Biofloc Technology
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Biofloc technology (BFT) is a system of aquaculture that uses "microbial biotechnology to increase the efficacy and utilization of fish feeds, where toxic materials such as nitrogen components are treated and converted to a useful product, like a protein for using as supplementary feeds to the fish and crustaceans."[1]
In high nitrogen environments, the beneficial heterotrophic bacteria are typically limited by carbon levels. Therefore, adding a readily available source of carbon allows the bacteria to simultaneously take up a greater portion of nitrogen (contributing to better water quality) as well as generate biomass that then serves as food for the cultured animals.[2]
The species of fish and crustaceans must be carefully chosen in order for the BFT system to realize its full potential.
History
[edit]The first BFT was developed in the 1970s at Ifremer-COP (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea, Oceanic Center of Pacific) with Penaeus monodon, Fenneropenaeus merguiensis, Litopenaeus vannamei, and L. stylirostris.[3][4] Israel and USA (Waddell Mariculture Center) also started Research and Development with Tilapia and L. vannamei in the late 1980s and 1990s.
Commercial application started in 1988 at a farm in Tahiti (French Polynesia) using 1000m2 concrete tanks with limited water exchange achieving a record of 20–25 tons/ha/year in 2 crops.[5] A farm located in Belize, Central America also produced around 11-26 tons/ha/cycle using 1.6 ha poly-lined ponds. Another farm located in Maryland, USA also produced 45-ton shrimp per year using ~570 m3 indoor greenhouse BFT race-ways.[6] BFT has been successfully practiced in large-scale shrimp and finfish farms in Asia, Latin, and Central America, the USA, South Korea, Brazil, Italy, China, India, and others. However, research on BFT by Universities and Research Centers are refining BFT for farm application in grow-out culture, feeding technology, reproduction, microbiology, biotechnology, and economics.
The role of microorganisms
[edit]Microorganisms play a vital role in feeding and maintaining the overall health of cultured animals. The flocs of bacteria (biofloc) are a nutrient-rich source of proteins and lipids, providing food for the fish throughout the day.[7] The water column shows a complex interaction between living microbes, planktons, organic matter, substrates, and grazers, such as rotifers, ciliates, protozoa and copepods which serves as a secondary source of food.[8] The combination of these particulate matters keeps the recycling of nutrients and maintains the water quality.[9][10]
The consumption of floc by cultured organisms has proven to increase the immunity and growth rate,[11] decrease feed conversion ratio, and reduce the overall cost of production.[12] The growth promotional factors have been attributed to both bacteria and plankton, where up to 30% of the total food is compensated in shrimp.[13][14]
Species compatibility
[edit]In BFT, there is a species compatibility norm for culturing. To improve growth performance, the candidate species must be resistant to high stocking density; Population density, adjust to fluctuations in dissolved oxygen (3–6 mg/L), settling solids (10–15 mL/L) [15] and total ammonia compounds, and have omnivorous habits or the ability to consume microbial protein.
References
[edit]- ^ Jamal, Mamdoh T.; Broom, Mohammed; Al-Mur, Bandar A.; Harbi, Mamdouh Al; Ghandourah, Mohammed; Otaibi, Ahmed Al; Haque, Md Fazlul (2020-12-01). "Biofloc Technology: Emerging Microbial Biotechnology for the Improvement of Aquaculture Productivity". Polish Journal of Microbiology. 69 (4): 401–409. doi:10.33073/pjm-2020-049. PMC 7812359. PMID 33574868.
- ^ Bentzon-Tilia, Mikkel; Sonnenschein, Eva C.; Gram, Lone (September 2016). "Monitoring and managing microbes in aquaculture – Towards a sustainable industry". Microbial Biotechnology. 9 (5): 576–584. doi:10.1111/1751-7915.12392. ISSN 1751-7915. PMC 4993175. PMID 27452663.
- ^ "Maturation and Spawning in Captivity of Penaeid Shrimp: Penaeus merguiensis de Man Penaeus japonicus Bate Penaeus aztecus Ives Metapenaeus ensis de Hann Penaeus semisulcatus de Haan". Proceedings of the Annual Meeting - World Mariculture Society. 6 (1–4): 123–132. 2009-02-25. doi:10.1111/j.1749-7345.1975.tb00011.x. ISSN 0164-0399.
