Expedition to Vyborg
| Expedition to Vyborg | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Russo-Swedish War (1554-1557) | |||||||
 Ivan Vasilyevich "releases his voivodes to the King of Sweden" Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Tsardom of Russia |
.svg){kind=small} Kingdom of Sweden | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
|
Pyotr Schenyatev Dmitry Paletsky Ivan Sheremetyev |
Jakob Bagge | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 5,000 to 25,000 | Unknown, but less | ||||||
The Expedition to Vyborg was a major military campaign undertaken by the Russians, took place in winter of 1556. The main goal of the expedition was to inflict as much material and human damage as possible, which would force Stockholm to request a truce.
A new Russo-Swedish war started over border disputes began in 1554. Already in early 1555, the Russians were defeated at the fortress of Kivinebb by local militias. A major Swedish expedition aimed at capturing Oreshek was also unsuccessful. By the end of 1555, Ivan the Terrible decided to end the military actions, and sent large forces on a punitive expedition to southern Finland. The Russian offensive proved successful, significant trophies were captured and numerous prisoners were taken, after this expedition, the Swedish King Gustav Vasa requested an armistice.
Background
[edit]Prelude
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In early 1555, the Russians invaded Finland with the aim of plundering the territory.[1] They were opposed by Finnish peasants, who could maneuver much better on skis, taking into account their knowledge of the territory.[2] On March 11, a battle took place, the Russian commander was killed, as a result of which the entire army became upset and began to retreat disorganized.[3]
In the autumn, the Swedes, with 12,000 led by Jakob Bagge, invaded Russia and laid siege to Oreshek.[4] Russian Garrison resisted, staged attacks and interfered with the siege in every possible way, besides, in Karelia, the Russians ravaged several border villages, the three-week siege ended in failure for the Swedes and they retreated with heavy casualties,[5] the pursuit by the Russians proved unsuccessful.[6]
Expedition objectives
[edit]
The Russian army had at its disposal from 5,000[7] to 25,000,[8] who was confronted by the smaller Swedish troops, who gradually entered the battle.[9] In total, Muscovy's troops consisted of six regiments, among which were Cossacks, "datochny people", Tatars, Boyar scions and Streltsy. This army was commanded by 8 voivodes, including two grand knyazes Pyotr Schenyatev and Dmitry Paletsky.[10]
The Russian invasion was purely punitive in nature, with no attempts to seize or hold any territory.[7] Analysis of Nikon Chronicle It shows that there were no instructions regarding the capture of Vyborg or other major cities, which is completely different from other foreign campaigns of Russian troops, such as during the siege of Kazan (1552) or Dorpat (1558), where it was clearly stated that the city should be captured.[11] Gustav Vasa later wrote to the Russian knyaz Mikhail Vasilevich Glinsky that the captured Muscovites had orders containing only what "you are ordered to plunder and burn".[12] Indirect confirmation is also that, given the presence of strong artillery, the Russians did not try to storm Vyborg, although they had all the means to do so.[12]
Campaign
[edit]
Russians set out from Novgorod on December 26,[13] but crossed the Swedish border only on January 20.[8] Russians immediately began to advance in the direction of Kivinebb, where the detachment was located, trying to stop the Russians.[13] After a short battle, he was completely defeated.[4] The next battle took place directly near Vyborg, where the Swedes attacked and defeated Nikita Priimkov's Yertaul regiment, however, Ivan Sheremetyev came to his aid, who forced the Swedes to retreat, carried away by the pursuit, he was ambushed and wounded, but the Tatars came to reinforce him and hit the Swedes on the flanks, turning them into a disorderly flight.[7] After that, the Swedish forces around Vyborg acted passively.[4] Between 85 and 115 Swedes died in this battle,[8] and a significant number of aristocrats were captured.[7] A detachment of 800 men came from Stockholm, but on the march he was attacked by Muscovites at the Lavretsky churchyard and defeated.[12] Garrison tried to make a sortie, but the Russians forced them to retreat to the fortress with artillery fire, the garrison, having suffered heavy losses,[13] no longer interfered with the Muscovites, and they went further to the Vuoksi River, where another battle took place, in which the Russians won.[14] As a result, a huge number of civilians and aristocrats were captured, and the Muscovites returned almost without losses.[12]
Aftermath
[edit]
Russians stood near Vyborg for 3 days, and then retreated, the Swedish chronicles decided that this was due to the fact that the Russians overestimated the strength of the garrison.[5] Moscovites probably did this because the depth of the breakthrough from Vyborg exceeded 100 versts,[13] and the Russians were just gathering together to retreat home with a large number of prisoners.[15] In general, the Russian campaign can be considered a success,[8] the news of it also scared the whole of Finland[5] and negotiations began in the summer.[16]
Reference
[edit]- ^ Penskoi (2021), p. 169.
