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Contributor Roles Taxonomy

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The Contributor Roles Taxonomy, commonly known as CRediT, is a controlled vocabulary of types of contributions to a research project.[1] CRediT is commonly used by scientific journals to provide an indication of what each contributor to a project did. The CRediT standard includes machine-readable metadata.[2]

Historically, articles in scientific journals included a list of authors but gave little or no indication of what each author did. Beginning in the 1990s, Drummond Rennie and others argued that journals should indicate who did what.[3] In 2012, a first draft of the CRediT standard was developed in the context of biomedicine by a group of funders, publishers, and researchers.[1]

The CRediT standard provides 14 categories of contribution:

  • Conceptualization
  • Methodology
  • Software
  • Validation
  • Formal Analysis
  • Investigation
  • Resources
  • Data curation
  • Writing – Original Draft
  • Writing – Review & Editing
  • Visualization
  • Supervision
  • Project Administration
  • Funding acquisition

There is also a longer description of each category.[4]

Of the publishers that use CRediT, some have also implemented the possibility for researchers to indicate whether a researcher played a lead, equal or supporting role for each of their contribution types.[5]

In common practice, researchers submitting an article for publication to a journal using CRediT are asked to tick a box next to each of the fourteen contribution types associated with the work that they did.

Possible benefits of indicating who did what using CRediT are:

  • Better assignment of credit for scientific work.[1]: 151 
  • Fewer disputes among potential authors.[1]: 151 
  • An increase in the incentives for collaboration.[1]: 151 
  • An increase in the incentives for sharing of data and code.[1]: 151 
  • Increasing accountability when questions arise about particular aspects of a project, through its indication of which researcher(s) did the associated work[3]
  • Enabling large-scale analyses of the scientific literature to improve understanding of how science works[6][7]

In 2022, CRediT became an ANSI/NISO standard[8] (ANSI/NISO z39104-2022-credit).[9] The official CRediT standard is in English only, but translations into other languages have been created.[10]

History

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Citing inadequacies with current practices in listing authors of papers in medical research journals, Drummond Rennie and co-authors, writing in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) in 1997, called for:

a radical conceptual and systematic change, to reflect the realities of multiple authorship and to buttress accountability. We propose dropping the outmoded notion of author in favor of the more useful and realistic one of contributor.[1]: 152 

In the 2000s, prestigious journals such as Nature began requiring authors to provide information about what their contributions were,[11] but there was no widely-used or machine-readable standard for this.

In 2012, a draft taxonomy was created at a workshop at Harvard.[12] Beginning in 2014, a working group of publishers, funders, and university representatives began meeting to refine the draft of the CRediT taxonomy, coordinated by the Consortia for Advancing Standards in Research Administration Information (CASRAI).[12]

By 2017, PLOS journals and eLife had adopted CRediT,[13][14] and in 2018 it was endorsed by representatives of the National Academy of Sciences.[15] Over the next several years, some of the largest publishers of scientific journals began using CRediT.[16][17][18][19]

Limitations and criticism

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CRediT was primarily designed with scientific journal articles in mind,[20] and even within that, some researchers have reported difficulty mapping the CRediT categories onto their field.[21] In 2023, a systematic scoping review identified 20 unique ethical issues related to contributor role taxonomies like CRediT.[22] One of the highlighted issues pertains to the use of taxonomies like CRediT in specific contexts. For example, the work of performing a literature review may arguably be classified as "Investigation" or "Formal analysis", but neither may seem a good fit.[23] In a study of one psychology research project, independent researchers read detailed descriptions of other researchers' contributions, the results indicated that the independent researchers had low agreement about both the number and type that the contributions should be classified into.[24] Nevertheless, there have also been suggestions on how to extend CRediT roles in three phases including "Identification of candidate roles", "Deciding what roles to include in the standard lists", and "Integrating new roles into the existing list of roles".[25]

CrossRef, which is the largest maintainer of metadata about scientific articles, does not currently support import of CRediT information, but this feature is in development.[26]

As the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors has pointed out, documenting contributions with CRediT or another scheme "leaves unresolved the question of the quantity and quality of contribution that qualify an individual for authorship", suggesting that authorship guidelines are still necessary.[27]

[edit]

The Contributor Roles Ontology is an extension of the CRediT taxonomy into more specific roles.[28] An extension for clinical trials (CRediT-RCT) has been proposed.[29]

