Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae
| Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae | |
|---|---|
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| P. d. subsp damselae on blood agar | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Pseudomonadota |
| Class: | Gammaproteobacteria |
| Order: | Vibrionales |
| Family: | Vibrionaceae |
| Genus: | Photobacterium |
| Species: | |
| Subspecies: | P. d. subsp. damselae
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| Trinomial name | |
| Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae Smith et al. 1991
[1]
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| Synonyms | |
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Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae (previously known as Vibrio damsela) is a halophilic gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium.[2] Commonly found in marine environments, P.d. subsp. damselae can cause disease in many species of marine wildlife and is an emerging threat in aquaculture. In humans Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae can cause severe infections. The type strain of Photobacterium damselae subsp damselae is ATCC 33539T.
Taxonomy
[edit]In 1971 a novel marine bacterium was isolated from a patient with an infected wound.[3] The same organism was recovered in 1981 from the skin ulcers of a blacksmith damselfish and it was subsequently named Vibrio damselae after the fish from which it was first isolated.[4] It was briefly reclassified as Listonella damsela based on 5sRNA sequencing.[5] The name Photobacterium damselae was proposed in 1991 when researchers found that the microbe shared several key phenotypic traits with members of the genus Photobacteria, namely the absence of a flagellar sheath and accummulation poly-β-hydroxybutyrate.[1] Further phylogenetic studies found that Photobacterium damselae shared 80% DNA relatedness with Pasteurella piscida suggesting that both strains belonged to the same species.[6] The two organisms were reclassified as Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae and Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscida respectively.
Characteristics
[edit]Culture
[edit]P. damselae grows readily on media used in clinical laboratories, including TCBS agar. On media supplemented with blood, P. damselae produces beta-hemolytic colonies.[7] The degree of hemolysis can vary significantly between isolates.
Virulence Factors
[edit]P. damselae subsp. damselae produces a heat-labile cytolytic toxin called damselysin (Dly). Dly is a phospholipase D with activity against sphingomyelinase.[8] This toxin exerts strong hemolytic activity in the erythrocytes across a variety of animal species. Dly and its gene (dly) are considered to play an important role in the virulence of this organism.
In vitro studies suggest that P. damselae subsp. damselae can utilize heme, hemoglobin, and ferric ammonium citrate as sole iron sources.[9]
Pathogenicity
[edit]In humans
[edit]Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae infections most commonly manifest as sepsis and soft tissue infections, especially when wounds are exposed to marine water.[3] Soft tissue infections can progress into severe disease such as necrotizing fasciitis over a matter of hours.[10][11]
In one case reported in 1996, a 64-year-old man reported to a hospital with a swollen red hand 14 hours after sustaining an injury while unhooking a saltwater perch.[12] Despite extensive debridement and the initiation of empiric antibiotic therapy the man was later found responseless in his room. The man was pronounced deceased 36 hours after the initial injury.[citation needed]
In marine animals
[edit]Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae has been isolated from numerous marine animals including bigeye trevally and rainbow trout.[13][14] In vitro studies have found that the bacterium can be transmitted through the water.[15]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Smith SK, Sutton DC, Fuerst JA, Reichelt JL (October 1991). "Evaluation of the genus Listonella and reassignment of Listonella damsela (Love et al.) MacDonell and Colwell to the genus Photobacterium as Photobacterium damsela comb. nov. with an emended description". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 41 (4): 529–534. doi:10.1099/00207713-41-4-529. PMID 1742198.
- ^ Serracca L, Ercolini C, Rossini I, Battistini R, Giorgi I, Prearo M (May 2011). "Occurrence of both subspecies of Photobacterium damselae in mullets collected in the river Magra (Italy)". Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 57 (5): 437–440. doi:10.1139/w11-021. PMID 21529120.
- ^ a b Morris JG, Miller HG, Wilson R, Tacket CO, Hollis DG, Hickman FW, et al. (June 1982). "Illness caused by Vibrio damsela and Vibrio hollisae". Lancet. 1 (8284): 1294–1297. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(82)92853-7. PMID 6123029. S2CID 39701988.
