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GPATCH2L

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GPATCH2L
Identifiers
AliasesGPATCH2L, C14orf118, G-patch domain containing 2 like
External IDsMGI: 1917623; HomoloGene: 9942; GeneCards: GPATCH2L; OMA:GPATCH2L - orthologs
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

55668

70373

Ensembl

ENSG00000089916

ENSMUSG00000021254

UniProt

Q9NWQ4

Q6PE65

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_027405
NM_001324488

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001311417
NP_081681

Location (UCSC)Chr 14: 76.15 – 76.25 MbChr 12: 86.29 – 86.34 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

GPATCH2L (G-Patch Domain Containing 2 Like) is a protein that is encoded by the GPATCH2L human gene located at 14q24.3.[5] In humans, the length of mRNA in GPATCH2L (NM_017926) is 14,021 base pairs and the gene spans bases is 62,422 nt between chr14: 76,151,922 - 76,214,343.[6] GPATCH2L is on the positive strand. IFT43 is the gene directly before GPATCH2L on the positive strand and LOC105370575 is the uncharacterized gene on the negative strand, which is approximately one and a half the size of GPATCH2L. Known aliases for GPATCH2L contain C14orf118, FLJ20689, FLJ10033, and KIAA1152. GPATCH2L produces 28 distinct introns (27 gt-ag, 1 gc-ag), 17 different mRNAs, 14 alternatively spliced variants, and 3 unspliced forms.[7] It has 5 probable alternative promoters, 7 validated polyadenylation sites, and 6 predicted promoters of varying lengths.

Transcript variants

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There are 23 different transcript variants in GPATCH2L Homo sapiens. The most common is transcript variant 1 and each transcript variant uses different exons.

Exon usages of 23 transcript variants of GPATCH2L Homo sapiens from NCBI Gene.[6]
23 Transcript Variants of GPATCH2L Homo sapiens from NCBI Gene.[6]
Name Accession Number # of Exons Size (bp)
Transcript Variant 1 NM_017926 10 14,021
Transcript Variant 2 NM_017972 9 12,396
Transcript Variant 3, non-coding RNA NR_110314 10 12,511
Transcript Variant 4 NM_001322026 7 3,263
Transcript Variant 5 NM_001322027 4 4,485
Transcript Variant 6 NM_001322028 10 1,797
Transcript Variant 7 NM_001322029 9 1,825
Transcript Variant 8 NM_001322030 10 3,232
Transcript Variant 9 NM_001322031 3 5,278
Transcript Variant 10 NM_001322032 7 3,014
Transcript Variant X1 XM_017021427 11 14,388
Transcript Variant X2 XM_017021428 11 14,373
Transcript Variant X3 XM_017021429 11 3,472
Transcript Variant X4 XM_006720191 10 14,146
Transcript Variant X5 XM_017021430 11 3,457
Transcript Variant X6 XM_017021431 11 2,927
Transcript Variant X7 XM_017021432 11 2,924
Transcript Variant X8 XM_017021433 10 2,685
Transcript Variant X9 XR_001750414 10 14,302
Transcript Variant X10 XR_001750415 10 2,841
Transcript Variant X11 XR_001750416 10 3,386
Transcript Variant X12 XR_001750417 12 1,758
Transcript Variant X13 XR_001750418 12 14,488

Protein

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The GPATCH2L human protein (NP_060396) has a molecular weight of 54,260 Da and consists of 482 amino acids with a predicted isoelectric point of 8.77.[8] It has 17 different isoforms and the most common is isoform 1. Every human GPATCH2L isoform has a GPATCH2L domain, but no other significant smaller repeats were found as be seen in the schematic illustration below. Also, human GPATCH2L protein in prostate tissue reveals distinct positivity in glandular cells, according to immunohistochemical staining of human prostate GPATCH2L Antibody (HPA018856) in IHC from The Human Protein Atlas.[9]

