Jump to content

Utica, New York

Coordinates: 43°06′03″N 75°13′57″W / 43.10083°N 75.23250°W / 43.10083; -75.23250
This is a good article. Click here for more information.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Downtown Utica, New York)

Utica
Unundadages (Mohawk)
City
Panorama of downtown from I-790
Panorama of downtown from I-790
Liberty Bell Corner
Liberty Bell Corner
Looking south on Utica's Genesee Street
Looking south on Utica's Genesee Street
Utica Tower and harbor lock
Utica Tower and harbor lock
Flag of Utica
Official seal of Utica
Official logo of Utica
Nickname(s): 
The Handshake City, Sin City, Elm Tree City[1]
Map
Map
Map
Map
Location of Utica in Oneida County, New York and of Oneida County in New York state
Location of Utica
Coordinates: 43°06′03″N 75°13′57″W / 43.10083°N 75.23250°W / 43.10083; -75.23250
CountryUnited States
StateNew York
RegionMohawk Valley
MetroUtica–Rome
CountyOneida
Land grant (village)January 2, 1734 (1734-01-02)[2]
Incorporated (village)April 3, 1798 (1798-04-03)[3]
Incorporated (city)February 13, 1832 (1832-02-13)[4]
Government
 • TypeStrong mayor-council
 • MayorMichael P. Galime (R)
Area
 • City16.98 sq mi (43.97 km2)
 • Land16.72 sq mi (43.31 km2)
 • Water0.26 sq mi (0.66 km2)
Elevation
456 ft (139 m)
Population
 (2020)
 • City65,283
 • Density3,904.02/sq mi (1,507.33/km2)
 • Urban
117,328 (U.S.: 268th)[7]
 • Metro
297,592 (U.S.: 163rd)[6][a]
DemonymUtican
GDP
 • Metro$11.560 billion (2022)
Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern (EST))
 • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)
ZIP Codes
13501-13505, 13599
Area code315
FIPS code36-76540
GNIS feature ID0968324[9]
Websitecityofutica.com

Utica (/ˈjuːtɪkə/ ) is a city in the Mohawk Valley and the county seat of Oneida County, New York, United States. The tenth-most-populous city in New York State, its population was 65,283 in the 2020 U.S. Census.[10] Located on the Mohawk River at the foot of the Adirondack Mountains, it is approximately 95 mi (153 km) west-northwest of Albany, 55 mi (89 km) east of Syracuse and 240 mi (386 km) northwest of New York City. Utica and the nearby city of Rome anchor the Utica–Rome Metropolitan Statistical Area comprising all of Oneida and Herkimer Counties.

Formerly a river settlement inhabited by the Mohawk Nation of the Iroquois Confederacy, Utica attracted European-American settlers from New England during and after the American Revolution. In the 19th century, immigrants strengthened its position as a layover city between Albany and Syracuse on the Erie and Chenango Canals and the New York Central Railroad. During the 19th and 20th centuries, the city's infrastructure contributed to its success as a manufacturing center and defined its role as a worldwide hub for the textile industry.

Like other Rust Belt cities, Utica underwent an economic downturn throughout the mid-20th century. The downturn consisted of industrial decline due to offshoring and the closure of textile mills, population loss caused by the relocation of jobs and businesses to suburbs and to Syracuse, and poverty associated with socioeconomic stress and a depressed tax base. With its low cost of living, the city has become a melting pot for refugees from war-torn countries around the world, encouraging growth for its colleges and universities, cultural institutions and economy.[11]

Etymology

[edit]

The first Utica was a former city in modern-day Tunisia. Many central New York locations have the names of ancient cities or people (Rome, Syracuse, Ithaca, Troy, Homer, Cicero, Ovid, and a number of others).

The reuse of the name of ancient Utica for a modern village, then city, owes a great deal to classically trained surveyor Robert Harpur (1731–1825), for many years a professor in King's College (today Columbia University). It was he who gave out the central New York State Classical names, and he stated that he named the village of Utica.[12] However, another theory involves a 1798 meeting at Bagg's Tavern (a resting place for travelers passing through the village) where the name was picked from a hat holding 13 suggestions. How Utica came to be among them, if not due ultimately to Harpur, is unknown.[12][13][14][15]

History

[edit]

Iroquois (Haudenosaunee) and colonial settlement

[edit]
A black-and-white map, depicting buildings and roads in simple, small black outlines. The text "Utica in 1802" is at bottom right.
An 1802 engraved map of Utica. The Mohawk River is at the top, and Bagg's Tavern is at the center right.
This 1883 index map shows the development around Utica and Bagg's Square, with the Erie Canal (now Oriskany Street) and Chenango Canal towards the upper-right.

Utica was established on the site of Old Fort Schuyler, built by American colonists for defense in 1758 during the French and Indian War, the North American front of the Seven Years' War against France.[3][16][17][18] Prior to construction of the fort, the Mohawk, Onondaga and Oneida nations of the Iroquois (Haudenosaunee) Confederacy had controlled this area southeast of the Great Lakes region as early as 4000 BC.[19] The Mohawk were the largest and most powerful nation in the eastern and lower Mohawk Valley. Colonists had a long-standing fur trade with the Mohawk, in exchange for firearms and rum. The Iroquois nations' dominating presence in the region prevented the Province of New York from expanding past the middle of the Mohawk Valley until after the American victory in the Revolutionary War. Following the war several Iroquois nations were forced to cede lands to New York: British allies due to defeat and American allies in exchange for post-war shelter and supplies which were necessary following the brutal fighting.[19]

The land housing Old Fort Schuyler was part of a 20,000-acre (81 km2) portion of marshland granted by King George II to New York governor William Cosby on January 2, 1734.[20] Since the fort was located near several trails (including the Great Indian Warpath), its position—on a bend at a shallow portion of the Mohawk River—made it an important fording point.[21][22] The Mohawk call the bend Unundadages ("around the hill"), a name that now appears on the city's seal.[13][23]

During the American Revolutionary War, border raids from British-allied Iroquois tribes harried the settlers on the frontier. George Washington ordered Sullivan's Expedition, Rangers, to enter Central New York and suppress the Iroquois threat. More than 40 Iroquois villages were destroyed along with their winter stores, causing starvation.[13] In the aftermath of the war, numerous colonial settlers migrated into the region of New York from New England,[24] especially Connecticut.[13]

In 1794 a state road, Genesee Road, was built from Utica west to the Genesee River. That year a contract was awarded to the Mohawk Turnpike and Bridge Company to extend the road northeast to Albany, and in 1798 it was extended.[3][25] The Seneca Turnpike was key to Utica's development, replacing a worn footpath with a paved road.[26] The village became a rest and supply area along the Mohawk River for goods and the many people moving through Western New York to and from the Great Lakes.[27][28]

Incorporation of Utica

[edit]

The boundaries of the village of Utica were defined in an act passed by the New York State Legislature on April 3, 1798.[29] Utica expanded its borders in subsequent 1805 and 1817 charters. On April 5, 1805, the village's eastern and western boundaries were expanded,[30] and on April 7, 1817, Utica separated from Whitestown on its west.[3][31] After completion of the Erie Canal in 1825, the city's growth was stimulated again. Utica became a printing and publishing center, with many newspapers.[32]

The municipal charter was passed by the state legislature on February 13, 1832.[3][4] In 1845 the United States Census ranked Utica as the 29th-largest in the country (with 20,000 residents, more than the populations of Chicago, Detroit or Cleveland.[33][34])

Industry and trade

[edit]
A black-and-white pencil drawing of a bustling, smoky, industrial city.
Bird's-eye view of Utica over Bagg's Square in the 1850s, showing the smoke from numerous factory chimneys

