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Solomon Abramovich Trone (Russian Соломон_Абрамович|Соломон Абрамович Трон May 11 [May 23], 1872, Jelgava, Courland Province, Russian Empire – 1969, Italy) was a Russian and American engineer who made an important contribution to the electrification of the Soviet Union, and acted as an industrial advisor to Israel, China and India through his work in industrial planning. Featured as a central character in the book by Ilf and Petrov One-storied America under the name of Mr. Adams.[1][2]

Biography

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Solomon, or Zalman-Peisach Trone, was born in Mitava (now Jelgava, Latvia) to Abram Trone and Esther Levi, the daughter of a rabbi. He worked in the St. Petersburg branch of the company "General Electric" – "Russian Society of the General Electric Company". He was engaged in projects to create hydroelectric power plants.[3] After witnessing the events of Bloody Sunday 1905 he adopted more radical views.[4][1] In 1906 he became a full member of the Russian Technical Society in the VI (electrical) department.[5][circular reference][1][3]

He was the manager of the Vladivostok branch of the Russian branch of the General Electricity Company (General Electric). He was a member of the Society for the Study of the Amur Territory and was vice-chairman of its committee, which was engaged in the publication of a geological map of the region (authored by P. V. Wittenburg) and the presentation of competitive awards to researchers.

In 1916, in connection with the World War I, and the nationalization of the General Electric company's Russian property, he emigrated to the United States with his wife and son Dmitry. In the United States Trone became a close friend of the inventor and engineer Charles Proteus Steinmetz,[4] with whom he shared technocratic and political ideals.[4] Later, in St. Petersburg in 1917, Trone was able to open negotiations that would eventually develop into contracts between General Electric and the later Soviet Governments.[4] Further evidence suggests negotiations assisted by Trone took place with the Bolsheviks, as well as other revolutionary groups, prior to the October Revolution.[3][6][7][8] Documentation at the St. Petersburg Historical Archive reference Trone regularly in correspondence with the government before and after the October Revolution and the following year 1918.[2][7]

Trone also took part in the events of the February Revolution as an ambulance driver.[4] As formerly active in Russian radical politics, Trone had met with many of the leading participants and facilitated GE's negotiations with the Provisional Government.

He continued his career in General Electric and became one of the directors of its subsidiary International General Electric Company (I.G.E.). In 1928, Trone persuaded the board of the parent company to conclude a contract with the Soviet Union, signed by him, Owen D. Young[9] and the head of the IGE, Charles H. Minor.[8][4][3][10]

This agreement not only played a major role in the implementation of the GOELRO electrification plan, but also may have contributed to the recognition of the Soviet Union by the United States.[4][3]

Trone spent some time in the Soviet Union for business but lived in Schenectady, in the state of New York, which he considered to be his main place of residence. In 1931, Trone became a U.S. citizen. Shortly after this Trone retired from General Electric. Between 1935 and 1936 Trone gave a tour of the United States to the Soviet writers Ilf and Petrov.[11][12] Trone's dialogue and his activities while giving the tour to the writers became a major component of the book in the fictional character of Mr. Adams in the novel One-storied America.[13][14][15]

In 1940, the Joint Distribution Committee, an American Jewish charity for refugees sent Trone to visit France, Germany, Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland and Portugal in search of Jewish refugees in transit and concentration camps. He was to select participants for the Sosua agricultural project that had been the result of the Évian Conference concerning the plight of Jewish refugees.[16][17][18][19][20]

In the 1940s Trone was, for various periods of time, an advisor on Industrial planning in India and China. The Kuomintang government in China hired Trone to work as an advisor on development to the Bank of China in 1943.[4][1][21][3] Significantly, Trone was able to advise on the development of the island of Taiwan into an independent industrial economy.[4][22][1][3] In India in 1949, Trone was reporting directly to Prime Minister Nehru on his survey of India and the possibilities of development[4][23][24][25][1]

In 1952, Trone, at the invitation of Hillel Dan, head of the construction company Solel Bone, closely associated with the Histadrut, developed a ten-year plan for the development of reparations from Germany. Despite Dan's efforts, the Israeli government never approved Trone's plan. In June 1953, at a budget debate in the Knesset, Ben-Gurion reproached Trone and other invited foreign experts for the absence of a "Zionist spark".[26]