Schematic illustration of GPATCH2L human protein was created by using Illustrater for BioSequence (IBS) tool from GPS, including the domain, disordered region, nuclear localization signal (NLS) regions, phosphorylation, phosphothreonine, O-GalNAc (mucin-type) glycosylation, 0-(beta)-GlcNAc, N-glycosylation, and O-Glycosylation sites.[10]
17 isoforms of GPATCH2L Homo sapiens protein from NCBI Gene.[6]
Name Accession Number Size (aa)
Isoform 1 NP_060396 482
Isoform 2 NP_060442 477
Isoform 4 NP_001308955 434
Isoform 5 NP_001308956 304
Isoform 6 NP_001308957 447
Isoform 7 NP_001308958 446
Isoform 8 NP_001308959 469
Isoform 9 NP_001308960 271
Isoform 10 NP_001308961 402
Isoform X1 XP_016876916 495
Isoform X2 XP_016876917 490
Isoform X3 XP_016876918 482
Isoform X4 XP_006720254 477
Isoform X5 XP_016876919 477
Isoform X6 XP_016876920 460
Isoform X7 XP_016876921 459
Isoform X8 XP_016876922 442

Secondary and tertiary structure

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Two figures show the predicted tertiary structure of GPATCH2L human protein from AlphaFold.[11] Four Alpha helix bundles and two Beta sheets are observable and these are annotated on conceptual translation.


The GPATCH2L domain annotated in yellow is shown on the predicted tertiary structure from AlphaFold[11] by using iCn3D viewer from NCBI.[6]

Interacting proteins

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GPATCH2L human protein is known to interact with KRR1, DDX10, and NOL6 within the nucleolus and nucleus.

Predicted interacting proteins of GPATCH2L Homo sapiens from STRING.[12]
Name Full Name Function Cell’s Compartment Experimental Validation String-db Score
KRR1 KRR1 small subunit processome component homolog 1) Nucleolar protein required for rRNA synthesis and ribosomal assembly. 2) it enables RNA and protein binding. 3) it is required for 40S ribosome biogenesis in the nucleolus. Nucleolus Experiments: 1) Detected by two-hybrid array assay. 2) Detected by affinity chromatography technology assay. 3) Detected by inferred by author assay. 4) Detected by tandem affinity purification assay. 0.650
DDX10 Probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX10 1) it promotes AIM2-inflammasome activation by maintaining AIM2 protein stability. 2) it promotes human lung carcinoma proliferation by U3 small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein IMP4 Nucleus Experiments: 1) Detected by two-hybrid array assay. 2) Detected by inferred by author assay. 3) Detected by tandem affinity purification assay. 0.548
NOL6 Nucleolar protein 6 A nucleolar RNA-associated protein; 1) it is related to ribosome biogenesis in endometrial cancer. 2) it promotes the proliferation and migration of endometrial cancer cells by regulating TWIST1 expression. Nucleus Experiments: 1) Detected by two-hybrid array assay. 2) Detected by inferred by author assay. 3) Detected by tandem affinity purification assay. 0.527

Gene level regulation

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Promoter

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GPATCH2L human gene has a promoter [GXP_207451] located in ch14:76150912 - 76151972.[13] The length of the promoter is 1061 bp.

Transcription factor binding sites

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In the below table, 5 transcription factors [KLFS, HOMF, SP1F, ZF02, and NFKB] are predicted to bind within a conserved section of the transcriptional regulatory region. Unlike 19 transcription factors in the table, MAZF is only specifically active in cartilage and skeleton tissues.[13] Also, PLAG is only specifically active in bone marrow cells, digestive system, embryonic structures, endocrine system, germ cells, and hematopoietic system. Most transcription factors are active in the ovary, lung, brain, prostate, bone marrow cells, which show the highest values in RNA-seq data from the Gene database record at NCBI.[6]

The multiple sequence alignment of GPATCH2L mammals shows NFKB is the most conserved transcription factor.
Detailed information about 20 transcription factors in human GPATCH2L from Genomatix.[13]
Element Description/Full Name The Best Matrix Score The Number of Binding Sites in The Region
AP1F AP1, Activating protein 1 0.903 1
NR2F Nuclear receptor subfamily 2 factors 0.826 5
LHXF Lim homeodomain factors 0.906 3
STAT Signal transducer and activator of transcription 0.896 2
HIFF Hypoxia inducible factor, bHLH/PAS protein family 0.989 5
HESF Vertebrate homologues of enhancer of split complex 0.985 2
KLFS Krueppel like transcription factors 0.912 13
GLIF GLI zinc finger family 0.914 5
PLAG Pleomorphic adenoma gene 0.845 4
SP1F GC-Box factors SP1/GC 0.855 9
EGRF EGR/nerve growth factor-induced protein C & related factors 0.930 4
HOMF Homeodomain transcription factors 0.980 5
CAAT CCAAT binding factors 0.926 1
AP2F Activator protein 2 0.917 1
ZF02 C2H2 zinc finger transcription factors 2 0.932 3
RXRF RXR heterodimer binding sites 0.850 9
SMAD Vertebrate SMAD family of transcription factors 0.994 2
CREB cAMP-responsive element binding proteins 0.844 6
NFKB Nuclear factor kappa B/c-rel 0.928 4
MAZF Myc associated zinc fingers 1.000 3