Utica's location on the Erie and Chenango canals encouraged industrial development, allowing the transport of anthracite coal from northeastern Pennsylvania for local manufacturing and distribution.[35] Utica's economy centered around the manufacture of furniture, heavy machinery, textiles and lumber.[36] The combined effects of the Embargo Act of 1807 and local investment enabled further expansion of the textile industry.[37]

In addition to the canals, transport in Utica was bolstered by railroads running through the city. The first was the Mohawk and Hudson Rail Road, which became the Utica and Schenectady Railroad in 1833. Its 78 mi (126 km) connection between Schenectady and Utica was developed in 1836 from the right-of-way previously used by the Mohawk and Hudson River railway.[38][39] Later lines, such as the Syracuse and Utica Railroad, merged with the Utica and Schenectady to form the New York Central Railroad, which originated as a 19th-century forest railway of the Adirondacks.[40]

In the early 1800s, William Williams, and his partner published Utica's first newspaper, The Utica Club, from their printing shop on Genesee Street. In 1817 Williams also published Utica's first directory.[41][42] Utica went on to become a printing and publishing center, with many newspapers.[43]: 18 

Abolitionism

[edit]

During the 1850s, Utica aided more than 650 fugitive slaves; it played a major role as a station in the Underground Railroad. The city was on a slave escape route from the Southern Tier to Canada by way of Albany, Syracuse, or Rochester.[44][45] The route, used by Harriet Tubman to travel to Buffalo,[46] guided slaves to pass through Utica on the New York Central Railroad right-of-way en route to Canada.[46] Utica was the locus for Methodist preacher Orange Scott's antislavery sermons during the 1830s and 1840s, and Scott formed an abolitionist group there in 1843.[45] Beriah Green organized the 1835 initial meeting of the New York State Anti-Slavery Society in Utica, which was disrupted by an anti-abolitionist mob led by local congressman Samuel Beardsley and other "prominent citizens".[47] (It adjourned to Gerrit Smith's home in nearby Peterboro, New York.[48][49][50]) This mob was part of a national campaign of anti-abolitionist violence in the 1830s.

20th century

[edit]
Two young newsboys smiling and standing in the snow. One boy is holding a bag.
Newsboys for the Utica Saturday Globe, 1910

The early 20th century brought rail advances to Utica, with the New York Central electrifying 49 mi (79 km) of track from the city to Syracuse in 1907 for its West Shore interurban line.[51] In 1902, the Utica and Mohawk Valley Railway connected Rome to Little Falls with a 37.5 mi (60.4 km) electrified line through Utica.[52]

Looking north towards the corner of Genesee and Bleecker streets, c. 1900–1915. Streetcars can be seen crossing a bridge over the Erie Canal.

Waves of Italian, Irish, Polish and Lebanese Maronite immigrants worked in the city's industries in the early part of the 20th century. Like many other industrial centers, labor unrest affected Utica in the 1910s; on April 5 1912 martial law was proclaimed to stop riots in Utica, Yorkville, and New York Mills,[53] while on October 28 during the strike wave of 1919, city police shot six or more striking textile workers.[54][55][56] In 1919, two-thirds of employed Uticans worked in the textile industry. The textile industry in the Northern United States declined rapidly following World War I, as mills relocated to the Southern United States. Textiles remained the leading industry in Utica through 1947, employing a little less than a quarter of workers at the few remaining mills.

As early as 1928, the area Chamber of Commerce sought to diversify Utica's industrial base. Prompted by local labor issues and national trends, the Republican political machine in Utica declined and was replaced by a Democratic machine headed by Rufus Elefante with the support of Governor (and later, President) Franklin D. Roosevelt. Democratic political leaders cooperated with local business interests to draw modern industry to Utica. General Electric, Chicago Pneumatic, Bendix Aviation, and Univac among others established factories in Utica. Utica College and Mohawk Valley Community College were founded to provide skilled workers, and Oneida County Airport was built to provide transport. The city also underwent residential redevelopment, including slum clearance and modernizing streets and neighborhoods to accommodate the automobile. The period of Utica history through the 1940s and 1950s is sometimes called the "loom to boom" era. While it led to growth of the suburbs of New Hartford and Whitestown, Utica's population remained flat during this era, and unemployment was persistently elevated.[57][58]

As in some other US cities during the decade, scandals involving political corruption, vice, and organized crime tarnished Utica's reputation.[59][60][61] It remains unclear whether Elefante and his inner circle were actively involved in organized crime or simply turned a blind eye to it. Organized crime in Utica received national attention after three Utican mafiosos were reported to have attended the Apalachin meeting of American Mafia leaders in 1957.[62] The New York Journal American dubbed Utica the "Sin City of the East",[63] and reporting from sources like the Journal American and Newsweek gave Utica a national reputation for Mafia activities. Local business interests, as well as other media sources such as Look magazine, asserted that these reports were exaggerated, and corruption and crime in Utica were no worse than that in similar American cities.[64] In 1959, the scandals culminated in criminal investigations of city employees and officials: many were arrested on charges related to prostitution, gambling, fraud, and conspiracy, and others were forced to resign.[65] The Utica Daily Press and Utica Observer-Dispatch were awarded the 1959 Pulitzer Prize for Public Service for their investigations of local corruption. Elefante's machine lost dominance. Organized crime in Utica was curtailed, but resurged in the late 1970s. The local Mafia, present since the 1930s, ended with the indictment of local associates of the Buffalo crime family in 1989.[61][66][67]

Strongly affected by the deindustrialization that took place in other Rust Belt cities, Utica suffered a major reduction in manufacturing activity during the second half of the 20th century. The remaining textile mills continued to be undercut by competitors in the South.[68] The 1954 opening of the New York State Thruway (which bypassed the city) and declines in activity on the Erie Canal and railroads throughout the United States also contributed to a poor local economy.[69] During the 1980s and 1990s, major employers such as General Electric and Lockheed Martin closed plants in Utica and Syracuse.[70][71] Some Utica businesses relocated to nearby Syracuse, with its larger and more educated workforce.[72] Utica's population fell while population in the county increased, reflecting a statewide trend of decreasing urban populations outside New York City.[73] Eccentric populist mayor Ed Hanna, who served from 1974 to 1978 and from 1996 to 2000, brought himself national media attention but was unable to stem Utica's decline.[74]

21st century

[edit]
Utica as viewed from the northern hills of the city in May 2015

The low cost of living in Utica[75][76] has attracted immigrants and refugees from around the world.[77][78][79] The largest refugee groups in Utica are Bosnians, with 4,500 refugees resettled following the Bosnian War, and the Karen people of Myanmar, with about 4,000 resettled.[80][81] Utica also has sizable communities of refugees from the former Soviet Union, Southeast Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and elsewhere. Between 2005 and 2010, Utica's population increased for the first time in decades, largely because of refugee resettlement. In 2015, about one quarter of the population of Utica were refugees, and 43 languages were spoken in city schools.[82] The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees described Utica as the "town that loves refugees" in 2005, although discrimination problems have arisen. In 2016, the Utica City School District settled lawsuits alleging refugee students were excluded from attending high school.[83][84][85] In 2024, 13-year-old Karen refugee Nyah Mway was shot and killed by police, making national news and tarnishing Utica's refugee-friendly reputation.[86]

Despite the reinvigorating effects of immigration, Utica continues to struggle with a high rate of poverty and a shrunken tax base, adversely affecting schools and public services.[87][88] Local, regional and statewide economic efforts have been proposed to revitalize the area economy.[89][90] In 2010 the city developed its first comprehensive master plan in more than a half-century.[91][92] After a decade of delays and false starts, plans to create a nanotechnology center in the area came to fruition when semiconductor manufacturer Wolfspeed opened a plant in Marcy just north of Utica in 2022.[93][94] In October 2023, a new hospital in downtown Utica opened, replacing Utica's two existing hospitals.[95][96]