- ^ PUCEAT, Michel PUCEAT; Neri, Tui; Hiriart, Emilye; Van vliet, Piet (2019). "A human cell model of valvulogenesis". Protocol Exchange. doi:10.1038/protex.2019.008. ISSN 2043-0116.
- ^ Valle, Julio Enrique Gavilanes; Garcia, Carlos Francisco Ludeña; Torres, Yuly Jacqueline Cassagne (2019-04-19). "Environmental Practices in Luxury Class and First Class Hotels of Guayaquil, Ecuador". Revista Rosa dos Ventos - Turismo e Hospitalidade. 11 (2): 400–416. doi:10.18226/21789061.v11i2p400. ISSN 2178-9061.
- ^ Tokrisna, Ruangrai (2004). "Analysis of Shrimp Farms' Use of Land". Shrimp Farming and Mangrove Loss in Thailand. doi:10.4337/9781843769668.00016. ISBN 978-1-84376-966-8.
- ^ Avnimelech, Yoram (April 2007). "Feeding with microbial flocs by tilapia in minimal discharge bio-flocs technology ponds". Aquaculture. 264 (1–4): 140–147. Bibcode:2007Aquac.264..140A. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.11.025. ISSN 0044-8486.
- ^ Ray, Andrew J.; Seaborn, Gloria; Leffler, John W.; Wilde, Susan B.; Lawson, Alisha; Browdy, Craig L. (December 2010). "Characterization of microbial communities in minimal-exchange, intensive aquaculture systems and the effects of suspended solids management". Aquaculture. 310 (1–2): 130–138. Bibcode:2010Aquac.310..130R. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.10.019. ISSN 0044-8486.
- ^ McIntosh, D (January 2000). "The effect of a commercial bacterial supplement on the high-density culturing of Litopenaeus vannamei with a low-protein diet in an outdoor tank system and no water exchange". Aquacultural Engineering. 21 (3): 215–227. Bibcode:2000AqEng..21..215M. doi:10.1016/s0144-8609(99)00030-8. ISSN 0144-8609.
- ^ Ray, Andrew J.; Lewis, Beth L.; Browdy, Craig L.; Leffler, John W. (February 2010). "Suspended solids removal to improve shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) production and an evaluation of a plant-based feed in minimal-exchange, superintensive culture systems". Aquaculture. 299 (1–4): 89–98. Bibcode:2010Aquac.299...89R. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.11.021. ISSN 0044-8486.
- ^ Wasielesky, Wilson; Atwood, Heidi; Stokes, Al; Browdy, Craig L. (August 2006). "Effect of natural production in a zero exchange suspended microbial floc based super-intensive culture system for white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei". Aquaculture. 258 (1–4): 396–403. Bibcode:2006Aquac.258..396W. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.04.030. ISSN 0044-8486.
- ^ Burford, Michele A; Thompson, Peter J; McIntosh, Robins P; Bauman, Robert H; Pearson, Doug C (April 2004). "The contribution of flocculated material to shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) nutrition in a high-intensity, zero-exchange system". Aquaculture. 232 (1–4): 525–537. Bibcode:2004Aquac.232..525B. doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(03)00541-6. hdl:10072/20509. ISSN 0044-8486.
- ^ Russell-Smith, Jeremy; Cameron Yates, Cameron; Evans, Jay; Mark Desailly, Mark (2014). "Developing a savanna burning emissions abatement methodology for tussock grasslands in high rainfall regions of northern Australia". Tropical Grasslands - Forrajes Tropicales. 2 (2): 175. doi:10.17138/tgft(2)175-187. ISSN 2346-3775.
- ^ Burford, Michele A; Thompson, Peter J; McIntosh, Robins P; Bauman, Robert H; Pearson, Doug C (April 2004). "The contribution of flocculated material to shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) nutrition in a high-intensity, zero-exchange system". Aquaculture. 232 (1–4): 525–537. Bibcode:2004Aquac.232..525B. doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(03)00541-6. hdl:10072/20509. ISSN 0044-8486.
- ^ "Prince, J.-e". Prince, J.-e, (15 May 1851–6 June 1923), advocate; retired. Who Was Who. Oxford University Press. 2007-12-01. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u201832.