Transcript level regulation

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Expression Pattern

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RNA-seq was performed on tissue samples from 95 human individuals representing 27 different tissues to identify tissue-specificity protein-coding genes at NCBI.[6] RNA-seq data shows high expression within the bone marrow, testis, and brain tissue in GPATCH2L human mRNA. Tissues with low expression are the pancreas, liver, and salivary glands.

NCBI GEO profile across all tissues

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Human GPATCH2L mRNA level in lung carcinoma and all normal tissues, including lung tissue, on average from NCBI GEO.[14]

Significantly different gene expressions in tissues are shown in a microarray-assessed tissue expression pattern (GDS596) in GPATCH2L Homo sapiens from NCBI GEO.[14] The high gene expressions in cerebellum, fetal brain, bone marrow, ovary, prostate, and lung tissues in RNA-seq data are extremely low in GDS596. However, the gene expressions in liver, pancreas, salivary gland, and fetal liver tissues remain low in every gene database record.

A graph in NCBI GEO can be interpreted as follows: a 'single channel' sample means that a hybridization where cDNA obtained from one biosource is combined with the array.[14] This method is typically used for membrane (filter) arrays with radionucleotide labels and high-density oligonucleotide arrays with fluorescent labels. This experiment type makes the measurements of gene expression, which are defined as scaled/normalized signal count values that correspond to "value" in the below tables and right figures.

Three highest values among 158 samples in a microarray-assessed tissue expression pattern (GDS596) in GPATCH2L Homo sapiens from NCBI GEO.[14]
Sample/Tissue Title Value Rank
GSM19012 / (Superior Cervical Ganglion) 3AJZ02081478b_Superior_Cervical_Ganglion 1408.7 81
GSM19014 / (Skeletal Muscle) 3AJZ02083092b_Skeletal_Muscle_Psoas 819.2 83
GSM19009 / (Dorsal Root Ganglion) 3ARS02080736e_DRG 787.4 81
Three lowest values among 158 samples in a microarray-assessed tissue expression pattern (GDS596) in GPATCH2L Homo Sapiens from NCBI GEO.[14]
Sample/Tissue Title Value Rank
GSM18875 / (PB-CD 56+NK cells) / (Superior Cervical Ganglion) 3AMH02082109_PB_CD56NKCells 10.1 19
GSM18969 / (Cardiac Myocytes) 3AJZ02053107_CardiacMyocytes 10.1 12
GSM18881 / (PB - CD 19 + B cells) 3AMH02082107_PB_CD19BCells 10.5 28

Predicted stem-loops and miRNA targeting

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The nucleic acid secondary structure of human GPATCH2L (5’UTR) shows one stem-loop, inframe stop codon, start codon, and exon boundaries. In this stem-loop, g and g are not connected. However, these are conserved in the multiple sequence alignment of this stem-loop region. In the 3'UTR figure, there are 10 stem-loops and these are zoomed in another figure. Although 3-3), 3-6), 3-9) show weird structure (3: CCTT, 6: CAT, TTC, 9:GTG), every letter is conserved in its multiple sequence alignment. Especially, 3-8) includes hsa-miRNA-205 in its stem-loop, and every letter of hsa-miRNA-205 is conserved in the multiple sequence alignment.



Protein level regulation

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Immunochemistry (IHC)

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GPATCH2L protein is highly expressed in the bone marrow tissues, according to immunohistochemical staining of human hematopoietic cells in bone marrow tissue GPATCH2L Antibody (HPA018856) in IHC from The Human Protein Atlas.[9] Also, it has shown that GPATCH2L protein is highly expressed in human respiratory epithelial cells in bronchus tissue and human cells in endometrial stroma and glandular cells in endometrium tissue.