Geography

[edit]
Photo of the region from space. Mountains can be seen throughout most of this picture.
November 1985 photo of the Mohawk Valley from Space Shuttle Challenger, with Utica center-left and Albany center-right

According to the United States Census Bureau, Utica has a total area of 17.02 sq mi (44.1 km2)—16.76 sq mi (43.4 km2) of land and 0.26 sq mi (0.67 km2) (1.52 percent) of water.[97] The city is located at New York's geographic center, adjacent to the western border of Herkimer County, and at the southwestern base of the Adirondack Mountains.[98] Utica and its suburbs are bound by the Allegheny Plateau in the south and the Adirondack Mountains in the north,[99] and the city is 456 ft (139 m) above sea level; this region is known as the Mohawk Valley. The city is 90 mi (145 km) west-northwest of Albany[100] and 45 mi (72 km) east of Syracuse.[101]

Topography

[edit]
A marshland with waterfowl and patches of aquatic plants in it, and dense vegetation in the background
The Utica Marsh is a series of wetlands along the Mohawk River

The city's Mohawk name, Unundadages ("around the hill") refers to a bend in the Mohawk River that flows around the city's elevated position as seen from the Deerfield Hills in the north.[21] The Erie Canal and Mohawk River pass through northern Utica; northwest of downtown is the Utica Marsh, a group of cattail wetlands between the Erie Canal and Mohawk River (partially in the town of Marcy) with a variety of animals, plants and birds.[102][103] During the 1850s, plank roads were built through the marshland surrounding the city.[104] Utica's suburbs have more hills and cliffs than the city. Located where the Mohawk Valley forms a wide floodplain, the city has a generally sloping, flat topography.[98]

Cityscape

[edit]

Utica's architecture features many styles that are also visible in comparable areas of Buffalo, Rochester and Syracuse,[105] including Greek Revival, Italianate, French Renaissance,[106] Gothic Revival and Neoclassical. The modernist 1972 Utica State Office Building, at 17 floors and 227 ft (69 m), is the city's tallest.[107]

Streets laid out when Utica was a village had more irregularities than those built later in the 19th and 20th centuries. As a result of the city's location (adjacent to the Mohawk River), many streets parallel the river, so they do not run strictly east–west or north–south. Remnants of Utica's early electric-rail systems can be seen in the West and South neighborhoods, where the rails were set into the streets.[21][108][109]

Neighborhoods

[edit]
A CSX train sharing Schuyler Street in West Utica

Utica's neighborhoods have historically been defined by their residents, allowing them to develop their own individuality. Racial and ethnic groups, social and economic separation and the development of infrastructure and new means of transportation have shaped neighborhoods, with groups shifting between them as a result.[34]

West Utica (or the West Side) was historically home to German, Irish and Polish immigrants. The Corn Hill neighborhood in the city center had a significant Jewish population.[110] East Utica (or the East Side) is a cultural and political center dominated by Italian immigrants.[111][112] North of downtown is the Triangle neighborhood, formerly home to the city's African American and Jewish populations.[34] Neighborhoods formerly dominated by one or more groups saw other groups arrive, such as Bosnians and Latin Americans in former Italian neighborhoods and the historically Welsh neighborhood of Corn Hill.[34] Bagg Commemorative Park and Bagg's Square West (Utica's historic centers) are in the northeastern portion of downtown, with Genesee Street on the west and Oriskany Street on the south.[106]

Historic places

[edit]

The following are listed on the National Register of Historic Places:[113][114][115][116][117][118]

Climate

[edit]

Utica has a humid continental climate (or warm-summer climate: Köppen Dfb) with four distinct seasons,[119][120] characterized by cold winters and temperate summers. Summer high temperatures range from 77–81 °F (25–27 °C).[120] The city is in USDA plant hardiness zone 5b, and native vegetation can tolerate temperatures from −10 to −15 °F (−23 to −26 °C).[121]

Winters are cold and snowy; Utica receives lake-effect snow from Lake Erie and Lake Ontario.[122][123][124] Utica is colder on average than other Great Lakes cities because of its location in a valley and susceptibility to north winds;[125] temperatures in the single digits or below zero Fahrenheit are not uncommon on winter nights. Annual precipitation (based on a 30-year average from 1981 to 2010) is 45.7 in (116 cm), falling on an average of 175 days.[126]

Climate data for Utica (Rome, New York), (1991–2020 normals,[b] extremes 1961–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 67
(19)
72
(22)
83
(28)
91
(33)
93
(34)
97
(36)
99
(37)
96
(36)
93
(34)
85
(29)
78
(26)
71
(22)
99
(37)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 30.1
(−1.1)
31.8
(−0.1)
41.0
(5.0)
54.9
(12.7)
68.9
(20.5)
76.2
(24.6)
80.9
(27.2)
79.3
(26.3)
72.0
(22.2)
58.9
(14.9)
46.8
(8.2)
35.7
(2.1)
56.4
(13.6)
Daily mean °F (°C) 21.5
(−5.8)
22.5
(−5.3)
31.7
(−0.2)
44.5
(6.9)
56.8
(13.8)
65.3
(18.5)
70.2
(21.2)
68.7
(20.4)
61.4
(16.3)
49.7
(9.8)
39.0
(3.9)
28.3
(−2.1)
46.6
(8.1)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 12.9
(−10.6)
13.2
(−10.4)
22.5
(−5.3)
34.1
(1.2)
44.7
(7.1)
54.5
(12.5)
59.5
(15.3)
58.1
(14.5)
50.9
(10.5)
40.5
(4.7)
31.2
(−0.4)
20.9
(−6.2)
36.9
(2.7)
Record low °F (°C) −31
(−35)
−28
(−33)
−16
(−27)
5
(−15)
24
(−4)
32
(0)
43
(6)
35
(2)
27
(−3)
16
(−9)
−4
(−20)
−21
(−29)
−31
(−35)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 2.50
(64)
2.37
(60)
3.43
(87)
3.72
(94)
4.46
(113)
4.20
(107)
4.25
(108)
3.60
(91)
3.95
(100)
4.67
(119)
3.72
(94)
2.95
(75)
43.82
(1,113)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 31.7
(81)
23.4
(59)
15.1
(38)
3.4
(8.6)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.1
(0.25)
7.3
(19)
20.8
(53)
101.8
(259)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 12.9 14.2 13.2 15.5 14.9 14.0 13.1 13.7 13.4 17.1 15.7 17.0 174.7
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 15.9 11.7 8.2 2.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 4.2 13.5 56.7
Average relative humidity (%) 66.0 66.2 65.0 64.1 63.3 66.8 66.0 68.2 72.7 69.8 72.3 72.3 67.9
Percent possible sunshine 42 46 52 58 64 66 65 60 54 48 43 40 53
Source 1: NOAA (snowfall 1981–2010),[127][128][129] Western Regional Center[130]
Source 2: Weatherbase[131]

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
CensusPop.Note
18202,972
18308,323180.0%
184012,78253.6%
185017,56537.4%
186022,52928.3%
187028,80427.9%
188033,91417.7%
189044,00729.8%
190056,38328.1%
191074,41932.0%
192094,15626.5%
1930101,7408.1%
1940100,518−1.2%
1950100,4890.0%
1960100,410−0.1%
197091,611−8.8%
198075,632−17.4%
199068,637−9.2%
200060,523−11.8%
201062,2352.8%
202065,2874.9%
2022 (est.)64,081−1.8%
U.S. Decennial Census[132]

The city's growth during the 19th century is indicated by the increase in its population; in 1845 the United States Census ranked Utica as the 29th-largest in the country, with 20,000 residents, more than the populations of Chicago, Detroit or Cleveland.

