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Sucharit Bhakdi
Born (1946-11-01) November 1, 1946 (age 78)[1]
Washington, D.C., U.S.[1]
Alma mater
Known forMicrobiology,[2] fringe ideas about COVID-19[3]
AwardsOrder of Merit of Rhineland-Palatinate, Aronson Prize
Scientific career
FieldsMedicine/surgery, bacteriology and atherosclerosis

Sucharit Bhakdi is a retired Thai-German microbiologist. In 2020 and 2021 Bhakdi became a prominent source of misinformation about the COVID-19 pandemic, claiming that the pandemic was "fake" and that COVID-19 vaccines were going to decimate the world's population.[4][3]

He was a professor at the University of Mainz, where he was head of the Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene. The university has disassociated itself from Bhakdi's views on the Coronavirus pandemic.[5] In 2021 Bhakdi's publisher broke off relations following the appearance of an online video in which Bhakdi made antisemitic comments.[6]

Early life and education

Bhakdi (Thai: สุจริต ภักดี [sut̚˨˩.t͡ɕa˨˩.rit̚˨˩ pʰak̚˦˥.diː˧]) was born Sucharit Punyaratabandhu, Thai: สุจริต บุณยรัตพันธุ์, 1 November 1946, in Washington, D.C.; his parents are Thai diplomats.[7] In an interview, Bhakdi stated that his mother studied at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore.[8]

Bhakdi studied at the Universities of Bonn, Gießen, Mainz and Copenhagen, and at the Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology in Freiburg.[1]

He studied medicine at the University of Bonn from 1963 to 1970, during part of which (from 1966 to 1970) he was a scholarship holder of the German Academic Exchange Service.[9] Bhakdi worked for a while as a private assistant to the internal medicine specialist Walter Siegenthaler [de].[8] In February 1971 he received his doctorate in medicine. From 1972 to 1978, he studied at the Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology in Freiburg on scholarships from the Max Planck Society at the Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology in Freiburg and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation.[1]

He worked at the University of Copenhagen for a year before moving to the Institute of Medical Microbiology at the Justus Liebig University in Gießen, where he worked from 1977 to 1990. In July 1979 he habilitated.

Scientific and medical career

Bhakdi was appointed C2 professor at Gießen in 1982. He spent a further year in Copenhagen and became C3 professor of medical microbiology (at Gießen again) in 1987 before being appointed to the University of Mainz in 1990. From 1991 he headed the Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene as a C4 professor.[citation needed]

Bhakdi retired on 1 April 2012.[10] Since 2016 he has been a visiting scholar at the University of Kiel.[11][12][13]

Prior to his retirement, Bhakdi produced scientific work in the fields of bacteriology and atherosclerosis, and published multiple scientific articles in these areas.[14]

Research career

The immune system

From 1972, Bhakdi researched the functioning of the body's non-specific defenses at the Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology in Freiburg. He contributed to a better understanding of the mechanisms with which the large molecules of the complement system in the blood render exogenous substances harmless.[9] In 1978 Bhakdi discovered a protein that attacks and damages cells by sinking into the cell membrane, resulting in the formation of a pore (see membrane attack complex).[15] This was the enforcer molecule of the complement system, which is formed on the surface of foreign cells as a result of a chain reaction involving the immune system. This was followed by the discovery that bacteria, in turn, can also produce pore-forming proteins.[16] Today it is known that the vast majority of pathogenic bacteria produce pore formers that damage host cells. In 1984 the Royal Society in London invited Bhakdi to present the concept of cell membrane damage by pore formers.[17] From then on, Bhakdi concentrated on research on this topic.[18]

Atherosclerosis

Investigation of the complement system led Bhakdi to the area of atherosclerosis. In 1989 he discovered through animal experiments that the complement component 5 is activated in the vessel walls where low density lipoprotein (LDL) is deposited.[19]

According to current understanding, atherosclerosis is a polygenic disease caused by a complex interplay of several environmental and genetic factors, especially cholesterol. This is transported in the blood via LDL and absorbed by the cells that need it via cellular receptors. However, it can accumulate in the blood vessel walls during transport and oxidize there or even beforehand. This attracts monocytes, which take up the oxidized LDL and turn into "foam cells". These then trigger chronic inflammatory reactions that damage the vascular wall.