Protein localization and abundance

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GPATCH2L Homo sapiens protein is mainly localized to the nucleoplasm, according to GPATCH2L antibody staining from The Human Protein Atlas and Thermo Fisher Scientific.[9][15] Also, 82.6% of GPATCH2L human protein is predicted to be located in the nucleus, according to PSORT II[16] and pI/MW tool from Expasy.[8] GPATCH2L human protein is Isoleucine poor (I−), Serine rich (S+), and Arginine rich (R+) compared to other human proteins.[17] The post-translational modification sites [O-GalNAc (mucin-type) glycosylation, 0-(beta)-GlcNAc, N-glycosylation, O-glycosylation, and phosphorylation] are annotated on the conceptual translation. The conceptual translation figures in Wikipedia only include 1,560 bp mRNA and 482 amino acids.

Human GPATCH2L isoform 1 (NM_017926.4) annotated conceptual translation 1
Human GPATCH2L isoform 1 (NM_017926.4) annotated conceptual translation 2

Homology and evolution

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Orthologs and paralogs

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GPATCH2L Homo sapiens has orthologs in Mammalia, Reptilia, Amphibia, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Ave, Fish, and Invertebrate. The values [query cover values (%), sequence identity (%), and sequence similarity (%)] decrease as the group changes into more distant orthologs from Homo sapiens, such as Invertebrates. However, frogs are unusual in that they have a very low sequence identity (36.8% - 38.0%). Also, the class of fungi and bacteria that contain GPATCH2L homologs was not able to be found using NCBI Homologene.[18] The paralogs of GPATCH2L Homo sapiens were found by using NCBI Homologene. In the below table, MYA stands for "Million Years Ago" and the equation of the corrected divergence [m] is 100*(-LN(sequence similarity(%)).

20 different orthologs of GPATCH2L that include Mammalia, Reptiles, Birds, Amphibians, Fish, and Invertebrates.
GPATCH2L Genus, Species Common Name Taxonomic Group Divergence Date (MYA) Accession Number Query Cover Sequence Length (aa) Sequence Identity (%) Sequence Similarity (%) Corrected Divergence [m]
Mammalia Homo sapiens Human Primates 0 NP_060396.2 100.0% 482 100.0% 100.0% 0
Mammalia Mus musculus House Mouse Rodentia 90 XP_006516282.1 100.0% 490 86.1% 90.0% 10.5
Mammalia Ursus arctos horribilis Grizzly Bear Carnivora 94 XP_026375234.1 93.8% 479 93.8% 95.4% 4.7
Mammalia Equus caballus Horse Perissodactyla 94 XP_023483915.1 94.8% 482 86.1% 90.0% 10.5
Reptiles Chelonia mydas Green Sea Turtle Testudines 318 XP_007064235.1 85.8% 485 85.8% 90.3% 10.2
Reptiles Crocodylus porosus Saltwater Crocodile Crocodilia 318 XP_019407441.1 84.2% 486 84.2% 89.3% 11.3
Aves Dromaius novaehollandiae Emu Casuariiformes 318 XP_025976214.1 83.7% 484 83.7% 89.5% 11.1
Aves Falco cherrug Saker Falcon Falconiformes 318 XP_014139614.1 85.2% 484 85.2% 89.9% 10.6
Amphibians Xenopus laevis African Clawed Frog Anura 352 XP_018120469.1 36.8% 481 32.9% 44.1% 81.9
Amphibians Xenopus tropicalis Western Clawed Frog Anura 352 XP_004914844.1 37.4% 481 33.7% 46.5% 76.6
Amphibians Eleutherodactylus coqui Common coquí (Frog) Anura 352 KAG9484589.1 38.0% 478 35.4% 48.5% 72.4
Fish Paramormyrops kingsleyae Elephantfish Osteoglossiformes (bony fish) 433 XP_023683992.1 58.8% 483 52.0% 60.9% 49.6
Fish Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Chinook Salmon Salmoniformes (bony fish) 433 XP_024285887.1 56.2% 481 50.6% 61.3% 48.9
Fish Danio rerio Zebrafish Cypriniformes (Zebrafish) 433 XP_009293252.1 35.5% 489 32.1% 43.3% 83.7
Fish Carcharodon carcharias Great White Shark Lamniformes (sharks and rays) 465 XP_041071062.1 50.9% 484 45.7% 56.0% 58.0
Invertebrates Trachymyrmex septentrionalis Ant Arthropoda 736 XP_018345408.1 29.9% 485 24.3% 33.2% 110.3
Invertebrates Chionoecetes opilio Snow Crab Arthropoda 736 KAG0728066.1 31.3% 478 21.0% 32.1% 113.6
Invertebrates Amphibalanus amphitrite Acorn Barnacle Arthropoda 736 XP_043205896.1 30.1% 489 23.8% 34.9% 105.3
Invertebrates Owenia fusiformis Tubeworm Annelida 736 CAC9666901.1 33.3% 480 27.8% 41.0% 89.2
Invertebrates Pomacea canaliculata Channeled Applesnail Mollusca 736 XP_025105792.1 31.0% 489 25.4% 38.2% 96.2
Invertebrates Octopus sinensis Asian Common Octopus Mollusca 736 XP_036357334.1 34.2% 462 26.2% 36.6% 100.5
6 paralogs of GPATCH2L Homo sapiens.
Paralogs [Homo sapiens] Accession Number Sequence Length (aa) Sequence Identity (%) Sequence Similarity (%) Corrected Divergence [m]
GPATCH2L NP_060396.2 482 100.0% 100.0% 0
GPATCH2 NP_060510.1 528 31.3% 43.6% 83.0
GPATCH1 NP_060495 931 9.8% 17.2% 176.0
GPATCH3 NP_071361 525 13.3% 22.8% 147.8
GPATCH4 NP_056405 375 6.8% 11.2% 218.9
GPATCH8 NP_001002909 1502 8.1% 12.3% 209.6
GPATCH11 NP_777591 525 9.2% 18.4% 169.3