As of 2014, the city is the tenth-most populous in New York and the sixth-most populous metro region in New York.[133] It is the seat of Oneida County,[134] and a focal point of the six-county Mohawk Valley region. According to a U.S. Census estimate, the Utica–Rome Metropolitan Statistical Area decreased in population from 299,397 in 2010 to 296,615 on July 1, 2014,[133] and its population density was about 3,818 people per square mile (1,474 people/km2).

The Bosnian Islamic Association of Utica's mosque near City Hall.

Utica's population has remained ethnically diverse and has received many new influxes of immigrants since the 1990s. New immigrants and refugees have included Bosnians displaced by the Bosnian War, Burmese, Karens, Latin Americans, Russians and Vietnamese.[135] More than 42 languages are spoken in the city.[136][137] Utica's population halted a forty-year decline in 2010, influenced by this influx of refugees and immigrants.

In the 2020 United States Census, Utica's population was 65,283. According to the 2013 American Community Survey, the Italian American population has declined since its peak by more than 40%. Italian Americans however remain the most prominent ethnic group, constituting 20% of the city population.[138] Utica is historically one of the most Italian cities in the country. Throughout the 20th century, the city had a higher concentration of Italian immigrants than other cities with notable levels of Italian immigration, such as New York City, Chicago, and Philadelphia.[139] Italian immigrants from Basilicata were first to arrive, but most later immigrants came from the regions of Apulia, Lazio, Calabria, and Abruzzo, with an unusually large number from the village of Alberobello in Apulia. A smaller number came from Sicily than is typical for most Italian-American communities.[140]

The remainder of sizable ethnic groups include, as approximations: Slavs (18%) broken down as Poles (8.3%), Bosnians (7%) and Eastern Slavs at a combined (2.7%). Irish (11.3%), African Americans (10.5%), German (10.3%), ethnically English or American residents (8%), Puerto Ricans (6.8%). Burmese (3.5%), French and French-Canadians (2.7%), Arabs and Lebanese (2%), (non-Hispanic) Caribbean West Indies (1.8%), Dominicans (1.5%), Vietnamese (1.5%) and Cambodians (.7%). Iroquois or other (non-Hispanic) Amerindians (.3%).[138][141]

Median income per Utica household was $30,818. Per capita income was $17,653, and 29.6% of the population were below the poverty threshold.[97]

Racial composition 2020[142] 2010[97] 1990[143] 1970[143] 1950[143]
White 55.3% 69.0% 86.7% 94.1% 98.4%
 —Non-Hispanic 52.6% 64.5% 84.8% 91.2% n/a
African American 17.3% 15.3% 10.5% 5.6% 1.6%
American Indians and Alaskan Natives 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.2% n/a
Asian 12.7% 7.2% 1.1% 0.1% n/a
Other race 6.2% 3.9% 1.5% 0.1% n/a
Two or more races 8.1% 4.0% n/a n/a n/a
Hispanic or Latino (of any race) 13.8% 10.5% 3.4% 0.9%[c] n/a

Economy

[edit]

During the mid-19th century, Utica's canals and railroads supported industries producing furniture, locomotive headlights, steam gauges, firearms, textiles and lumber.[36][106] World War I sparked the growth of Savage Arms, which produced the Lewis gun for the British Army,[144] and the city prospered as one of the wealthiest per capita in the United States.[145]

In the early 20th century, the local textile industry began to decline, which had a significant impact on the local economy. The boll weevil adversely affected southern cotton crops in this period. During the late 1940s, air-conditioned mills opened in the southern United States, and jobs were lost as factories were moved south, where labor costs were lower because "right to work" laws weakened unions. Other industries also moved out of the city during a general restructuring in older industrial cities.[146] New industries to rise in the city were electronics manufacturing (led by companies such as General Electric, which produced transistor radios),[147] machinery and equipment, and food processing.[148]

Large, ovoid tanks in a brewery
Fermentation tanks at the Matt Brewing Company in West Utica, producer of Saranac beer

The city struggled to make a transition to new industries. During the second half of the 20th century, the city's recessions were longer than the national average.[149] The exodus of defense companies (such as Lockheed Martin, formed from the merger of the Lockheed Corporation and Martin Marietta in 1995) and the electrical-manufacturing industry played a major role in Utica's recent economic distress.[149] From 1975 to 2001, the city's economic growth rate was similar to that of Buffalo, while other upstate New York cities such as Rochester and Binghamton outperformed both.[149]

In the early 21st century, the Mohawk Valley economy is based on logistics, industrial processes, machinery, and industrial services.[150] In Rome, the former Griffiss Air Force Base has remained a regional employer as a technology center. The Turning Stone Resort & Casino in Verona is a tourist destination, with a number of expansions during the 1990s and 2000s.[151]

Utica's larger employers include the CONMED Corporation (a surgical-device and orthotics manufacturer)[152] and the Mohawk Valley Health System, the city's primary health care system.[153]

Construction, such as the North-South Arterial Highway project, supports the public-sector job market.[154] Although passenger and commercial traffic on the Erie Canal has declined greatly since the 19th century, the barge canal still allows heavy cargo to travel through Utica at low cost, bypassing the New York State Thruway and providing intermodal freight transport with the railroads.[155]

Law, government, and politics

[edit]
Utica, New York
Crime rates* (2014[156])
Violent crimes
Homicide6
Rape22
Robbery125
Aggravated assault237
Total violent crime390 Increase
Property crimes
Burglary432
Larceny-theft1,845
Motor vehicle theft107
Total property crime2,384 Decrease
Notes

*Number of reported crimes per 100,000 population.

Arson data not provided; 2014 est. population: 61,332

Source: Utica City Police Department
Government
Utica City Hall

Republican Michael P. Galime was elected to a four-year term as mayor in 2023, and took office at the start of 2024.[157] The common council consists of 10 members, six of whom are elected from single-member districts. The other four, including its president, are elected at-large.[158] Utica has a Strong mayor-council form of government. The council has eight standing committees for issues including transportation, education, finance and public safety.[159] There is a relative balance between the Democratic and Republican parties, a change from the predominantly single-party politics of the 20th century.[160] Throughout the 1950s, Democrats held the mayor's office and a majority on the city council, under the control of Rufus Elefante's political machine.[161]

Utica is in New York's 22nd congressional district, which has been represented by Republican Brandon Williams since 2023. The city is served by the United States District Court for the Northern District of New York, with offices in the Alexander Pirnie Federal Building.[162]

According to the comptroller's office, Utica's governmental expenses totaled $79.3 million (~$101 million in 2023) in 2014 (a net increase of $940,000 from the previous year).[163] The 2015–16 budget proposes general-fund spending of $66.3 million (~$83.3 million in 2023).[164] City taxes collected in 2014 were $25,972,930, with a tax rate per thousand of $25.24.[164]

According to the city's police department, there were six murders, 125 robberies, 22 rapes, and 237 assaults in 2014 (an increase from the previous year, representing a violent-crime rate of 0.6 percent). There were 432 burglaries, 1,845 larcenies and 107 motor-vehicle thefts (a decrease from 2013, representing a property-crime rate of 3.8 percent). Compared to other cities in New York, Utica's crime rate is generally low.[165][166] The Utica Police Department patrols the city, and law enforcement is also under the jurisdiction of the Oneida County Sheriff's Office and the New York State Police.[167] The Utica Fire Department coordinates four engines, two truck companies, and rescue, HAZMAT and medical operations with a 123-person crew.[168]

Culture

[edit]
Many people running a marathon on a street. There are trees in the background.
Participants in Utica's annual Boilermaker Road Race

Utica's position in the northeastern United States has allowed the blending of cultures and traditions. It shares characteristics with other cities in Central New York including its dialect group (Inland Northern American English, which is also present in other Rust Belt cities such as Buffalo, Elmira and Erie, Pennsylvania).[169]

