German winter offensive in Albania (1943–1944)
The German Winter Offensive in Albania (1943–1944) (Albanian: Ofensiva Gjermane e Dimrit në Shqipëri; German: Deutsche Winteroffensive in Albanien), also known as the Winter Offensive (Albanian: Ofensiva e Dimrit; German: Winteroffensive) or the Winter campaign (Albanian: Fushata e Dimrit; German: Winterfeldzug), was a military campaign carried out by German forces during their occupation of Albania. The primary objective of this offensive was to secure southern Albania in case of a retreat. To successfully achieve this goal, the Germans needed to weaken the Albanian Partisan resistance, which had posed a significant challenge to their control in the region.
| German Winter Offensive in Albania (1943–1944) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of World War II in Albania | |||||||||
 German soldiers in Albania, 1943 | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
 LANÇ SOE |
 Germany Balli Kombëtar | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
|
Enver Hoxha Mehmet Shehu Edmund Davies (POW) Arthur Nicholls † |
Maximilian von Weichs Mid'hat Frashëri | ||||||||
| Units involved | |||||||||
 118th Jäger Division 100th Jäger Division 92nd Motorized Regiment 297th Infantry Division | |||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
|
35,000 soldiers |
45,000 soldiers 10,000 soldiers | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
|
1,000–2,876 killed 1,000–1,650 captured |
unknown unknown | ||||||||
Background
[edit]In early August 1943, representatives from the Balli Kombëtar and the National Liberation Movement (LANÇ) met in the village of Mukaj, near Tirana, to discuss a potential alliance against the Axis powers and to outline the future of an ethnic Albanian state. The conference was facilitated by British emissaries, who aimed to unify Albania’s political factions in resistance to fascist occupation, inspired by similar anti-fascist unity efforts, such as the AVNOJ in Yugoslavia.[1]
After the Armistice of Cassibile in September 1943, which marked Italy’s surrender to the Allies, Germany swiftly moved to occupy former Italian-controlled areas in the Balkans and southern France. In Albania, the German invasion presented an opportunity for both the Albanian Partisans to reclaim occupied territory. During this period, towns such as Gjirokastër and Këlcyrë were captured by local forces, while intense fighting erupted in Berat and Pogradec. Greek forces also advanced into southern Albania, capturing Sarandë. The 1st Partisan Assault Brigade launched numerous attacks against German troops across the Elbasan-Krrabë-Tirana district.[2] Meanwhile, the Balli Kombëtar made an agreement with the Germans and formed a "neutral government" in the autumn of 1943.[3]
Campaign
[edit]After continuous harassment by Albanian Partisans and the need to secure southern Albania in the event of a retreat, the German Wehrmacht launched a massive offensive during the winter of 1943–1944. This operation involved four German divisions, numbering approximately 45,000 soldiers,[4] supported by tanks and aircraft.[5]
On 15 or 16 October 1943, Brigadier General Edmund "Trotsky" Davies led a British military mission that parachuted into Albania to determine whether the communist-led LANÇ or the nationalist Balli Kombëtar deserved British support. Albania was near civil war, with the two groups already clashing in the Vlorë region. On 31 October, Davies met Enver Hoxha, who agreed to pause attacks on Ballist forces if they formally committed to fighting the Germans. On November 8, Balli leaders provided a written commitment but requested recognition, an Albanian committee in London, and a post-war Kosovo referendum. Despite this pledge, Hoxha held to his stance of fighting both internal and external enemies.[6]
November
[edit]Operation 505
[edit]On 5 November, German forces launched their first campaign against the Albanian Partisans, specifically targeting the Peza region near Tirana. The operation aimed to eliminate potential threats to the roads linking major cities such as Durrës, Tirana, and Elbasan. Over a span of eight days, the Germans killed some 100 "bandits" and Italians and captured 1,650 prisoners. Additionally, they captured a significant amount of heavy and light infantry weapons during the operation. The prisoners were later handed over to Albanian civil authorities in accordance with an agreement. On 13 November, the Germans declared the operation a success.[7][8]
Operatian Roter Mann and Edelweiss
[edit]After the success of Operation 505, German forces launched two additional operations aimed at suppressing Albanian Partisans. Operation "Roter Mann" targeted and cleared Partisan forces from Berat, while Operation "Edelweiss" pushed them out of the Dibra and Peshkopi regions. Both operations, conducted in November, were declared successful by German command.[9]
December
[edit]Operation Bergkessel
[edit]On 14 December, German forces launched a sweeping operation to clear Partisan resistance from the Mesaplik and Kurvelesh regions.[10] The operation involved the 54th Regiment of the 100th Jäger Division, totaling 6,500 soldiers, supported by artillery and reinforced by 1,500 Ballist fighters. This force engaged with the 1st Partisan Assault Brigade, led by Mehmet Shehu,[11] consisting of about 2,000 fighters. The most intense fighting occurred in Mesaplik, where, on 15 December, German forces attempted to enter the area 15 times but were repelled each time.[12] The operation ended on 23 December with minimal territorial gains and ultimately failed to achieve its main objectives.
