (in Scotland, the commissioner's determination does not need to be certified to the Court of Session).[13]

In either case, if the election court considers that corrupt practices have taken place during the election, it also issues a report (to the Speaker or the High Court, as the case may be) stating whether it finds any candidate in the election guilty, either personally or by his agents, of corrupt practices.[14] The effect of such a report is that the candidate's election is void (if he had been successful originally),[15] and he is prohibited from holding any elected office for five years; in the case of some corrupt practices he may also be prohibited from voting in any election for the same period.[16][17]

Appeal

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There is no appeal from an election court on a question of fact,[18] but questions of law may be reviewed by the High Court or Court of Session by way of judicial review.[19]

Recent cases

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Parliamentary

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Main article: List of UK Parliamentary election petitions

Two election petitions were lodged after the general election on 6 May 2010. The defeated Independent Rodney Connor, who lost in Fermanagh and South Tyrone by four votes, lodged a petition seeking a recount with scrutiny,[20][21] and the case began on 13 September 2010.[22]

In the Oldham East and Saddleworth constituency, the defeated Liberal Democrat candidate Elwyn Watkins petitioned against the election of Phil Woolas,[23] a former Labour minister, alleging that the result was affected by false statements of fact about his personal character.[24] The election court which heard the case ordered a re-run of the election in Woolas' constituency after finding him guilty of making false statements against his opponent during the original campaign.[25][26] Phil Woolas sought a judicial review of the decision in the High Court, but was unsuccessful overall as that court upheld the decision of the election court in relation to two statements, whilst quashing the decision in relation to a third.[19]

Local elections

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Recent cases in which election courts have ruled on the validity of elections include local government elections:

References

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  1. ^ "Representation of the People Act 1983", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, 1983 c. 2
  2. ^ a b "Representation of the People Act 1983: Section 123", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, 1983 c. 2 (s. 123)
  3. ^ a b Bradley, Anthony; Ewing, Keith (2006). Constitutional and Administrative Law. Longman. pp. 169–170.
  4. ^ "Representation of the People Act 1983: Section 130", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, 1983 c. 30 (s. 130)
  5. ^ Pilkington, Colin (1999). The Politics today companion to the British Constitution. Manchester University Press. p. 59.
  6. ^ "Representation of the People Act 1983: Section 134", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, 1983 c. 2 (s. 134)
  7. ^ Per Robert Goff LJ in R v Cripps, ex parte Muldoon [1984] 1 QB 68, confirmed by the Court of Appeal in The Conservative and Unionist Party v The Election Commissioner [2010] EWCA Civ 1332 (23 November 2010)
  8. ^ "Representation of the People Act 1983: Section 139", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, 1983 c. 2 (s. 139)
  9. ^ "Representation of the People Act 1983: Sections 140–141". legislation.gov.uk. The National Archives. 1983 c. 2 (ss. 140–141). Retrieved 22 March 2017.
  10. ^ a b "Representation of the People Act 1983: Section 157", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, 1983 c. 2 (s. 157)
  11. ^ "In the matters of Local Government elections for the Bordesley Green and Aston Wards of the Birmingham City Council both held on 10th June 2004". WhatDoTheyKnow. 308–309.
  12. ^ "Representation of the People Act 1983: Section 144", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, 1983 c. 2 (s. 144)
  13. ^ "Representation of the People Act 1983: Section 145". legislation.gov.uk. The National Archives. 1983 c. 2 (s. 145).
  14. ^ "Representation of the People Act 1983: Section 158". legislation.gov.uk. The National Archives. 1983 c. 2 (s. 158).
  15. ^ "Representation of the People Act 1983: Section 159". legislation.gov.uk. The National Archives. 1983 c. 2 (s. 159).
  16. ^ "Representation of the People Act 1983: Section 160". legislation.gov.uk. The National Archives. 1983 c. 2 (s. 160).
  17. ^ Barnett, Hilaire (2004). Constitutional & administrative law. Routledge-Cavendish. p. 361.
  18. ^ "Representation of the People Act 1983: Sections 144(1) and 145(1)". legislation.gov.uk. The National Archives. 1983 c. 2 (ss. 144(1), 145(1)). Retrieved 22 March 2017.
  19. ^ a b R (on the application of Woolas) v The Parliamentary Election Court and others [2010] EWHC 3169 (Admin) (3 December 2010)
  20. ^ Saunderson, Sarah (3 June 2010). "Connor asks High Court for election recount". The Impartial Reporter.
  21. ^ "Election petition submitted to the High Court of Northern Ireland" (PDF). Electoral Office for Northern Ireland. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2010.
  22. ^ "Notice of Election Court" (PDF). Electoral Office for Northern Ireland. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2010.
  23. ^ "Losing candidate challenges Oldham election result". BBC News. 28 May 2010. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  24. ^ "Election Petition submitted to the High Court" (PDF). Oldham Council. Part 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 30 June 2010. For subsequent parts, see:
  25. ^ "Judges order election re-run in ex-minister's seat". BBC News. 5 November 2010. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
  26. ^ Watkins v Woolas 2010 [2010] EWHC 2702 (QB) (5 November 2010)
  27. ^ Court of Appeal decision in re Local government election for the Aberman South Ward of Rhonnda Cynon Taff County Borough Council [1997] EWCA Civ 1512 (24 April 1997)
  28. ^ Aehmed v Afzal & another [2008] EWHC B5 (QB) (2 April 2008)
  29. ^ [2008] EWHC B4 (QB) (18 March 2008)
  30. ^ The Conservative and Unionist Party v The Election Commissioner & others [2010] EWHC 285 (Admin) (19 February 2010)
  31. ^ "Penlington-Pennington Denbighshire vote mix-up reversed". BBC News. 23 January 2013. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
  32. ^ Finnerty, Joe (29 July 2013). "Councillor guilty of voting fraud". Get Surrey. Retrieved 24 March 2014.
  33. ^ Syal, Rajeev; Quinn, Ben (23 April 2015). "Met considers criminal inquiry into Tower Hamlets mayor Lutfur Rahman". The Guardian.
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