Utica shares a cuisine with the mid-Atlantic states, with local and regional influences. Its melting pot of immigrant and refugee cuisines,[170] including Dutch, Italian, German, Irish and Bosnian,[77] have introduced dishes such as ćevapi and pasticciotti[d] to the community.[173][174] Utica staple foods include chicken riggies,[175] Utica greens,[176] half-moons,[177][178] Italian mushroom stew,[179] and tomato pie.[180] Other popular dishes are pierogi, penne alla vodka, and sausage and peppers.[181][182] Utica has long had ties to the brewing industry. The family-owned Matt Brewing Company (Saranac Brewery) resisted the bankruptcies and plant closings that came with the industry consolidation under a few national brands. As of 2012, it was ranked the 15th-largest brewery by sales in the United States.[183][184] The Brewers Association named the brewery among America's top 35 craft breweries in 2019.[185]

Vegetables in a skillet
A skillet of Utica greens

The annual 15 km (9.3 mi) Boilermaker Road Race attracts runners from the region and around the world, including Kenya and Romania.[186][187] The Children's Museum of Natural History, Science and Technology, next to Union Station, opened in 1963. In 2002, the museum partnered with NASA to feature space-related exhibits and events.[188][189] The Munson-Williams-Proctor Arts Institute, founded in 1919, hosts rotating exhibits alongside its permanent collection. Since 1999, it is also home to the PrattMWP program in cooperation with the Pratt Institute.[190]

The Utica Psychiatric Center is the site of a Greek Revival-style former insane asylum. The Utica crib, a restraining device frequently used at the asylum from the mid-19th century to 1887, was invented there.[12][191][192][193] The Stanley Center for the Arts, a mid-sized concert and performance venue, was designed by Thomas W. Lamb in 1928 and today features theatrical and musical performances by local and touring groups.[194] The Hotel Utica, designed by Esenwein & Johnson in 1912, became a nursing and residential-care facility during the 1970s.[195][196] Notable guests had included Franklin D. Roosevelt, Judy Garland and Bobby Darin. It was restored as a hotel in 2001.[196][197]

Parks and recreation

[edit]
Roscoe Conkling Park

Utica's parks system consists of 677 acres (274 ha) of parks and recreation centers; most of the city's parks have community centers and swimming pools.[198] Frederick Law Olmsted Jr., who designed New York City's Central Park and Delaware Park in Buffalo, designed the Utica Parks and Parkway Historic District.[199] Olmsted also designed Memorial Parkway, a four mi (6.4 km) tree-lined boulevard connecting the district's parks and encircling the city's southern neighborhoods.[200][201] The district includes Roscoe Conkling Park, the 62-acre F.T. Proctor Park, the Parkway, and T.R. Proctor Park.[202][203]

The city's municipal golf course, Valley View (designed by golf-course architect Robert Trent Jones), is in the southern part of the city near the town of New Hartford.[198] The Utica Zoo and the Val Bialas Ski Chalet, an urban ski slope featuring skiing, snowboarding, outdoor skating, and tubing, are also in south Utica in Roscoe Conkling Park.[204] Smaller neighborhood parks in the district include Addison Miller Park, Chancellor Park, Pixley Park, Seymour Park, and Wankel Park.[205]

The Utica Canal Terminal Harbor is connected to the Erie Canal and Mohawk River.

Infrastructure

[edit]

Transportation

[edit]
Union Station
Union Station

Griffiss International Airport in Rome primarily serves military and general aviation, and Syracuse Hancock International Airport and Albany International Airport provide regional, domestic, and international passenger air travel in the Utica–Rome Metropolitan Area.[206] Amtrak's Empire (two unnamed trains), Maple Leaf, and Lake Shore Limited trains stop at Utica's Union Station. Bus service is provided by the Central New York Regional Transportation Authority (CENTRO), a Syracuse public transport operator which runs 12 lines in Utica and has a downtown hub.[207] Intercity bus service is provided by Greyhound Lines, Short Line, Adirondack Trailways, and Birnie Bus Service, with weekday and Saturday service to Syracuse;[208] both stop at Union Station.[209][210]

Map of Utica area, with highways
Early Federal Highway Administration map of the Interstate Highway System in Utica; Interstates 90 and 790 are in the shaded portion

During the 1960s and 1970s, New York state planners envisioned a system of arterial roads in Utica that would include connections to Binghamton and Interstate 81.[211] Due to community opposition,[212] only parts of the highway project were completed, including the North–South Arterial Highway running through the city.[211][213] Six New York State highways, one three-digit interstate highway, and one two-digit interstate highway pass through Utica. New York State Route 49 and State Route 840 are east–west expressways running along Utica's northern and southern borders, respectively, and the eastern terminus of each is in the city. New York State Route 5 and its alternate routesState Route 5S and State Route 5A—are east–west roads and expressways that pass through Utica. The western terminus of Route 5S and the eastern terminus of Route 5A are both in the city. With Route 5 and Interstate 790 (an auxiliary highway of Interstate 90), New York State Route 12 and State Route 8 form the North–South Arterial Highway.[214]

Utilities

[edit]

Electricity in Utica is provided by National Grid plc, a British energy corporation that acquired the city's former electricity provider, Niagara Mohawk, in 2002.[215] Utica is near the crossroads of major electrical transmission lines,[216] with substations in the town of Marcy. An expansion project by the New York Power Authority, National Grid, Consolidated Edison, and New York State Electric and Gas (NYSEG) is planned.[217][218] In 2009 city businesses (including Utica College and St. Luke's Medical Center) developed a microgrid, and in 2012 the Utica City Council explored the possibility of a public, city-owned power company.[219][220][221] Utica's natural gas is provided by National Grid[222] and NYSEG.[223][224]

Municipal solid waste is collected and disposed of weekly by the Oneida-Herkimer Solid Waste Authority,[225] a public-benefit corporation that coordinates single-stream recycling, waste reduction, composting, and the disposal of hazardous materials and demolition debris.[226] Utica's wastewater is treated by the Mohawk Valley Water Authority, with a capacity of 32 million gallons per day.[227][228] Utica's drinking water comes from the stream-fed Hinckley Reservoir in the foothills of the Adirondack Mountains,[228] with 700 mi (1,100 km) of piping throughout the city.[229]

Health care

[edit]
Wynn Hospital

The Wynn Hospital opened October 2023 in downtown Utica. This $650 million facility replaced the 66-year-old Faxton St. Luke’s Healthcare hospital and the 106-year old St. Elizabeth Medical Center, both of which are now closed.[230][231] Wynn is part of the Mohawk Valley Health System, a non-profit formed in 2014 by the merger of Faxton St. Luke's Healthcare and St. Elizabeth Medical Center.[232]

Education

[edit]
An aerial view of a school campus in a wooded area. The trees around the campus have red leaves. Roads cut through the middle of the wood toward the school.
Aerial view of SUNY Polytechnic Institute from south to north

Like Ithaca and Syracuse, Utica has a mix of public and private colleges and universities; three state colleges and four private colleges are in the Utica–Rome metropolitan area. SUNY Polytechnic Institute, on an 850-acre campus in North Utica and Marcy, has over 2,000 students[233] and is one of 14 doctorate-granting universities of the State University of New York (SUNY).[234] Mohawk Valley Community College is the largest college between Syracuse and Albany with nearly 7,000 students,[235] and an Empire State College location serves Utica and Rome.[236]

A long, three-story brick school building on top of a hill.
Thomas R. Proctor High School

Formerly a satellite campus of Syracuse University, Utica University (Utica College before 2022) is a four-year private liberal arts college with over 3,000 students.[237] Established in 1904, St. Elizabeth College of Nursing partners with regional institutions to grant nursing degrees.[238] Pratt Institute offers a local two-year fine-arts course through its satellite campus at Munson.[239] The Utica School of Commerce, a for-profit business college, closed at the end of 2016.[240]