Evolution

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GPATCH2L evolves more slowly compared to Fibrinogen Alpha Chain but faster than Cytochrome C.[19] In the unrooted tree of GPATCH2L protein, only one mammal (human) is included since every species in mammals is very closely related to each other, showing various short lines. Arthropoda in invertebrates shows the longest line, meaning that they have diverged the longest.

GPATCH2L Homo sapiens evolutionary graph
An unrooted tree of GPATCH2L protein, including Mammal, Bird, Reptile, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Annelida, Amphibians, and Fish, was created by using LIRMM.[20]

Distant homologs

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The closest organisms that do/do not have GPATCH2L are as follows: In reptiles, GPATCH2L homologs in crocodile, turtle, snake, lizard, gecko were found by using NCBI Blast,[21] while there were no homologs in skink, chameleon, and iguana. In amphibians, GPATCH2L homologs in frog, toad, and salamander were found by using NCBI Blast,[21] while other types of amphibians, such as caecilian, microsauria, and labyrinthodontia, do not contain GPATCH2L gene. In Invertebrates, NCBI Blast[21] demonstrates that scallop, starfish, octopus, spider have GPATCH2L gene, but sponge and jellyfish do not. Lastly, there are no GPATCH2L homolog in fungi and bacteria, according to NCBI Blast.[21]

The analysis of amino acids in GPATCH2L human with distant homologs [ant, honeybee, acorn barnacle, octopus, and snail].

Function and biochemistry

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GPATCH2L’s function is still unknown; however, the paralog GPATCH3 has been shown to participate in innate immune response within mammals.[22] GPATCH 3 negatively regulates RLR-mediated innate antiviral response, disrupting VISA signalosome assembly.[23] It has also shown to participate in ocular and craniofacial development.[24]

Clinical significance

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An SNP (rs935332) within the human GPATCH2L region is related to scleroderma renal crisis (SRC), according to the validation cohort.[25] Immunostaining of renal biopsy sections demonstrated an increase in tubular expression of GPATCH2L, despite the absence of any genetic replication for the associated SNP.[25]

Retinitis Pigmentosa 24 is one of the diseases that is associated with this gene.[5] The expression of GPATCH2L in cancer is as follows: A few cases of pancreatic cancers exhibited strong immunoreactivity, while malignant lymphomas, colorectal, breast, and prostate cancers were negative or weakly stained.[26]

GPATCH2 is overexpressed in the great majority of breast cancer cases since it encodes a nuclear factor that may be important for tumor growth during breast cancer and spermatogenesis.[27] An interaction of hPrp43 (an RNA-dependent ATPase) and GPATCH2 protein greatly improves the ATPase activity of hPrp43 and cause a growth-promoting effect on mammalian cells.[28] Since GPATCH2 may be novel cancer/testis antigen, according to northern blot analyses of normal human organs, targeting GPATCH2 or inhibiting the interaction between hPrp43 and GPATCH2 could be a therapeutic technique for breast cancer.[28]