In 1998, Bhakdi and his team of colleagues put forward the "Mainz hypothesis" that atherosclerosis is only caused monocausally by the lack of removal of LDL.[20] According to Bhakdi's hypothesis, LDL is generally not oxidized, but cholesterol is also absorbed by monocytes and foam cells are formed. However, the high density lipoprotein (HDL) can remove cholesterol again. If, however, a certain amount of LDL accumulates locally on the vascular wall and cannot be removed, part of the immune system causes inflammatory reactions that lead to atherosclerosis. In this way, early-stage atherosclerosis could be reversed if the LDL blood level (and blood pressure) was lowered and the HDL level increased.[21] Bhakdi's hypothesis, however, is not reflected in current opinion.[20]

Memberships and functions

  • Member of the Collaborative Research Centres of the German Research Foundation "Proteins as Tools in Biology" at the University of Giessen (1987–1990),
  • Deputy Spokesperson of the Collaborative Research Center "Immunopathogenesis" (1990–1999)
  • Spokesperson of the Collaborative Research Center "490 Infection and Persistence in Infections" in Mainz (2000–2011).[9]
  • Co-founder and board member of the Association of Physicians and Scientists for Health, Freedom and Democracy, which was founded in May 2020 and lost its non-profit status in October 2020.[22] The purpose of the association is to take action against the German government's measures to contain the corona pandemic.[12]

In autumn 2020 he was one of the first signatories of the "appeal for free debating spaces" (Appell für freie Debattenräume [de], a German adaptation of the project "A Letter on Justice and Open Debate" by the American Thomas C. Williams, which was previously launched in the USA.).[23]

He was Editor in Chief of Medical Microbiology and Immunology from 1990 to 2012.[24]

Prominence during COVID-19 pandemic

See also: COVID-19 misinformation

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Bhakdi started a YouTube channel proposing that the number of deaths stemming from SARS-CoV-2 infection had been overstated. In November 2020 his account was terminated for violating YouTube's community guidelines.[25] One of his first videos was published 18 March 2020; it went viral, with 300,000 views by 23 March.[26] In the video, he predicted the worst "horror scenario" would be a million infections and 30 deaths a day in Germany, and that death rates in Northern Italy and China were higher only because of high air pollution there (even though Germany typically has more deaths due to pollution than Italy).

Bhakdi has made a number of false statements about the COVID-19 pandemic, saying that the pandemic is a "fake", that face masks and quarantines are "nonsense" and that the COVID-19 vaccines are deadly and will decimate the global population.[4]

He has been otherwise criticised for his theses on the COVID-19 pandemic; according to Medical Tribune [de], they are considered unscientific by a majority of experts.[27]

Bhakdi's criticisms of the COVID-19 pandemic response

His criticisms of states' (most particularly Germany's) reactions to the COVID-19 pandemic have included:

  • Writing an open Letter in March 2020 to German Chancellor Angela Merkel regarding the "socio-economic consequences of the drastic containment measures which are currently being applied in large parts of Europe"[28]
  • Posting videos on YouTube claiming, for example, that the government was overreacting because the virus posed no more threat than influenza, and that any COVID-19 vaccine would be "pointless".[29]
  • Participation in May 2020 in the writing of a "position paper of the BMI" by an employee of the German crisis management department.[30][31][32] The Federal Ministry distanced itself from the position, calling the paper a "private opinion" circulating on official letterhead, and released the chief government councilor Stephan Kohn from duty.[33]
  • He is the co-author of Corona, False Alarm? Facts and Figures (2020), German: ('Corona Fehlalarm?') ISBN 978-3-99060-191-4[34][35] and Corona Unmasked. Neue Daten, Zahlen, Hintergründe. (Goldegg, Berlin/Wien 2021, ISBN 978-3-99060-231-7. An earlier book of his was published in 2016, Schreckgespenst Infektionen – Mythen, Wahn und Wirklichkeit (tr. "Bogeyman Infections - Myths, Delusions and Reality") ISBN 978-3-903090-66-8.[36] He published these books together with his wife, Karina Reiss [de], a biologist and biochemist at the Quincke Research Center, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel.[37]
  • Describing Germany in December 2020 as a "health dictatorship", saying he wanted to emigrate to Thailand because of this.[38]