The Utica City School District had an enrollment of nearly 10,000 in 2012[241] and is the most racially diverse school district in Upstate New York.[242] District schools include Thomas R. Proctor High School, James H. Donovan Middle School, John F Kennedy middle school and ten elementary schools. Utica's original public high school, the Utica Free Academy, closed in 1987.[243] The city is also home to Notre Dame Junior Senior High School, a small Catholic high school founded in 1959 by the Xaverian Brothers.[244]

Utica Public Library

The first public library in Utica was founded in 1838. The library's location moved several times until construction of Utica Public Library was completed in 1904.[245] Utica Public Library is part of the tri-county Mid-York Library System, which is also based in Utica. Both institutions are chartered by the Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York.[246]

Sports

[edit]
A brightly lit hockey arena, clad in metal panels.
Adirondack Bank Center after renovations, 2016

Utica is home to the Utica Comets of the American Hockey League (AHL), a team affiliated with the National Hockey League's New Jersey Devils. The team was established in Utica for the 2013–14 season when the Vancouver Canucks relocated their AHL franchise.[247][248] The 3,815-seat Utica Memorial Auditorium, or "the Aud", is home to the Comets and the Utica University Pioneers. The Utica Devils played in the AHL from 1987 to 1993, and the Utica Bulldogs (1993–94), Utica Blizzard (1994–1997), and Mohawk Valley Prowlers (1998–2001) were members of the United Hockey League (UHL).[249] In April 2024, the 2024 IIHF Women's World Championship was played at the Aud.[250]

Since 2018, the city is also home to Utica City FC, the former Syracuse Silver Knights, a professional indoor soccer team playing in the Major Arena Soccer League.[251]

The city was home to the Utica Blue Sox (1939–2001), a New York–Penn League baseball team also affiliated with the Toronto Blue Jays and, later, the Miami Marlins. Other former baseball teams included the Utica Asylums (1900) and the Boston Braves-affiliated Utica Braves (1939–42).[252] Since 2008, the city has been home to a collegiate summer baseball team also called the Blue Sox.

Area collegiate teams

[edit]
School Location Nickname Colors Association Conference References
SUNY Polytechnic Institute Marcy Wildcats Blue and gold NCAA Division III NEAC [253]
Hamilton College Clinton Continentals Buff and blue NCAA Division III NESCAC [254]
Utica University Utica Pioneers Navy and orange NCAA Division III Empire 8 [255]
Mohawk Valley Community College Utica, Rome Hawks Forest green and white NJCAA Region III [256]
Herkimer County Community College Herkimer Generals Hunter green and gold NJCAA Region III [257]

Media

[edit]

Utica is served by three stations affiliated with major television networks: WKTV 2 (NBC; CBS on DT2),[258] WUTR 20 (ABC), and WFXV 33 (Fox; CW on DT2). PBS member station WCNY-TV in Syracuse operates translator W22DO-D on channel 24. Several low-power television stations, such as WPNY-LD 11 (MyNetworkTV), also broadcast in the area. Cable television viewers are served by the Syracuse office of Charter Communications (doing business as Charter Spectrum), which produces Spectrum News Central New York and carries public-access channels.[259] Dish Network and DirecTV provide satellite television customers with local broadcast channels.[260][261]

Daily newspapers covering Utica news include the Rome Sentinel and the Observer-Dispatch. The city has 26 FM radio stations and nine AM stations. Major station owners in the area include Townsquare Media and Galaxy Communications. In addition to minor popular-culture references,[262][263][264][265] Slap Shot (1977) was partially filmed in Utica, and the city has been featured on the TV series The Office.[264][266][267]

