Callinicus IV of Constantinople

Callinicus IV
Callinicus IV
Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople
Church	Church of Constantinople
Appointed	16 Jan 1757
Term ended	22 July 1757
Predecessor	Cyril V
Successor	Serapheim II
Previous post(s)	Metropolitan of Brăila
Personal details
Born	Constantine Mavrikios; 1713; Zagora, Ottoman Greece
Died	1791 (aged 77–78); Zagora, Ottoman Greece

Callinicus IV (Greek: Καλλίνικος), born Constantine Mavrikios (Κωνσταντῖνος Μαυρίκιος; 1713–1791) was Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople for a few months in 1757 and a writer and scholar.

Callinicus IV is sometime numbered as Callinicus III because his predecessor Callinicus, who was elected in 1726 but died before being enthroned, is sometimes not counted amongst the patriarchs.^[a]

Life

Constantine Mavrikios (Callinicus is his religious name) was born in Zagora, Greece in 1713 and in 1728 he moved to Istanbul. In 1740, he was ordained a deacon and on 28 August 1741 he was appointed Great Protosyncellus of the Patriarchate. On 23 September 1743, he was appointed the Metropolitan Bishop of Proilavo (i.e. Brăila, in Romania), a position he kept till 1748 when he returned to Istanbul.^[6]

His years in Istanbul were marked by the polemic debate in the Orthodox community about whether converts the Roman Catholic and Armenian Apostolic Churches needed to be re-baptised. These communities were particularly numerous after the Ottoman–Venetian War wherein the Ottoman Empire reconquered the Venetian-ruled Peloponnese.

The supporters of the invalidity of Catholic and Armenian baptisms, and consequently of the need to re-baptize, were Patriarch Cyril V supported by some scholars such as Eugenios Voulgaris and Eustratios Argenti, and a large portion of the populace, instigated by the demagogic monk Auxentios.^[3] The opposition to re-baptism was formed by the larger part of the Metropolitans led by Callinicus. Their position was not due to compliance with the Latins, but rather that they considered the re-baptisms an innovation not envisaged by the ancient canons and contrary to the liturgical praxis.

When the Holy Synod voted on 28 April 1755 against the positions of Cyril V, the latter exiled the members of the Holy Synod who were contrary to his view.^[7] Callinicus was persecuted and had to escape. In 1755, Cyril V issued his formal "Oros (Tome) of the Holy Great Church of Christ" which required re-baptism for all converts in any case.

In 1756, Callinicus took refuge in the French embassy in Istanbul, and here he obtained a large amount of money which was given to the Sultan Osman III. This resulted in Cyril's deposition on 16 January 1757 and in the appointment of Callinicus to the Patriarchate.^[7] However, his appointment was strongly opposed by a mob, and his enthronement could be celebrated only with the presence of Ottoman soldiers. After the ceremony, the mob tried unsuccessfully to seize him.^[7] This opposition to Callinicus hindered any attempt of him to retire the Oros, and his position was so difficult that he had to resign 22 July 1757,^[4] in favor of Serapheim II who remained neutral on the issue.^[3]

After his resignation, Callinicus was exiled to Limnos and later to the Sinai where he stayed in the Saint Catherine's Monastery. In this obligatory residence, he worked in the ancient library of the Monastery. In January 1761, he escaped and returned on the slay in Istanbul, where he obtained to be forgiven, and in October 1763 he returned to his birth town, Zagora.^[6]

The last period of his life was passed in Zagora, where he founded the local library and devoted himself to patristics studies and to writing.^[8] He died in Zagora in 1791.

Notes

^ The ordinal number "IV" is used by scholars such as Gedeon (1890),^[1] Janin (1914),^[2] Runciman (1985),^[3] and Kiminas (2009).^[4] The ordinal "III" on the other hand is used by the official website of the Patriarchate for instance.^[5]

References

^ Gedeon, Manuel (1890). Πατριαρχικοί Πίνακες (in Greek). Lorenz & Keil. p. ^{[page needed]}.
^ Janin, R. (1914). "Anthime II". Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie ecclésiastiques (in French). Vol. 3. Paris: Letouzey et Ané. p. ^{[page needed]}.
^ ^a ^b ^c Runciman, Steven (1985). The Great Church in captivity. Cambridge University Press. pp. 358–9. ISBN 978-0-521-31310-0.
^ ^a ^b Kiminas, Demetrius (2009). The Ecumenical Patriarchate. Wildside Press LLC. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-4344-5876-6.
^ "Καλλίνικος Γ´" (in Greek). Official website of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.
^ ^a ^b Λιναριτακησ, Εμμανουηλ (1996). Οικουμενικός Πατριάρχης Καλλίνικος ο Γ΄ (Δ΄) και το θέμα του αναβαπτισμού (Thesis). Aristotle University Of Thessaloniki (AUTH). pp. 407-408 and abstract. Retrieved 21 June 2011.(in Greek)
^ ^a ^b ^c Frazee, Charles (2006). Catholics and sultans : the church and the Ottoman Empire, 1453-1923. London: Cambridge University Press. pp. 161–2. ISBN 0-521-02700-4.
^ "Οικουμενικός Πατριάρχης Καλλίνικος ο Γ΄ (Δ΄)". Zagora Public Historical Library. Archived from the original on 17 February 2013. Retrieved 21 June 2011.(in Greek)

Sources

Frazee, Charles A. (2006) [1983]. Catholics and Sultans: The Church and the Ottoman Empire 1453-1923. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521027007.