Responses to Bhakdi's claims

Bhakdi's claims, in particular in his YouTube videos and in the book Corona Fehlalarm?, have been extensively fact-checked and found to be variously unsubstantiated, misleading, or false.[39][40]

In Germany, fact-checking activity has included articles at ZDF,[26] the Austrian independent fact-checkers Mimikama,[28][41] dpa,[42] SWR3[43] and the German non-profit correctiv.org.[29] In March 2020, ZDF said "His theses are unscientific, his numbers too low",[26] Mimikama that his statements are "contrary to the scientific consensus of numerous experts, professors and colleagues and was described as largely dubious, unscientific and incorrect".[41] Correctiv fact-checked one of Bhakdi's YouTube videos in June 2020, and found a number of problematic claims, including the claim that any COVID-19 vaccine would be "pointless", and that the virus posed no more threat than influenza.[29]

On the basis of fact checks by Correctiv, ZDF, die Welt, Der Spiegel and Bayerischer Rundfunk, the Süddeutsche Zeitung summed up in April 2020: "What Wodarg and Bhakdi say is not completely wrong, but they mix facts with speculation and disinformation."[44] Writing for Foreign Policy, in September 2020 Tyson Barker (Head of DGAP's Technology & Global Affairs Program)[45] described Bhakdi as a prominent example from a "crop of debunked but credentialed so-called experts minting conspiracy theories and undermining fact-based information".[46]

In October 2020 the University of Mainz issued a statement to the effect that it does not support Bhakdi's views.[5][47][48]

Political activism, antisemitism

In 2021, Bhakdi was a founder of the new German political party dieBasis, which emerged from the "Querdenken" political movement, standing as a candidate in the 2021 German federal election in North Rhine-Westphalia.[49][50][51] In April 2021, the antisemitism commissioner for the state of Baden-Württemberg identified the Querdenken movement as providing space for antisemitic conspiracy theories, noting that Bhakdi singled out the German-Jewish minister of education in Schleswig-Holstein, Karin Prien, as "poisoning our children with CO2".[52]

In a video released as part of his campaign, Bhakdi articulated antisemitic views, saying Israel is "even worse" than Nazi Germany, adding that "that’s the bad thing about Jews: They learn well...There is no people that learns better than they do. But they have now learned the evil — and implemented it. That is why Israel is now...a living hell". The Austrian publisher of three of Bhakdi's books on the pandemic, Goldegg Verlag [de], said that it was severing ties with the author.[6][48][53][54] Bhakdi was criticised by antisemitism commissioners for the states of Berlin and Baden-Württemberg.[55][56][57]

Awards

Professional awards

Negative award

Following the publicity accorded to Bhakdi's statements and publications regarding COVID-19 during 2020, the Gesellschaft zur wissenschaftlichen Untersuchung von Parawissenschaften (English: Society for the Scientific Investigation of Pseudosciences) named him as winner of the 2020 Goldenes Brett, awarded to Bhakdi as the "most astonishing pseudo-scientific nuisance" of the year.[68]

