Zaur (village)
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Zaur or Zaurovo[a] was an Ingush village that existed in the 18th–19th centuries on the right bank of the Terek River and in the Tarskoye Valley.
According to most sources, the fortress Vladikavkaz was founded on its territory in 1784, while according to other sources, Vladikavkaz was built near Zaur.
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Etymology
[edit]The Ingush name of the village, Zovr-Kov, translates as "the yard/settlement of Zaur".[1] According to Russian historian Pyotr Butkov, the village was known by the Armenians as Zura, by the Byzantines as Tzur, and by Arab writers as Suariag and Saul.[2]
| Name | Author | Source | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Zaur/Zaur-kabak | Johann Güldenstädt | [3] | 1770s |
| Zaurov | L. Shteder | [4] | 1781 |
| Saukqua/Ssaurowa | Julius Klaproth | [5] | 1807 |
History
[edit]Foundation
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Based on the analysis of maps of 19th century, historian and caucasologist Nataliya Volkova concluded that the village was founded in the period of 1730s to 1760s,[6] the same time that Ingush migrations to the right bank of Terek River accured.[7]
Reportedly, the village was built by Zaur, a representative from either the Malsagov branch of the Thargimkhoy clan (teip) or the Dolgiyev branch of the Thumkhoy clan.[8]
Later history
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The Russian authorities felt the need to establish reliable communication routes with the territory of Georgia. Hence why, on May of 1784,[9] 4 versts away from the village of Zaur, the Vladikavkaz Fortress was founded. At that time, there were 30 households in the village.[6]
The Ingush, who had their villages often attacked by Kabardian and Kumyk well-armed and numerous squads, needed the help of the Vladikavkaz's Garrison troops. At the first call for help, the Ingush also appeared under the walls of the fortress. Getta, the foreman of Zaur, was among the Ingush as attested by the Vladikavkaz's commandant's reports and other documents. Getta owned the single Ingush tower of the village.[10]
The village was an important center of the Ingush and served as one of the meeting places for the Mekhk-Qel (lit. 'Country's court').[11]
Modern localization
[edit]Zaur was located in the modern day city of Vladikavkaz.[8][12][13]
Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Kostoev 1989, p. 17.
- ^ Бутков 1837, p. 8.
- ^ Гюльденштедт 2002, pp. 45, 204, 221: "Нижний Чим, по имеющимся измерениям полковника фон Ливена, находится от Моздока на юг через Кургокин кабак 31 верста 320 саженей) и Заур-кабак 51 верста 220 саженей (...) то мы еще сегодня поехали обратно к селу Заур, которого мы достигли через 1½ часа. (...) Низкие осетинские горы перед селами Заур, Барукма, Флумирсина и Кубатер."
- ^ Штедер 2010, p. 171: "Наконец я оставил ингушей, пошел по Кумбелею на запад под горами трех рек, текущих в узких берегах, и через 7 верст пришел в деревню Зауров. Она лежит на более высоком правом берегу Терека, в 2 верстах под предгорьями. Старшина Гетта, родственник моего хозяина Сайку, считается здесь самым знатным; он принял меня наилучшим образом. У него только одна башня и дом из камня, другие постройки деревянные, а двор обнесен забором."
- ^ Klaproth 1814, pp. 368-369: "On the 24th of December we continued our route along the right bank of the Terek. We left Vladikavkaz with a far smaller escort than had attended us thither, being accompanied by no more than 30 Cossacks and 12 Jägers. After proceeding four versts we had the Ingush village of Saukqua, now called by the Russians Ssaurowa, on our left. It is seated on the steep bank of the Terek, about two versts from the first range of the Caucasus. No part of this village is to be seen from the valley, except a lofty conical tower built of very white calcareous stone. I rode up the hill to it, in order to examine it more closely. It had no door at the bottom, but a large oblong aperture at the height of about 12 feet, to which it was impossible to ascend without a ladder."
- ^ a b Volkova 1974, p. 161.
- ^ Dolgieva et al. 2013, p. 202.
- ^ a b Крупнов 1971, p. 166.
- ^ Dolgieva et al. 2013, p. 238.
- ^ Genko 1930, p. 695 (note 1).
- ^ Dolgieva et al. 2013, p. 305.