[6] The ordinal number "IV" is used by scholars such as Gedeon (1890),^[1] Janin (1914),^[2] Runciman (1985),^[3] and Kiminas (2009).^[4] The ordinal "III" on the other hand is used by the official website of the Patriarchate for instance.^[5]

[Gedeon-1] Gedeon, Manuel (1890). Πατριαρχικοί Πίνακες (in Greek). Lorenz & Keil. p. ^{[page needed]}.

[Janin-2] Janin, R. (1914). "Anthime II". Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie ecclésiastiques (in French). Vol. 3. Paris: Letouzey et Ané. p. ^{[page needed]}.

[Runciman-3] Runciman, Steven (1985). The Great Church in captivity. Cambridge University Press. pp. 358–9. ISBN 978-0-521-31310-0.

[Kiminas-4] Kiminas, Demetrius (2009). The Ecumenical Patriarchate. Wildside Press LLC. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-4344-5876-6.

[EP-5] "Καλλίνικος Γ´" (in Greek). Official website of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.

[Linartikes-7] Λιναριτακησ, Εμμανουηλ (1996). Οικουμενικός Πατριάρχης Καλλίνικος ο Γ΄ (Δ΄) και το θέμα του αναβαπτισμού (Thesis). Aristotle University Of Thessaloniki (AUTH). pp. 407-408 and abstract. Retrieved 21 June 2011.(in Greek)

[Frazee-8] Frazee, Charles (2006). Catholics and sultans : the church and the Ottoman Empire, 1453-1923. London: Cambridge University Press. pp. 161–2. ISBN 0-521-02700-4.

[Zagora-9] "Οικουμενικός Πατριάρχης Καλλίνικος ο Γ΄ (Δ΄)". Zagora Public Historical Library. Archived from the original on 17 February 2013. Retrieved 21 June 2011.(in Greek)

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v t e Bishops of Byzantium and Patriarchs of Constantinople
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Archbishops of Constantinople (Roman period, 330–451 AD)	Alexander Paul I Eusebius Macedonius I Eudoxius Evagrius Demophilus Maximus I Gregory I Nectarius John I Chrysostom Arsacius Atticus Sisinnius I Nestorius Maximianus Proclus Flavian Anatolius
Patriarchs of Constantinople (Byzantine period, 451–1453 AD)	Anatolius Gennadius I Acacius Fravitta Euphemius Macedonius II Timothy I John II Epiphanius Anthimus I Menas Eutychius John III John IV Cyriacus II Thomas I Sergius I Pyrrhus Paul II Peter Thomas II John V Constantine I Theodore I George I Paul III Callinicus I Cyrus John VI Germanus I Anastasius Constantine II Nicetas I Paul IV Tarasius Nicephorus I Theodotus I Antony I John VII Methodius I Ignatios Photios I Stephen I Antony II Nicholas I Εuthymius I Stephen II Tryphon Theophylact Polyeuctus Βasil I Αntony III Nicholas II Sisinnius II Sergius II Eustathius Alexius Michael I Constantine III John VIII Cosmas I Eustratius Nicholas III John IX Leo Michael II Cosmas II Nicholas IV Theodotus II Neophytus I Constantine IV Luke Michael III Chariton Theodosius I Basil II Nicetas II Leontius Dositheus George II John X Michael IV^† Theodore II^† Maximus II^† Μanuel I^† Germanus II^† Methodius II^† Manuel II^† Arsenius^† Nicephorus II^† Germanus III Joseph I John XI Gregory II Athanasius I John XII Nephon I John XIII Gerasimus I Isaias John XIV Isidore I Callistus I Philotheus Macarius Nilus Antony IV Callistus II Matthew I Euthymius II Joseph II Metrophanes II Gregory III Athanasius II
Patriarchs of Constantinople (Ottoman period, 1453–1923 AD)	Gennadius II Isidore II Joasaph I Sophronius I Mark II Symeon I Dionysius I Raphael I Maximus III Nephon II Maximus IV Joachim I Pachomius I Theoleptus I Jeremias I Joannicius I Dionysius II Joasaph II Metrophanes III Jeremias II Pachomius II Theoleptus II Matthew II Gabriel I Theophanes I Meletius I Neophytus II Raphael II Cyril I Timothy II Gregory IV Anthimus II Cyril II Athanasius III Neophytus III Parthenius I Parthenius II Joannicius II Cyril III Paisius I Parthenius III Gabriel II Parthenius IV Dionysius III Clement Methodius III Dionysius IV Gerasimus II Athanasius IV James Callinicus II Neophytus IV Gabriel III Neophytus V Cyprianus Athanasius V Cyril IV Cosmas III Jeremias III (Callinicus III) Paisius II Seraphim I Neophytus VI Cyril V Callinicus IV (III) Seraphim II Joannicius III Samuel Meletius II Theodosius II Sophronius II Gabriel IV Procopius Neophytus VII Gerasimus III Gregory V Callinicus V (IV) Jeremias IV Cyril VI Eugenius II Anthimus III Chrysanthus Agathangelus Constantius I Constantius II Gregory VI Anthimus IV Anthimus V Germanus IV Meletius III Anthimus VI Cyril VII Joachim II Sophronius III Joachim III Joachim IV Dionysius V Neophytus VIII Anthimus VII Constantine V Germanus V Meletius IV
Patriarchs of Constantinople (Turkish period, since 1923 AD)	Gregory VII Constantine VI Basil III Photius II Benjamin Maximus V Athenagoras Demetrius Bartholomew
^† in exile at Nicaea Christianity portal

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