References

  1. ^ a b c d "Sucharit Bhakdi (Punyarataband) Lebenslauf" [curriculum vitae]. studylibde.com. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
  2. ^ "Bhakdis Brief an die Kanzlerin – Was ist dran an seinen Fragen?" [Bhakdi’s Letter to the Chancellor - What About His Questions?]. BR24 (in German). 1 April 2020.
  3. ^ a b Muriel Kalisch; Patrick Stotz (21 May 2020). "Hinter der Verschwörung" [Behind the plot]. Der Spiegel (in German).
  4. ^ a b Daniel Funke (30 April 2021). "Fact check: COVID-19 vaccines don't cause death, won't decimate world's population". USA Today.
  5. ^ a b "Universität distanziert sich von Corona-Kritiker Bhakdi" [University distances itself from Corona critic Bhakdi]. www.swr.de. 2 November 2020. Archived from the original on 19 July 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
  6. ^ a b Algemeiner, The (16 July 2021). "Jews 'Learned Evil' From Nazis: Leading COVID-19 Conspiracy Theorist in Germany Loses Publisher Over Antisemitic Comments". Algemeiner.com. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
  7. ^ "Sucharit Bhakdi]". goldegg-verlag.com, Goldegg Verlag. Archived from the original on 28 August 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
  8. ^ a b "Weltwoche: "Gefährliche Verführungen"" [Dangerous seductions]. www.weltwoche.ch. 6 May 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2020. His mother, who had studied at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, inspired him early in medicine. «She was an excellent doctor,» says Bhakdi.
  9. ^ a b c "Gestern Stipendiatin – und heute? Sucharit Bhakdi – Leiter des Instituts für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz" [Yesterday scholarship holder - and today? Sucharit Bhakdi - Head of the Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene at Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz.]. DAAD, March 2006 (archive). Archived from the original on 23 December 2006. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
  10. ^ "Neu bei uns. (PDF)" [New to us] (PDF). www.unimedizin-mainz.de. September 2013. p. 18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
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  14. ^ "Scopus preview - Bhakdi, Sucharit - Author details - Scopus". www.scopus.com. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
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  16. ^ "R. Füssle, S. Bhakdi, A. Sziegoleit, J. Tranum-Jensen, T. Kranz: On the mechanism of membrane damage by Staphylococcus aureus alpha-toxin. In: The Journal of Cell Biology, Band 91, Nr. 1, Oktober 1981, ISSN 0021-9525, S. 83–94, DOI 10.1083/jcb.91.1.83, PMC 2111936, PMID 6271794". Journal of Cell Biology. 2019. doi:10.1083/jcb.
  17. ^ Bhakdi, S.; Tranum-Jensen, J. (1984). "S. Bhakdi, J. Tranum-Jensen, C. A. Pasternak, K. J. Micklem, Rodney Robert Porter: Mechanism of complement cytolysis and the concept of channel-forming proteins. In: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences, Band 306, Nr. 1129, 6. September 1984, S. 311–324, DOI 10.1098/rstb.1984.0092". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 306 (1129): 311–324. doi:10.1098/rstb.1984.0092. PMID 6149576.
  18. ^ Bhakdi, S.; Tranum-Jensen, J. (1987). "S. Bhakdi, J. Tranum-Jensen: Damage to mammalian cells by proteins that form transmembrane pores. In: Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Band 107, 1987, ISSN 0303-4240, S. 147–223". Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology. 107: 147–223. doi:10.1007/bfb0027646. PMID 3303271.
  19. ^ Seifert, P. S.; Hugo, F.; Hansson, G. K.; Bhakdi, S. (1989). "P. S. Seifert, F. Hugo, G. K. Hansson, S. Bhakdi: Perilesional complement activation in experimental atherosclerosis. Terminal C5b-9 complement deposition coincides with cholesterol accumulation in the aortic intima of hypercholesterolemic rabbits. In: Laboratory Investigation; a Journal of Technical Methods and Pathology, Band 60, Nr. 6, Juni 1989, ISSN 0023-6837, S. 747–754". Laboratory Investigation; A Journal of Technical Methods and Pathology. 60 (6): 747–754. PMID 2659887.
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  22. ^ Lars Wienand. "Corona-Verein von Sucharit Bhakdi verliert Gemeinnützigkeit" [Corona Association of Sucharit Bhakdi loses non-profit]. www.t-online.de. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