- ^ Väänänen, Kalle: Vainotien vartijat; Etelä-Karjalan maanpuolustushistoriaa, Viipurin Suojeluskuntapiirin Piiriesikunta, Karjalan kirjapaino oy Viipuri 1939. pp. 10.
- ^ Shkvarov (2012), p. 56.
- ^ a b c Shkvarov (2012), p. 57.
- ^ a b c Forsten (1893), p. 20.
- ^ Penskoi (2021), p. 170.
- ^ a b c d Nekrasov (2012), p. 122.
- ^ a b c d Wolkov (2004), p. 114.
- ^ Nekrasov (2012), p. 119.
- ^ Penskoi (2021), pp. 170–171.
- ^ Tiberg (1984), p. 126.
- ^ a b c d Nekrasov (2012), p. 123.
- ^ a b c d Penskoi (2021), p. 171.
- ^ Zimin & Khoroshkevich (1982), p. 90.
- ^ Nekrasov (2012), pp. 123–124.
- ^ Penskoi (2021), p. 172.
Bibliography
[edit]- Zimin, Alexander; Khoroshkevich, Anna (1982). "Восток или Запад?" [East or West?]. Россия времени Ивана Грозного [Russia of the time of Ivan the Terrible] (in Russian). Moscow: Наука.
- Wolkov, Vladimir (2004). Войны и войска Московского государства [Wars and troops of the Moscow State] (in Russian). Moscow: Эксмо. ISBN 5-699-05914-8.
- Penskoi, Vitaly (2021). "Центурионы" Ивана Грозного: Воеводы и головы Московского войска второй половины XVI века ["Centurions" of Ivan the Terrible: Voivodes and Heads of the Moscow army of the second half of the XVI century] (in Russian). Series: Новейшие исследования по истории России [The latest research on the history of Russia]. Moscow: Центрополиграф. ISBN 978-5-227-09581-7.
- Shkvarov, Alexei (2012). Россия и Швеция. История военных конфликтов 1142-1809 [Russia and Sweden. The history of military conflicts 1142-1809] (in Russian). Saint-Petersburg: RME Group Oy:Алетейя. ISBN 978-5-91419-754-1.
- Nekrasov, Oleg (2012). Зимнее наступление русских войск 1556 и осада Выборга [The winter offensive of the Russian troops in 1556 and the siege of Vyborg]. Bulletin of St. Petersburg State University (in Russian): 119–126.
- Tiberg, E. (1984). Vorgeschichte des Livländischen Krieges. Die Beziehungen zwischen Moskau un Litauen 1549-1562 (in Swedish). Uppsala: Studia Historica Upsaliensia.
- Forsten, Georgi (1893). Балтийский вопрос в XVI и XVII столетиях [The Baltic question in the 16th and 17th centuries] (in Russian). Vol. 1: Борьба из-за Ливонии [The struggle over Livonia]. Записки историко-филологического факультета Императорского Санкт-Петербургского университета [Notes of the Historical and Philological Faculty of the Imperial Saint Petersburg University]. Типография Балашева.