- ^ Некрич 1978, p. 125.
- ^ Akhmadov 2009, p. 270.
Bibliography
[edit]English sources
[edit]Russian sources
[edit]- Akhmadov, Ya. Z. (2009). Очерк исторической географии и этнополитического развития Чечни в XVI-XVIII веках [Essay on the historical geography and ethnopolitical development of Chechnya in the 16th-18th centuries] (in Russian). Grozny: Blagotvoritelny fobd chechenskoy literatury. pp. 1–422. ISBN 978-5-91821-013-0.
- "Будет-ли обойденъ Владикавказъ?" [Will Vladikavkaz be bypassed?]. Кавказъ (in Russian). No. 137. Тифлисъ. 16 June 1912.
- Благовѣщенскій, Н., ed. (1878). Сборникъ свѣдѣній о Терской области: Вып. 1 [Collection of information about the Terek region] (in Russian). Владикавказъ: Тип. Терскаго Областнаго Правленія. pp. 1–381, I–V.
- Блиев, М. М. (1984). Русско-осетинские отношения в XVIII веке: сборник документов [Russian-Ossetian relations in the 18th century: collection of documents] (in Russian). Vol. 2: 1764–1784 гг. Орджоникидзе: Ир. pp. 1–456.
- Броневскій, С. М. (1823). "Кисты (глава третья)" [Kists (chapter three)]. Новѣйшія географическія и историческія извѣстія о Кавказѣ (часть вторая) [The latest geographical and historical news about the Caucasus (part two)] (PDF) (in Russian). Москва: Типографія С. Селивановскаго. pp. 151–186.
- Бутков, П. Г. (1837). "Мнѣніе о книгѣ: Славянскія древности" [Opinion about the book: Slavic antiquities]. Три древніе договора руссовъ съ норвежцами и шведами [Three ancient treaties of the Russians with the Norwegians and the Swedes] (in Russian). Санкт-Петербург: Типографія Министерства внутреннихъ дѣлъ. pp. 1–66 (311–378 as PDF).
- Бутков, П. Г. (1869). Матеріалы для новой истории, съ 1722 по 1803 годъ [Materials for the new history of the Caucasus, from 1722 to 1803] (in Russian). Vol. 2. СПб.: Типографія Императорской Академіи Наукъ. pp. 1–602.
- Dolgieva, M. B.; Kartoev, M. M.; Kodzoev, N. D.; Matiev, T. Kh. (2013). Kodzoev, N. D.; et al. (eds.). История Ингушетии [History of Ingushetia] (4th ed.). Rostov-Na-Donu: Yuzhnyy izdatelsky dom. pp. 1–600. ISBN 978-5-98864-056-1.
- Volkova, N. G. (1974). Gardanov, V. K. (ed.). Этнический состав населения Северного Кавказа в XVIII — начале XX века [Ethnic composition of the population of the North Caucasus in the 18th - early 20th centuries] (in Russian). Mosvka: Nauka. pp. 1–276.
- Гюльденштедт, И. А. (2002). Карпов, Ю. Ю. (ed.). Путешествие по Кавказу в 1770–1773 гг. [Journey through the Caucasus in 1770–1773.] (in Russian). Translated by Шафроновской, Т. К. Санкт-Петербург: Петербургское Востоковедение. pp. 1–508. ISBN 5-85803-213-3.
- Долгиева, М. Б.; Картоев, М. М.; Кодзоев, Н. Д.; Матиев, Т. Х. (2013). Кодзоев, Н. Д. (ed.). История Ингушетии [History of Ingushetia] (4nd ed.). Ростов-на-Дону: Южный издательский дом. pp. 1–600. ISBN 978-5-98864-056-1.
- Genko, A. N. (1930). "Из культурного прошлого ингушей" [From the cultural past of the Ingush] (PDF). Записки коллегии востоковедов при Азиатском музее [Notes of the College of Orientalists at the Asian Museum] (PDF) (in Russian). Vol. 5. Leningrad: Izd-vo Akademii nauk SSSR. pp. 681–761.