- ^ Love M, Teebken-Fisher D, Hose JE, Farmer JJ, Hickman FW, Fanning GR (December 1981). "Vibrio damsela, a Marine Bacterium, Causes Skin Ulcers on the Damselfish Chromis punctipinnis". Science. 214 (4525): 1139–1140. Bibcode:1981Sci...214.1139L. doi:10.1126/science.214.4525.1139. PMID 17755898. S2CID 37342075.
- ^ MacDonell MT, Colwell RR (September 1985). "Phylogeny of the Vibrionaceae, and Recommendation for Two New Genera, Listonella and Shewanella". Syst Appl Microbiol. 6 (2): 171–182. doi:10.1016/S0723-2020(85)80051-5.
- ^ Gauthier G, Lafay B, Ruimy R, Breittmayer V, Nicolas JL, Gauthier M, et al. (January 1995). "Small-subunit rRNA sequences and whole DNA relatedness concur for the reassignment of Pasteurella piscicida (Snieszko et al.) Janssen and Surgalla to the genus Photobacterium as Photobacterium damsela subsp. piscicida comb. nov". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 45 (1): 139–144. doi:10.1099/00207713-45-1-139. PMID 7531996.
- ^ Clarridge JE, Zighelboim-Daum S (March 1985). "Isolation and characterization of two hemolytic phenotypes of Vibrio damsela associated with a fatal wound infection". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 21 (3): 302–306. doi:10.1128/jcm.21.3.302-306.1985. PMC 271651. PMID 3980686.
- ^ Kreger AS, Bernheimer AW, Etkin LA, Daniel LW (December 1987). "Phospholipase D activity of Vibrio damsela cytolysin and its interaction with sheep erythrocytes". Infection and Immunity. 55 (12): 3209–3212. doi:10.1128/iai.55.12.3209-3212.1987. PMC 260052. PMID 2890587.
- ^ Fouz B, Toranzo AE, Biosca EG, Mazoy R, Amaro C (August 1994). "Role of iron in the pathogenicity of Vibrio damsela for fish and mammals". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 121 (2): 181–188. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.1994.tb07097.x. PMID 7926669.
- ^ Yuen KY, Ma L, Wong SS, Ng WF (1993). "Fatal necrotizing fasciitis due to Vibrio damsela". Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 25 (5): 659–661. doi:10.3109/00365549309008557. PMID 8284652.
- ^ Barber GR, Swygert JS (March 2000). "Necrotizing fasciitis due to Photobacterium damsela in a man lashed by a stingray". The New England Journal of Medicine. 342 (11): 824. doi:10.1056/NEJM200003163421118. PMID 10722346.
- ^ Fraser SL, Purcell BK, Delgado B, Baker AE, Whelen AC (October 1997). "Rapidly fatal infection due to Photobacterium (Vibrio) damsela". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 25 (4): 935–936. doi:10.1086/597647. PMID 9356821.
- ^ Hassanzadeh Y, Bahador N, Baseri-Salehi M (June 2015). "First time isolation of Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae from Caranx sexfasciatus in Persian Gulf, Iran". Iranian Journal of Microbiology. 7 (3): 178–184. PMC 4676989. PMID 26668707.
- ^ Pedersen K, Skall HF, Lassen-Nielsen AM, Bjerrum L, Olesen NJ (May 2009). "Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae, an emerging pathogen in Danish rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), mariculture". Journal of Fish Diseases. 32 (5): 465–472. Bibcode:2009JFDis..32..465P. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2761.2009.01041.x. PMID 19364386. S2CID 21601106.
- ^ Fouz B, Toranzo AE, Milán M, Amaro C (March 2000). "Evidence that water transmits the disease caused by the fish pathogen Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae". Journal of Applied Microbiology. 88 (3): 531–535. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2672.2000.00992.x. PMID 10747234. S2CID 30187907.