Notable people

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Notes and references

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Estimated MSA rank as of July 1, 2014.
  2. ^ Humidity data calculated from the averages of morning and evening relative humidities.
  3. ^ Population estimate from a 15-percent sample
  4. ^ Locally known as "pusties"[171][172]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Bottini & Davis 2007, p. 90.
  2. ^ Bagg 1892, p. 20.
  3. ^ a b c d e Ripley, George; Dana, Charles A., eds. (1879). "Utica (New York)" . The American Cyclopædia. Vol. 16 (1879 ed.). D. Appleton & Company – via Wikisource.
  4. ^ a b Bagg 1892, p. 199.
  5. ^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 19, 2022. Retrieved September 20, 2022.
  6. ^ "U.S. Census Bureau, 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". 2015 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. Archived from the original on February 14, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2017.
  7. ^ "Census Urban Area List". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on March 28, 2012. Retrieved May 7, 2015.
  8. ^ "Gross Domestic Product: All Industries in Merced County, CA". Federal Reserve Economic Data. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
  9. ^ "Feature Detail Report for: Utica". United States Geological Survey. January 23, 1980. Archived from the original on May 30, 2022. Retrieved April 15, 2015.
  10. ^ "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Utica city, New York". Census.gov. Archived from the original on May 30, 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
  11. ^ Hartman, Susan (June 3, 2022). "How Refugees Transformed a Dying Rust Belt Town". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 5, 2022. Retrieved June 5, 2022.
  12. ^ a b c Czarnota, Lorna (2014). "Utica: Beer and Insanity". Native American & Pioneer Sites of Upstate New York: Westward Trails from Albany to Buffalo. The History Press. pp. 77–81. ISBN 978-1-6258-4776-8.
  13. ^ a b c d Thomas 2003, p. 17.
  14. ^ Eisenstadt, Peter R. (2005). "Place names". The Encyclopedia of New York State. Syracuse University Press. p. 1208. ISBN 9780815608080.
  15. ^ Farrell, William R. (2002). Classical Place Names in New York State. Pine Grove Press. ISBN 9781890691080.
  16. ^ Bagg 1892, p. 3.
  17. ^ Childs 1900, p. 2.
  18. ^ Bagg 1892, p. 21.
  19. ^ a b Thomas 2003, p. 15.
  20. ^ Bagg 1892, pp. 19–20.
  21. ^ a b c Childs 1900, p. 134.
  22. ^ Czarnota, Lorna (April 8, 2014). "Utica: Beer and Insanity". Native American & Pioneer Sites of Upstate New York: Westward Trails from Albany to Buffalo. The History Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-1-6258-4776-8.
  23. ^ Hauptman, Laurence M. (2001). Conspiracy of interests : Iroquois dispossession and the rise of New York State (1st pbk ed.). Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-8156-0712-0. OCLC 47017112. Archived from the original on May 30, 2022. Retrieved January 17, 2022.
  24. ^ Childs 1900, p. 1.
  25. ^ Childs 1900, p. 52.
  26. ^ Hulbert, Archer Butler; Hall, James; Wallcut, Thomas; Bigelow, Timothy; Halsey, Francis Whiting; Dickens, Charles; Murray, Sir Charles Augustus (1904). Pioneer Roads and Experiences of Travelers. A. H. Clark Company. pp. 99–108. Retrieved April 29, 2015.
  27. ^ Childs 1900, p. 7.
  28. ^ Przybycien, F. E. (1976). Utica: A City Worth Saving. Dodge-Graphic Press, Inc.
  29. ^ Bagg 1892, pp. 48–49.
  30. ^ Bagg 1892, p. 89.
  31. ^ Bagg 1892, p. 131.
  32. ^ Dann, Norman Kingsford (2021). Passionage Energies. The Gerrit and Ann Smith Family of Petersboro, New York[,] Through a Century of Reform. Hamilton, New York: Log Cabin Books. p. 18. ISBN 9781733089111.
  33. ^ Thomas 2003, p. 22.
  34. ^ a b c d Thomas 2003, p. 25.
  35. ^ Interstate Commerce Commission Reports: Reports and Decisions of the Interstate Commerce Commission of the United States, Volume 59. Harvard University: L.K. Strouse, United States Interstate Commerce Commission. 1921. p. 142. Archived from the original on November 4, 2015. Retrieved April 19, 2015.
  36. ^ a b Childs 1900, p. 25.
  37. ^ Cookinham, H. J. (1912). History of Oneida County, New York: from 1700 to the present time. New York Public Library: Chicago: S.J. Clarke Publishing Company.
  38. ^ Childs 1900, pp. 56–57.
  39. ^ Starr, Timothy (2012). Railroad Wars of New York State. The History Press. p. 80. ISBN 978-1-6094-9727-9.
  40. ^ Gove, Bill (2006). Logging Railroads of the Adirondacks. Syracuse University Press. pp. 71–75. ISBN 978-0-8156-0794-6.
  41. ^ Bagg, 1877, pp. 164
  42. ^ Malone, Vol. X, 1931, p. 294
  43. ^ Dann, Norman Kingsford (2021). Passionate Energies. The Gerrit and Ann Smith Family of Peterboro, New York Through a Century of Reform. Hamilton, New York: Log Cabin Books. ISBN 9781733089111.
  44. ^ Calarco, Tom (February 23, 2011). The Underground Railroad in the Adirondack Region. McFarland. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-7864-8740-0.
  45. ^ a b Switala 2006, p. 80.
  46. ^ a b Switala 2006, p. 111.
  47. ^ The enemies of the Constitution discovered; or, An inquiry into the origin and tendency of popular violence. Containing a complete and circumstantial account of the unlawful proceedings at the City of Utica, October 21st, 1835; the dispersion of the State Anti-Slavery Convention by the agitators, the destruction of a democratic press, and of the causes which led thereto; together with a concise treatise on the practice of the court of His Honor Judge Lynch. Accompanied with numerous highly interesting and important documents. New York: Leavitt, Lord & Co. 1835.
  48. ^ Switala 2006, p. 80, 83, 112.
  49. ^ Sorin, Gerald (1970). The New York Abolitionists. A Case Study of Political Radicalism. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing. p. 32. ISBN 0837133084.
  50. ^ "The Dispersed Agitators". Richmond Enquirer. "From the Utica Observer". November 20, 1835. p. 4. Archived from the original on January 13, 2022. Retrieved January 13, 2022 – via Virginia Chronicle, Library of Virginia.
  51. ^ Edwards, Evelyn R. (January 24, 2007). Around Utica. Arcadia Publishing. p. 65. ISBN 978-1-4396-1852-3.
  52. ^ Hilton, George W.; Due, John Fitzgerald (January 1, 2000). The Electric Interurban Railways in America. Stanford University Press. p. 121. ISBN 9780804740142.
  53. ^ "MILITIA PUT DOWN UTICA STRIKE RIOTS; State Troops Are Encamped in Mill Villages and Martial Law Is Proclaimed". The New York Times. April 5, 1912. Retrieved June 9, 2024.
  54. ^ "UTICA POLICE SHOOT FIVE RIOTING STRIKERS; Mayor Asks Governor for State Police to Pacify Workers-- Major Chandler to Investigate". The New York Times. October 29, 1919. Retrieved June 9, 2024.
  55. ^ "Six Shot in Utica Riots". Lewiston Evening News. October 29, 1919. p. 9.
  56. ^ Bean, Philip A. (February 1994). "The Irish, the Italians, and Machine Politics, a Case Study: Utica, New York (1870-1960)". Journal of Urban History. 20 (2): 205–239. doi:10.1177/009614429402000203. ISSN 0096-1442. S2CID 145019677.
  57. ^ Thomas 2003, pp. 33–44, 74–76, "Loom to Boom".
  58. ^ Tomaino, Frank. "Golder leads Utica's 'loom to boom' era". Utica Observer Dispatch. Archived from the original on February 11, 2023. Retrieved August 11, 2022.
  59. ^ Thomas 2003, p. 4, 61.
  60. ^ Benedetto, Richard (2006). Politicians are People, Too. University Press of America. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-7618-3422-9.
  61. ^ a b Webster, Dennis (2012). Wicked Mohawk Valley. The History Press. p. 102. ISBN 978-1-6094-9390-5.[unreliable source?]
  62. ^ LaDuca, Rocco (May 6, 2009). "Day 4: The Mob Files". Utica Observer Dispatch. Retrieved December 5, 2022.
  63. ^ DeLuca, Rocco (May 6, 2009). "Day 5: Mr. Fischer takes on Sin City". Utica Observer Dispatch. Retrieved July 15, 2023.
  64. ^ Thomas 2003, pp. 66–70.
  65. ^ Thomas 2003, p. 58.
  66. ^ Croniser, Rebecca (September 14, 2008). "Utica's organized crime revisited". Observer-Dispatch. GateHouse Media. Archived from the original on April 19, 2015. Retrieved April 19, 2015.
  67. ^ Thomas 2003, p. 57, 70.
  68. ^ Ellis, David Maldwyn (1979). "The New York Character". New York: State and City. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. p. 22. ISBN 9780801411809.
  69. ^ Thomas 2003, pp. 49–50.
  70. ^ Thomas & Smith 2009, p. 24.
  71. ^ Thomas & Smith 2009, p. 66.
  72. ^ Thomas 2003, p. 113.
  73. ^ Hevesi, Alan G. "Population Trends in New York State's Cities" (PDF). Division of Local Government Services & Economic Development. Office of the New York State Comptroller. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 16, 2015. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
  74. ^ "Former Utica mayor Edward Hanna dies in Fayetteville". syracuse. Associated Press. March 13, 2009. Retrieved August 27, 2023.
  75. ^ Ledbetter, Carly (November 15, 2014). "10 Most Affordable Housing Markets In America". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved August 24, 2015.
  76. ^ Weir, Robert E. (2013). Workers in America: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 425. ISBN 978-1-5988-4719-2.
  77. ^ a b Hartman, Susan (August 10, 2014). "A New Life for Refugees, and the City They Adopted". New York Times. Archived from the original on May 29, 2015. Retrieved April 9, 2015.
  78. ^ Brody, Leslie (January 21, 2015). "Small Cities Fight for More School Aid From New York State". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on April 19, 2015. Retrieved April 19, 2015.