- Ильин, Л. (1928). Пожидаева, В. П. (ed.). Военно-Грузинская, Военно-осетинская дороги, Ингушетия, Северная Осетия: Путеводитель-Справочник [Military-Georgian, Military-Ossetian roads, Ingushetia, North Ossetia: Guide-Handbook] (in Russian). Владикавказ: Типо-Фото-Цинкография из-ва „Раетдзинад“. pp. 1–93.
- Klaproth, Heinrich Julius (1814). Travels in the Caucasus and Georgia: Performed in the Years 1807 and 1808, by Command of the Russian Government. Translated by Shoberl, Frederic. London: Henry Colburn. pp. 1–421.
- Karpov, Yu. Yu. (1990). "К проблеме ингушской автономии" [On the problem of Ingush autonomy]. Sovetskaya etnografia (in Russian) (5). Moskva: Nauka: 29–33.
- Kostoev, B. U. (1989-09-09). Kostoev, B. U. (ed.). О социально-политическом положении ингушского народа : доклад Костоева Беслана Усмановича [On the socio-political situation of the Ingush people: report by Beslan Usmanovich Kostoev]. Второй съезд ингушского народа (in Russian). Grozny: Kniga. pp. 9–39. ISBN 5-7666-0396-7(Material of the conference compiled by Beslan Kostoev & Magomed-Rashid Pliev)
{{cite conference}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) - Крупнов, Е. И. (1971). Средневековая Ингушетия [Medieval Ingushetia] (in Russian). Москва: Наука. pp. 1–211.
- Некрич, А. М. (1978). Наказанные народы [Punished peoples] (in Russian). Нью-Йорк: Хроника. pp. 1–170.
- Поспелов, Е. М. (2008). Географические названия России. Топонимический словарь [Geographical names of Russia. Toponymic Dictionary] (in Russian). Москва: АСТ, Астрель. pp. 1–523. ISBN 978-5-17-054966-5.
- Раисов, И. (1897). Новѣйшій иллюстрированный путеводитель по Крыму и Кавказу на 1897/8 г. [The latest illustrated guide to the Crimea and the Caucasus for 1897/8] (in Russian) (Р. Рашковекой и А. Евгеньева ed.). Одесса: Типографія Исаковичъ и Бейленсонъ.
- Ракович, Д. В. (1911). Прошлое Владикавказа. Краткая историческая справка ко дню пятидесятилетнего юбилея города. 1861 г. [The past of Vladikavkaz. Brief historical background to the fiftieth anniversary of the city. 1861] (in Russian) (3rd ed.). Владикавказ: Электропеч. Р. Сегаль и С-вья. pp. 1–28.
- Союз горцев Кавказа в ЧСР (1924). "О Галгаях" [About the Galgai]. Кавказский горец [Caucasian highlander] (in Russian) (1). Прага: Издание Союза горцев Кавказа в ЧСР: 3–79.
- Терскій областной статистическій комитет (1895). Вертепов, Г. А. (ed.). Терскій календарь. Вып. 5 [Tersky Calendar] (in Russian). Владикавказъ: Типографія Терскаго областнаго правленія. pp. 1–426.
- "Владикавказъ" [Vladikavkaz]. Терскія вѣдомости (in Russian). No. 71. Владикавказъ. 31 March 1911.
- "Торжество празднованія 50-летия основанія г. Владикавказа" [The celebration of the 50th anniversary of the founding of the city of Vladikavkaz]. Терскія вѣдомости (in Russian). No. 75. Владикавказъ. 5 April 1911.
- Tsutsiev, A. A. (1998). Осетино-ингушский конфликт (1992—...): его предыстория и факторы развития. Историко-социологический очерк [Ossetian-Ingush conflict (1992–...): its background and development factors. Historical and sociological essay] (in Russian). Moskva: ROSSPEN. pp. 1–200. ISBN 5-86004-178-0.
- Штедер (2010) [1781]. "Дневник путешествия в 1781 году от пограничной крепости Моздок во внутренние области Кавказа" [Diary of a journey in 1781 from the border fortress of Mozdok to the interior regions of the Caucasus]. Кавказ: Европейские дневники XIII—XVIII веков [Caucasus: European Diaries of the 13th-18th Centuries] (in Russian). Translated by Аталиков, В. Нальчик: Изд-во М. и В. Котляровых. pp. 155–171.