Operation 1828
[edit]On 19 December, German and Balli Kombëtar forces launched a joint operation against Albanian Partisan leaders and British SOE officers in Çermenikë and Martanesh, where Edmund Davies and his team were located. German aircraft conducted reconnaissance in advance, and the German forces included six infantry battalions, three artillery companies from the 100th Jäger and 297th Infantry Divisions, two engineer companies from the Brandenburg Regiment, and 1,500 Ballist fighters. The Partisan forces included the 2nd and 3rd Assault Brigades, as well as the Çermenikë and Martanesh Battalions.[13][14] German forces encircled the area and inflicted heavy casualties, particularly on the 2nd Assault Brigade, rendering it ineffective as a unified force. In a move reminiscent of Mao’s Long March, the 1st Assault Brigade led by Mehmet Shehu arrived to attempt a rescue.[15][16] By 23 December, they managed to open a narrow corridor for retreat, but the German and Ballist forces had nearly annihilated Partisan resistance,[17][18][19] shattering its military and political power north of the Shkumbin River, leaving less than three demoralized small chetas intact.[20]
In December, another SOE group led by Tony Northrop landed in Albania to aid the resistance but went into hiding due to an ongoing German offensive.[21]
January
[edit]In January 1944, a British SOE unit was ambushed by Ballist forces; Davies was captured, and his lieutenant, Arthur Nicholls, was wounded. Though Nicholls managed to escape, he later died from his wounds.[22][23]
Aftermath
[edit]In mid-June 1944, the Albanian LANÇ launched a counter-offensive against the Germans, successfully capturing several large towns. The 1st Assault Division, LANÇ's only division at the time, was then deployed to central and northern Albania to continue the campaign.[24]
References
[edit]- ^ Rieber, Alfred J. (2022). Storms Over the Balkans During the Second World War. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-285803-0.
- ^ Marmullaku, Ramadan (1975). Albania and the Albanians. Archon Books. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-208-01558-7.
The enemy took Sarandë, but Gjirokastër and Kelcyra remained in the hands of the National Liberation Army units. Fighting occured in Berat and Pogradec, and the first shock brigade in the Elbasan-Krob-Tiranë district carried out a number of actions against the Germans and quislings.
- ^ Fonzi, Paolo; Rutar, Sabine; Bougarel, Xavier (2024-09-19). Food, Scarcity and Power in Southeastern Europe during the Second World War. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 199. ISBN 978-1-350-33392-5.
Open confrontation between Partisan and BK forces also began in November, resulting in the BK ceasing its resistancev activities and joining the government collaborationist forces.
- ^ Prifti, Peter R. (1999). Remote Albania: The Politics of Isolationism. Onufri. ISBN 978-99927-30-49-2.
- ^ Vickers, Miranda (2011-01-28). The Albanians: A Modern History. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85771-025-3.
- ^ Petrov, Bisser (2006-01-01). "Great Britain and resistance in Albania, 1943-1944". Etudes balkaniques: 97.
- ^ Fischer, Bernd Jürgen (1999). Albania at War, 1939-1945. Hurst. p. 196. ISBN 978-1-85065-531-2.
the Germans in early November launched their first campaign against the partisans, operation "505." The Germans did not squander their resources on unnecessary operations; rather, they confined themselves to clearing areas potentially dangerous to their communications. The Germans would seldom molest partisans in areas where they were not dangerous. Operation "505," directed against the Peza region close to Tirana, aimed to remove the possible threat to the roads linking Durrës, Tirana, and Elbasan. Within eight days the Germans declared the campaign a success, having killed some 100 "bandits" and Italians and having taken 1,650 prison- ers, who, by an earlier agreement, were turned over to the Albanian civil authorities. The Germans also reported the capture of a great deal of heavy and light infantry weapons.
- ^ Ardi, Kule. "Lufta Antifashiste Nacional-Çlirimtare".
- ^ Fischer, Bernd Jürgen (1999). Albania at War, 1939-1945. Hurst. ISBN 978-1-85065-531-2.
- ^ Ardi, Kule. "Lufta Antifashiste Nacional-Çlirimtare".
- ^ Fischer, Bernd Jürgen (1999). Albania at War, 1939-1945. Hurst. ISBN 978-1-85065-531-2.
- ^ "Lufta Partizane Shqiptare - Operacioni i dimrit". www.luftapartizane.com. Retrieved 2024-10-31.
- ^ "Lufta Partizane Shqiptare - Operacioni i dimrit". www.luftapartizane.com. Retrieved 2024-10-31.
- ^ Ardi, Kule. "Lufta Antifashiste Nacional-Çlirimtare".
- ^ Lichnofsky, Claudia; Pandelejmoni, Enriketa; Stojanov, Darko (2017-12-04). Myths and Mythical Spaces: Conditions and Challenges for History Textbooks in Albania and South-Eastern Europe. V&R unipress GmbH. ISBN 978-3-7370-0811-2.
- ^ PL, Progressive Labor. Progressive Labor Party. 1969.
- ^ Aggression, United States Congress House Select Committee on Communist (1954). Special Report of the Select Committee on Communist Aggression: House of Representatives, Eighty-third Congress, Second Session, Under Authority of H. Res. 346 and H. Res. 438. U.S. Government Printing Office.
- ^ Skendi, Stavro (1956). Albania. Mid-European Studies Center of the Free-Europe Committee, Incorporated.
- ^ Laqueur, Walter (2019-03-08). Guerrilla: A Historical And Critical Study. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-71637-9.
- ^ Fischer, Bernd Jürgen (1999). Albania at War, 1939-1945. Hurst. ISBN 978-1-85065-531-2.
- ^ Doherty, Richard (2002). Irish Volunteers in the Second World War. Four Courts Press. ISBN 978-1-85182-523-3.
- ^ West, Nigel (2014-02-18). Historical Dictionary of British Intelligence. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-7897-6.
- ^ Petrov, Bisser (2006-01-01). "Great Britain and resistance in Albania, 1943-1944". Etudes balkaniques: 99.
- ^ Marmullaku, Ramadan (1975). Albania and the Albanians. Archon Books. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-208-01558-7.