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  27. ^ "Wenn Ärzte von der Coronakrise als einer "kriminellen Inszenierung" sprechen" [When doctors speak of the corona crisis as a "criminal act"]. www.medical-tribune.de. 22 July 2020. Retrieved 7 October 2020. Die Thesen von Prof. Bhakdi, emeritierter Professor für Mikrobiologie der Uni Mainz, werden von der übergroßen Mehrheit der Experten unwissenschaftlich genannt, denen des ehemaligen Lungenfacharztes Dr. Wodarg wird gleichermaßen widersprochen. [The Theses of Prof. Bhakdi, professor emeritus of microbiology at the University of Mainz, is called unscientific by the vast majority of experts, those of the former lung specialist Dr. Wodarg are equally contradicted.]
  28. ^ a b Stumpfe, Miriam (3 April 2020). "Bhakdis Brief an die Kanzlerin – Was ist dran an seinen Fragen?". BR24 (in German). Retrieved 27 September 2021.
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  30. ^ Julia Sextl (13 May 2020). "Brisantes Corona-Papier: War das alles richtig so?" [Explosive Corona paper: was it all right?]. Abendzeitung. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
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  32. ^ Sucharit Bhakdi; Gunter Frank; Gunnar Heinsohn; Stefan W. Hockertz; Karina Reiß; Peter Schirmacher; Andreas Sönnichsen; Till Uebel; Harald Walach (11 May 2020). "Gemeinsame Pressemitteilung der Experten des Corona-Papiers aus dem Bundesministerium des Innern" [Joint press release by the experts on the Corona paper from the Federal Ministry of the Interior] (PDF). Abendzeitung. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 May 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
  33. ^ Benjamin Reuter (14 May 2020). "Wie der angebliche Corona-Geheimreport im Innenministerium entstand" [How the alleged Corona secret report in the Interior Ministry was created]. Der Tagesspiegel. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
  34. ^ Bhakdi, Sucharit; Reiss, Karina. Corona Fehlalarm? Zahlen, Daten und Hintergründe [Corona false alarm? Numbers, dates and backgrounds]. Archived from the original on 19 July 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2020 – via www.goldegg-verlag.com.
  35. ^ "buchreport, Corona Fehlalarm?" [Bookreport, 'Corona Fehlalarm?']. www.buchreport.de. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  36. ^ Bhakdi, Sucharit; Reiss, Karina (April 2020). Schreckgespenst Infektionen – Mythen, Wahn und Wirklichkeit [Bogey Infections - Myths, Delusions and Reality]. Goldegg Verlag. ISBN 9783903090668. Retrieved 9 June 2020 – via www.goldegg-verlag.com.[permanent dead link‍]
  37. ^ "Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Karina Reiß". www.uni-kiel.de. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  38. ^ "Bhakdi will aus "Diktatur" Deutschland nach Thailand auswandern, wo Covid-Fakes bestraft werden". Volksverpetzer (in German). 31 January 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
  39. ^ "Fact-checked by: Teyit 2021/01/02 Turkey FALSE: Dr. Sucharit Bhakdi's multiple coronavirus allegations". www.poynter.org. 2 January 2021. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
  40. ^ Ford, Dana (28 April 2021). "Fact Check: COVID-19 Shots Are NOT Set To Contribute To The 'Decimation Of The World's Population'". leadstories.com. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
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  66. ^ Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz (20 April 2009). "Mainzer Mediziner Bhakdi für Hypothese zur Entstehung von Atherosklerose ausgezeichnet" [Mainz physician Bhakdi honored for hypothesis on the development of atherosclerosis]. Archived from the original on 26 March 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
  67. ^ Deutsches Ärzteblatt (19 June 2009). Namen und Nachrichten [Names and messages]. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
  68. ^ "Das Goldene Brett vorm Kopf "Fehlalarm"-Arzt Sucharit Bhakdi mit Satirepreis ausgezeichnet" [The golden board in front of the head "False alarm"-doctor Sucharit Bhakdi awarded with a satire prize]. www.kleinezeitung.at. 15 December 2020. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
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