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Ekorus

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Ekorus
Temporal range: Late Miocene, 6 Ma
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Ekorus ekakeran
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Mustelidae
Genus: †Ekorus
Werdelin, 2003
Species:
†E. ekakeran
Binomial name
†Ekorus ekakeran
Werdelin, 2003

Ekorus ekakeran is a large, extinct mustelid mammal. Fossils, including largely complete skeletons, are known from the late Miocene of Kenya.[1]

Description

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Ekorus reached almost 44 kg (97 lb), comparably to a wolf[2] and much bigger than the modern honey badger (Mellivora capensis).[3] Standing 60 cm (2.0 ft) tall at the shoulders, its build was not similar to that of modern mustelids. Small, modern-day weasels have short legs and can only achieve short bursts of speed. Living large mustelids are either aquatic predators (the otters, Lutrinae), or terrestrial animals with a crouching stance and heavy limbs with adaptations for digging (the wolverine, and various groups called badgers). Ekorus is a representative of an extinct ecological type of mustelid – large stalking and running mammals comparable to dogs, cats, hyenas, and amphicyonids. The legs of Ekorus are built like those of leopards.[4] The face is short, with a felid-like tooth pattern; Ekorus was a hypercarnivore. Analysis of the elbow indicates that it was a strong runner, like modern hyenas and dogs, and did not grapple with its paws, as bears and raccoons do. The legs are long; the feet are short and stout.[5]

Fossils of giant Miocene mustelids with similar morphology, reconstructed as hypercarnivores or carnivore-scavengers, have also been discovered in North America,[6] Europe,[7] and Asia,[8] as well as other parts of Africa.[9]

Paleoecology

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Apparently before the African savannas evolved, the giant mustelid Ekorus stalked its prey, such as the three-toed horse Eurygnathohippus and the large pig Nyanzachoerus, in forests and woodlands.

In the early Cenozoic, Africa was isolated from Eurasia, where modern African groups such as cats and giraffes first evolved. African predators and prey developed along their own lines to hunt in closed environments. Ekorus had the upright stance typical of active hunters, lacked digging adaptations, and was leopard-sized, with leopard-like body proportions. Since leopards are ambush hunters in forests and woodlands,[10] Ekorus may have filled a parallel role in the Miocene forests of Africa.[11] Other research has suggested the genus was cursorial, chasing down prey more like a modern wolf or spotted hyena.[5] In general, Miocene predators show larger body sizes with anatomies between the modern "dog-like" pursuit running and "cat-like" stalk-pounce-and-grapple strategies. This was suggested to be the result of the great abundance of prey species in Miocene forests, which allowed predators to survive without having to specialize as either fast runners or grapplers.[12]

Extinction

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Felids are first recorded on the continent in the early Miocene, in north Africa.[13] Tectonic changes starting about 35 million years ago led to the formation of the Great Rift Valley, and the rise of highlands that cause rain shadows in the surrounding region. Before the rift opened, Kenya was more forested.[14] Grasslands began to spread across Africa in the mid-Miocene, slowly replacing closed forest environments with open savannas.[15] Any or all of these factors may have led to the replacement of Ekorus and other large mustelid hunters by modern felids, hyaenids, and canids.

References

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  1. ^ Howell F. C. & García N. 2007. — Carnivora (Mammalia) from Lemudong’o (late Miocene: Narok District, Kenya). Kirtlandia 56: 121-139.
  2. ^ Donald R. Prothero (2016). The Princeton Field Guide to Prehistoric Mammals. Princeton University Press. p. 144. ISBN 9781400884452. Retrieved 2022-08-28.
  3. ^ John M. Harris, Meave G. Leakey (2003). Lothagam: The Dawn of Humanity in Eastern Africa. Columbia University Press. p. 662. ISBN 9780231507608. Retrieved 2022-08-28.
  4. ^ Werdelin L. 2003. — Mio-Pliocene Carnivora from Lothagam, Kenya, in Leakey M. G. & Harris J. D. (eds), Lothagam: Dawn of Humanity in Eastern Africa. Columbia University Press, New York: 261-328.
  5. ^ a b Andersson, Ki (September 2004). "Elbow-joint morphology as a guide to forearm function and foraging behaviour in mammalian carnivores". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 142 (1): 91–104. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00129.x. ISSN 1096-3642.
  6. ^ Valenciano, Alberto; Baskin, Jon A.; Abella, Juan; Pérez-Ramos, Alejandro; Álvarez-Sierra, M. Ángeles; Morales, Jorge; Hartstone-Rose, Adam (2016-04-07). "Megalictis, the Bone-Crushing Giant Mustelid (Carnivora, Mustelidae, Oligobuninae) from the Early Miocene of North America". PLOS ONE. 11 (4): e0152430. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0152430. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4824437. PMID 27054570.
  7. ^ Valenciano, Alberto; Abella, Juan; Sanisidro, Oscar; Hartstone-Rose, Adam; Álvarez-Sierra, María Ángeles; Morales, Jorge (2015-07-04). "Complete description of the skull and mandible of the giant mustelid Eomellivora piveteaui Ozansoy, 1965 (Mammalia, Carnivora, Mustelidae), from Batallones (MN10), late Miocene (Madrid, Spain)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 35 (4): e934570. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.934570. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 86216613.
  8. ^ Pickford, M. (2007). "Revision de los mamíferos bunodontos de tipo nutria del Mio-Plioceno del Subcontinente Indio". Estudios Geológicos. 63 (1): 85–127. doi:10.3989/egeol.07631192.
  9. ^ Valenciano, A.; Govender, R. (June 2020). "New insights into the giant mustelids (Mammalia, Carnivora, Mustelidae) from Langebaanweg fossil site (West Coast Fossil Park, South Africa, early Pliocene)". PeerJ. 8: 9221. doi:10.7717/peerj.9221. PMC 7271888. PMID 32547866.
  10. ^ Gröcke, Darren (January 2003). "Paleoecological reconstruction of a lower Pleistocene large mammal community using biogeochemical (δ13C, δ15N, δ18O, Sr:Zn) and ecomorphological approaches". Paleobiology.
  11. ^ Turner, Alan (2004). Evolving eden : an illustrated guide to the evolution of the African large-mammal fauna. Mauricio Antón. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 106–107. ISBN 0-231-11944-5. OCLC 53900492.
  12. ^ Andersson, Ki (2003). "Aspects of locomotor evolution in the Carnivora (Mammalia)". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  13. ^ Turner, Alan (2004). Evolving eden : an illustrated guide to the evolution of the African large-mammal fauna. Mauricio Antón. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 85. ISBN 0-231-11944-5. OCLC 53900492.
  14. ^ Werdelin L. & Simpson S. W. 2009. — The last amphicyonid (Mammalia, Carnivora) in Africa. Geodiversitas 31 (4) : 775-787.
  15. ^ Polissar, Pratigya J.; Rose, Cassaundra; Uno, Kevin T.; Phelps, Samuel R.; deMenocal, Peter (2019). "Synchronous rise of African C4 ecosystems 10 million years ago in the absence of aridification". Nature Geoscience. 12 (8): 657–660. doi:10.1038/s41561-019-0399-2. ISSN 1752-0908. S2CID 199473686.
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