In 1953, while in London, England, Trone failed to obtain an American passport to replace the expired one.[4][1] This may have been due to Trone being accused but never charged or convicted of espionage for the Soviet Union and prior to that the Russian Empire.[27][28] In 1965 Trone's passport was reinstated, although he spent the rest of his life mainly in London.[1]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Evans, David. The Biography of Solomon Trone : The Technocrat Who Remade the World.
  2. ^ a b Evans, David (March 29, 2019). The Man Who Sold Tomorrow: The True Story of Dr. Solomon Trone The World's Greatest & Most Successful & Perhaps Only Revolutionary Salesman. Trine Day.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Roth, Andrew (January 27, 1951). "Mr. Point Four". The Nation: 83.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Chanan, Michael (2009). "The American Who Electrified Russia Synopsis". Roehampton University. Retrieved July 9, 2023 – via Vimeo.
  5. ^ "Трон, Соломон Абрамович". Wikipedia. Retrieved July 9, 2023.
  6. ^ Bailes, Kendalle E. ‘The American Connection: Ideology and the Transfer of American Technology to the Soviet Union, 1917–1941.’ Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol. 23, No. 3., July 1981: 421–448.
  7. ^ a b General Electric Director’s Records (Solomon Trone)Фонд 1367. Опись 8. Дело 1051 / Фонд 1367. Опись 8. Дело 1022 / ЦГИА. Фонд 1367. Опись 4. Дело 76.’ St. Petersburg, Russian Federation: St. Petersburg Historical Archive Russia, 1916– 1918.
  8. ^ a b "Joan Hoff Wilson. Ideology and Economics: U.S. Relations with the Soviet Union, 1918–1933. Columbia: University of Missouri Press. 1974. Pp. xv, 192. $10.00". The American Historical Review. October 1975. doi:10.1086/ahr/80.4.1056. ISSN 1937-5239.
  9. ^ Hawley, Ellis W. (1983). "Owen D. Young and American Enterprise: A Biography. By Josephine Young Case and Everett Needham Case. Boston, David R. Godine, Inc., 1982. Pp. 964. $25.00". Business History Review. 57 (1): 126–128. doi:10.2307/3114410. ISSN 0007-6805. JSTOR 3114410. S2CID 155973009.
  10. ^ Rogger, Hans (July 1981). "Amerikanizm and the Economic Development of Russia". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 23 (3): 382–420. doi:10.1017/s0010417500013426. ISSN 0010-4175. S2CID 144503003.
  11. ^ Ilia Il’f Zapisnie knizki 1925 – 1937, Pervoe polnoe izdanie, Commentaries(notes). Edited by Alexadra Il’f. Moscow: Moskva ‘Tekst,’ 2000.
  12. ^ Ilf, Ilya; Petrov, Eugene; Sloan, Sam (December 15, 2010). Little Golden America. Ishi Press. ISBN 978-4-87187-674-2.
  13. ^ Ilʹf, Ilʹâ; Petrov, Evgenij; Préchac, Alain (2019). Le dossier Amérique. Créteil: Auteurs du monde. ISBN 979-10-91301-37-4.
  14. ^ Ilf, Ilya; Petrov, Eugene (March 29, 2018), "A New York Arena", Little Golden America, Routledge, pp. 47–53, doi:10.4324/9781315124322-8, ISBN 978-1-315-12432-2, retrieved July 9, 2023
  15. ^ I. Ilf, E. Petrov. One-story America. Letters from America / Compilation, introductory article by A. I. Ilf. – M .: (Письма из Америки / Составление, вступительная статья А. И. Ильф.) "Text", 2011. – 511 p. – ISBN 978-5-7516-0960-3
  16. ^ Wasserstein, Bernard (March 26, 2014). "The Jewish Woman Who Was the Liaison Between the Nazis and American Rescue Groups". The Tablet. Retrieved July 9, 2023.
  17. ^ "American Jewish Rescue Groups". Rescue in the Holocaust. Retrieved July 9, 2023.
  18. ^ Ross, Nicholas. ‘Sosua: A Colony of Hope.’ American Jewish History, Vol. 82 No. 1- 4, 1994.
  19. ^ Wells, Allen. Tropical Zion. Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2009
  20. ^ "Venezuela Also Ready to Admit Jewish Refugees". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. October 21, 1941. Retrieved July 9, 2023.
  21. ^ Trone, Solomon. General Report on Taiwan, unpublished manuscript submitted to the National Resources Commission. Nanking, China: National Resources Commission, January 21, 1948.
  22. ^ Wang, Hong-zen. ‘Class Structures and Social Mobility in Taiwan in the Initial Post-War Period .’ The China Journal, No. 48., July 2002: 55–85.
  23. ^ "What About Trone's Report" (PDF). Economic Weekly: 147. February 12, 1950.
  24. ^ Nair, Kusum (August 27, 1950). "Attitudes and Latitudes". India Magazine.
  25. ^ Ankit, Rakesh (May 5, 2017). "The American who had Nehru's ear". Fountain Ink. Retrieved July 9, 2023.
  26. ^ D. Schiffman, W. Young, Y. Zelekha, The Role of Economic Advisers in Israel's Economic Policy, Springer: 2017, p. 126—127
  27. ^ Weyl, Nathaniel (July 2003). "Notes and Documents: Encounters with Communism, 1932–1940". American Communist History. 2 (1): 81–94. doi:10.1080/1474389032000112618. ISSN 1474-3892. S2CID 144718557.
  28. ^ "The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers". The SHAFR Guide Online. doi:10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim090020015. Retrieved July 9, 2023.
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