Other taxonomies have been created that may be more suitable to other fields, such as the Taxonomy of Digital Research Activities in the Humanities (TaDiRAH).[30]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g Brand, Amy; Allen, Liz; Altman, Micah; Hlava, Marjorie; Scott, Jo (1 April 2015). "Beyond authorship: attribution, contribution, collaboration, and credit". Learned Publishing. 28 (2): 151–155. doi:10.1087/20150211. S2CID 45167271.
  2. ^ "CRediT taxonomy – JATS4R". 2022-05-09. Retrieved 2024-08-11.
  3. ^ a b Rennie, Drummond (1997-08-20). "When Authorship Fails: A Proposal to Make Contributors Accountable". JAMA. 278 (7): 579–585. doi:10.1001/jama.1997.03550070071041. ISSN 0098-7484. PMID 9268280.
  4. ^ https://credit.niso.org/
  5. ^ "How to implement CRediT". CRediT. 2020-04-14. Retrieved 2024-08-09.
  6. ^ Larivière, Vincent; Desrochers, Nadine; Macaluso, Benoît; Mongeon, Philippe; Paul-Hus, Adèle; Sugimoto, Cassidy R (June 2016). "Contributorship and division of labor in knowledge production". Social Studies of Science. 46 (3): 417–435. doi:10.1177/0306312716650046. hdl:1866/23289. ISSN 0306-3127. PMID 28948891.
  7. ^ Ngiam, William X. Q. (2021-12-29). "Fully Credited: Making Publishing More Equitable". APS Observer. 35.
  8. ^ "Contributor Roles Taxonomy (CRediT) Formalized as ANSI/NISO Standard | NISO website". www.niso.org. Retrieved 2024-08-09.
  9. ^ "ANSI/NISO Z39.104-2022, CRediT, Contributor Roles Taxonomy | NISO website". www.niso.org. Retrieved 2024-08-09.
  10. ^ "Translations of CRediT". contributorshipcollaboration.github.io. Retrieved 2024-08-09.
  11. ^ "Authorship policies". Nature. 458 (7242): 1078. April 2009. Bibcode:2009Natur.458.1078.. doi:10.1038/4581078a. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 19407745.
  12. ^ a b Brand, Amy; Allen, Liz; Altman, Micah; Hlava, Marjorie; Scott, Jo (April 2015). "Beyond authorship: attribution, contribution, collaboration, and credit". Learned Publishing. 28 (2): 151–155. doi:10.1087/20150211. ISSN 0953-1513.
  13. ^ Atkins, Helen (2016). "Author Credit: PLOS and CRediT Update". PLOS blog. Archived from the original on 2024-08-09. Retrieved 2024-08-09.
  14. ^ "Enabling the Contributor Roles Taxonomy for author contributions". eLife. 2017-01-04. Retrieved 2024-08-09.
  15. ^ McNutt, Marcia K.; Bradford, Monica; Drazen, Jeffrey M.; Hanson, Brooks; Howard, Bob; Jamieson, Kathleen Hall; Kiermer, Véronique; Marcus, Emilie; Pope, Barbara Kline; Schekman, Randy; Swaminathan, Sowmya; Stang, Peter J.; Verma, Inder M. (2018-03-13). "Transparency in authors' contributions and responsibilities to promote integrity in scientific publication". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115 (11): 2557–2560. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115.2557M. doi:10.1073/pnas.1715374115. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5856527. PMID 29487213.
  16. ^ "CRediT: How do we recognize contributions to Research? An interview with V.P. of Publications at AGU". www.wiley.com. Retrieved 2024-08-09.
  17. ^ "CRediT". Sage Publications. 2020-01-14. Retrieved 2024-08-09.
  18. ^ "CRediT where credit's due". www.elsevier.com. Retrieved 2024-08-09.
  19. ^ "Frontiers adopts CRediT to enhance clarity in research authorship". www.frontiersin.org. Retrieved 2024-08-09.
  20. ^ Meadows, Alice (2022-05-24). "Next Steps for CRediT - An Interview with the Co-Chairs". The Scholarly Kitchen. Retrieved 2024-08-11.
  21. ^ Gadd, Elizabeth (2020-01-20). "CRediT Check – Should we welcome tools to differentiate the contributions made to academic papers?". LSE Impact of Social Sciences blog. Archived from the original on 2024-04-16. Retrieved 2024-08-10.
  22. ^ Hosseini, Mohammad; Gordijn, Bert; Wafford, Q. Eileen; Holmes, Kristi L. (2024-08-17). "A systematic scoping review of the ethics of Contributor Role Ontologies and Taxonomies". Accountability in Research. 31 (6): 678–705. doi:10.1080/08989621.2022.2161049. ISSN 0898-9621.
  23. ^ "Into which category of the CRediT contributor role taxonomy does an (extensive) literature review go?". Academia Stack Exchange. Retrieved 2024-08-09.
  24. ^ Brown, J. Oliver; Staton, Christian; Smith, Timothy; Paris, Bastien (2020). "Credit where credit is due? An examination of the reliability of crediting behavior in science". Open Science Framework.
  25. ^ Hosseini, Mohammad; Colomb, Julien; Holcombe, Alex O.; Kern, Barbara; Vasilevsky, Nicole A.; Holmes, Kristi L. (2023). "Evolution and adoption of contributor role ontologies and taxonomies". Learned Publishing. 36 (2): 275–284. doi:10.1002/leap.1496. ISSN 0953-1513.
  26. ^ "Metadata schema development plans - Crossref". Crossref community forum. 2024-07-22. Retrieved 2024-08-10.
  27. ^ "Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals" (PDF). International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. 2024. Retrieved 2024-08-11.
  28. ^ Vasilevsky, Nicole A.; Hosseini, Mohammad; Teplitzky, Samantha; Ilik, Violeta; Mohammadi, Ehsan; Schneider, Juliane; Kern, Barbara; Colomb, Julien; Edmunds, Scott C.; Gutzman, Karen; Himmelstein, Daniel S.; White, Marijane; Smith, Britton; O’Keefe, Lisa; Haendel, Melissa (2021-01-02). "Is authorship sufficient for today's collaborative research? A call for contributor roles". Accountability in Research. 28 (1): 23–43. doi:10.1080/08989621.2020.1779591. ISSN 0898-9621. PMC 7736357. PMID 32602379.
  29. ^ Zhang, Zhongheng; Wang, Stephen D.; Li, Grace S.; Kong, Guilan; Gu, Hongqiu; Alfonso, Fernando (December 2019). "The contributor roles for randomized controlled trials and the proposal for a novel CRediT-RCT". Annals of Translational Medicine. 7 (24): 812–812. doi:10.21037/atm.2019.12.96. PMC 6989869. PMID 32042828.
  30. ^ "ACDH-CH/DARIAH Vocabularies: TaDiRAH: Taxonomy of Digital Research Activities in the Humanities". vocabs.dariah.eu. Retrieved 2024-08-09.
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