References

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  1. ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000089916 – Ensembl, May 2017
  2. ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000021254 – Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. ^ a b "GPATCH2L". www.genecards.org. GeneCards.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g "GPATCH2L G-patch domain containing 2 like [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  7. ^ "AceView entry on FLJ20689". AceView.
  8. ^ a b "GPATCH2L pI/MW". Expasy.[permanent dead link‍]
  9. ^ a b c "Tissue expression of GPATCH2L - Staining in prostate - The Human Protein Atlas". www.proteinatlas.org.
  10. ^ "IBS: Illustrator for Biological Sequences". ibs.biocuckoo.org.
  11. ^ a b "AlphaFold Protein Structure Database". alphafold.ebi.ac.uk.
  12. ^ "STRING entry on GPATCH2L". string-db.org.
  13. ^ a b c "Genomatix entry on human GPATCH2L". Archived from the original on 2012-01-14. Retrieved 2021-12-17.
  14. ^ a b c d e "NCBI GEO entry on human GPATCH2L GDS596". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  15. ^ "Anti-GPATCH2L Antibodies | Invitrogen". www.thermofisher.com.
  16. ^ "PSORT II Prediction". psort.hgc.jp.
  17. ^ "SAPS < Sequence Statistics < EMBL-EBI". www.ebi.ac.uk.
  18. ^ "Home - Protein - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  19. ^ "TimeTree :: The Timescale of Life". www.timetree.org.
  20. ^ "LIRMM". www.lirmm.fr.
  21. ^ a b c d "BLAST: Basic Local Alignment Search Tool". blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  22. ^ Li M, Liu C, Xu X, Liu Y, Jiang Z, Li Y, et al. (November 2020). "Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) GPATCH3 initiates IFN 1 expression via the activation of STING-IRF7 signal axis". Developmental and Comparative Immunology. 112: 103781. doi:10.1016/j.dci.2020.103781. PMID 32645337. S2CID 220465136.
  23. ^ Nie Y, Ran Y, Zhang HY, Huang ZF, Pan ZY, Wang SY, Wang YY (April 2017). "GPATCH3 negatively regulates RLR-mediated innate antiviral responses by disrupting the assembly of VISA signalosome". PLOS Pathogens. 13 (4): e1006328. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1006328. PMC 5407853. PMID 28414768.
  24. ^ Ferre-Fernández JJ, Aroca-Aguilar JD, Medina-Trillo C, Bonet-Fernández JM, Méndez-Hernández CD, Morales-Fernández L, et al. (April 2017). "Whole-Exome Sequencing of Congenital Glaucoma Patients Reveals Hypermorphic Variants in GPATCH3, a New Gene Involved in Ocular and Craniofacial Development". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 46175. Bibcode:2017NatSR...746175F. doi:10.1038/srep46175. PMC 5387416. PMID 28397860. S2CID 28275432.
  25. ^ a b Stern EP, Guerra SG, Chinque H, Acquaah V, González-Serna D, Ponticos M, et al. (November 2020). "Analysis of Anti-RNA Polymerase III Antibody-positive Systemic Sclerosis and Altered GPATCH2L and CTNND2 Expression in Scleroderma Renal Crisis". The Journal of Rheumatology. 47 (11): 1668–1677. doi:10.3899/jrheum.190945. PMID 32173657. S2CID 212728058.
  26. ^ "The expression of GPATCH2L in cancer". The Human Protein Atlas.
  27. ^ Lin ML, Fukukawa C, Park JH, Naito K, Kijima K, Shimo A, et al. (August 2009). "Involvement of G-patch domain containing 2 overexpression in breast carcinogenesis". Cancer Science. 100 (8): 1443–1450. doi:10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01185.x. PMC 11158124. PMID 19432882. S2CID 205235010.
  28. ^ a b Lin ML, Fukukawa C, Park JH, Naito K, Kijima K, Shimo A, et al. (August 2009). "Involvement of G-patch domain containing 2 overexpression in breast carcinogenesis". Cancer Science. 100 (8): 1443–1450. doi:10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01185.x. PMC 11158124. PMID 19432882. S2CID 205235010.
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