  79. ^ Struck, Jules (May 26, 2022). "'They saved this town': Refugees poured into Utica and cleared the rust from a dying industrial city". syracuse.com. Archived from the original on June 7, 2022. Retrieved June 7, 2022.
  80. ^ Coughlin, Reed; Owens-Manley, Judith (2006). Bosnian Refugees in America: New Communities, New Cultures. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-3872-5154-7.
  81. ^ Hartman, Susan (June 9, 2022). "How Utica Became a City Where Refugees Came to Rebuild". Literary Hub. Retrieved August 30, 2023.
  82. ^ Bansak, Cynthia; Simpson, Nicole; Zavodny, Madeline (2015). The Economics of Immigration. Routledge. p. 322. ISBN 978-1317752998.
  83. ^ Rajagopalan, Kavitha (May 16, 2016). "Progressive City Welcomes One and All? Not So Fast". nextcity.org. Retrieved August 30, 2023.
  84. ^ Harris, Elizabeth A. (May 19, 2016). "Utica Settles Lawsuit Over Refugees' Access to High School". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 21, 2022. Retrieved January 21, 2022.
  85. ^ Chen, David W. (July 21, 2016). "Utica Settles State Claim Alleging Biased Enrollment for Refugee Students". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 21, 2022. Retrieved January 21, 2022.
  86. ^ Meko, Hurubie (June 29, 2024), "13-Year-Old Boy Shot and Killed by Police After Chase", The New York Times, ISSN 0362-4331, retrieved July 7, 2024
  87. ^ Dooling, Sarah; Simon, Gregory (2012). Cities, Nature and Development: The Politics and Production of Urban Vulnerabilities. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 165–181. ISBN 978-1-4094-0831-4.
  88. ^ Clukey, Keshia (December 28, 2013). "Utica schools have highest poverty rate in Upstate NY". Observer-Dispatch. Archived from the original on May 30, 2022. Retrieved August 24, 2015.
  89. ^ "Cuomo visits Lake Placid, Utica to talk upstate development". WIVB.com. Associated Press. February 12, 2015. Archived from the original on April 27, 2015. Retrieved April 20, 2015.
  90. ^ Cooper, Elizabeth (February 17, 2015). "Cuomo won't budge on $1.5 billion economic development competition". Observer-Dispatch. GateHouse Media. Archived from the original on May 30, 2022. Retrieved April 20, 2015.
  91. ^ Thomas, Brian (February 8, 2010). "City of Utica Master Plan Accomplishments / 2.8.10". City of Utica Master Plan. Archived from the original on January 20, 2015. Retrieved April 15, 2015.
  92. ^ Miner, Dan (July 12, 2010). "Utica master plan: 'Play ball!' at Harbor Point?". Observer-Dispatch. GateHouse Media. Archived from the original on April 19, 2015. Retrieved April 19, 2015.
  93. ^ "Governor Cuomo Announces 'Nano Utica' $1.5 Billion Public-Private Investment That Will Make the Mohawk Valley New York's Next Major Hub of Nanotech Research". Governor Andrew M. Cuomo. New York State. October 10, 2013. Archived from the original on April 27, 2015. Retrieved April 20, 2015.
  94. ^ Howe, Steve. "What to know about Wolfspeed and its $1B facility in Upstate New York". Utica Observer Dispatch. Retrieved August 30, 2023.
  95. ^ Horning, Payne (December 9, 2019). "Groundbreaking planned for new Utica hospital". WRVO Public Media. Retrieved August 30, 2023.
  96. ^ Caputo, Thomas (October 29, 2023). "HAPPENING TODAY: Wynn Hospital officially opens". Rome Sentinel. Retrieved October 29, 2023.
  97. ^ a b c "Utica (city) QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on March 23, 2015. Retrieved April 7, 2015.
  98. ^ a b Hislop, Codman (1948). The Mohawk. Syracuse University Press. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-8156-2472-1.
  99. ^ Hudson, John C. (2002). Across This Land: A Regional Geography of the United States and Canada. JHU Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-8018-6567-1.
  100. ^ "Utica, NY to Albany, NY". Google Maps. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 3, 2015.
  101. ^ Thomas 2003, p. 5.
  102. ^ "Utica Marsh Wildlife Management Area Overview". New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Archived from the original on May 14, 2015. Retrieved April 19, 2015.
  103. ^ "Utica Marsh" (PDF). New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 15, 2015. Retrieved April 19, 2015.
  104. ^ Childs 1900, p. 55.
  105. ^ Bottini & Davis 2007, p. ix.
  106. ^ a b c Writers' Program. New York (1974). New York: A Guide to the Empire State. North American Book Dist LLC. pp. 353–355. ISBN 978-0-4030-2151-2.
  107. ^ "New York State Office Building, Utica". SkyscraperPage.com. Skyscraper Source Media. Archived from the original on September 14, 2015. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
  108. ^ Childs 1900, pp. 57–58.
  109. ^ Childs 1900, p. 130.
  110. ^ Kohn, Solomon Joshua (1959). The Jewish community of Utica, New York, 1847-1948. American Jewish Historical Society. p. 130. OCLC 304259.
  111. ^ Bean, Philip A. (2004). La Colonia: Italian Life and Politics in Utica, New York, 1860-1960. Utica College, Ethnic Heritage Studies Center. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-9660-3630-5.
  112. ^ Tamburri, Anthony Julian; Giordano, Paolo; Gardaphe, Fred L. (2000). From the Margin: Writings in Italian Americana. Purdue University Press. pp. 386–390. ISBN 978-1-5575-3152-0.
  113. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
  114. ^ "National Register of Historic Places Listings". WEEKLY LIST OF ACTIONS TAKEN ON PROPERTIES: 9/07/10 THROUGH 9/10/10. National Park Service. September 17, 2010. Archived from the original on February 1, 2014. Retrieved February 14, 2016.
  115. ^ "National Register of Historic Places Listings". Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 1/03/12 through 1/06/12. National Park Service. January 13, 2012. Archived from the original on August 28, 2013. Retrieved February 14, 2016.
  116. ^ "National Register of Historic Places Listings". Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 9/14/15 through 9/18/15. National Park Service. September 25, 2015. Archived from the original on May 30, 2022. Retrieved February 14, 2016.
  117. ^ "National Register of Historic Places". Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 1/04/16 through 1/08/16. National Park Service. January 15, 2016. Archived from the original on May 30, 2022. Retrieved February 14, 2016.
  118. ^ Observer-Dispatch. "Uptown Theatre named in Register of Historic Places". Utica Observer Dispatch. Archived from the original on February 11, 2023. Retrieved January 17, 2023.
  119. ^ Kottek, Marcus; Greiser, Jürgen; et al. (June 2006). "World Map of Köppen–Geiger Climate Classification" (PDF). Meteorologische Zeitschrift. 15 (3). E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung: 261. Bibcode:2006MetZe..15..259K. doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
  120. ^ a b "Utica, New York Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase. Archived from the original on January 14, 2016. Retrieved April 23, 2015.
  121. ^ "2023 USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map". planthardiness.ars.usda.gov. Retrieved February 7, 2024.
  122. ^ Catie, O'Toole (January 5, 2015). "Weather: 6 inches to nearly 2 feet of lake-effect snow possible in parts of CNY". Syracuse.com. Archived from the original on April 6, 2015. Retrieved April 19, 2015.
  123. ^ Monmonier, Mark (2000). Air Apparent: How Meteorologists Learned to Map, Predict, and Dramatize Weather. University of Chicago Press. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-2265-3423-7.
  124. ^ Karmosky, Christopher (2007). Synoptic Climatology of Snowfall in the Northeastern United States: an Analysis of Snowfall Amounts from Diverse Synoptic Weather Types. University of Delaware. Department of Geography. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-5493-8718-3.
  125. ^ Childs 1900, p. 136.
  126. ^ "Utica, New York Travel Weather Averages (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase. Archived from the original on January 13, 2016. Retrieved April 24, 2015.
  127. ^ "NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on January 11, 2019. Retrieved May 8, 2021.
  128. ^ "Station: Rome Griffiss Airfield, NY". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on May 8, 2021. Retrieved May 8, 2021.
  129. ^ "Station: Griffiss AFB, NY". U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on May 8, 2021. Retrieved May 8, 2021.
  130. ^ "GRIFFISS AFB, NEW YORK". Western Regional Center. Archived from the original on May 10, 2021. Retrieved May 8, 2021.
  131. ^ "Rome, New York". Weatherbase.com. Archived from the original on January 13, 2016. Retrieved April 20, 2015.
  132. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Archived from the original on March 11, 2014. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
  133. ^ a b "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014 - 2014 Population Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on April 4, 2015. Retrieved April 24, 2015.
  134. ^ "Residents". Oneida County, NY. Archived from the original on September 12, 2015. Retrieved August 22, 2015.
  135. ^ Clarridge, Emerson (July 11, 2010). "Mayor Roefaro to speak at Bosnian commemoration event in Syracuse". Utica Observer-Dispatch. Retrieved April 6, 2015.
  136. ^ "Six Continents, One Hometown: Public Opinion On Refugee Resettlement In Utica". 2013. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2021.[verification needed]
  137. ^ "Utica, New York". Modern Language Association. 2000. Archived from the original on May 30, 2022. Retrieved May 8, 2015.
  138. ^ a b "Census.org". Archived from the original on December 5, 2021. Retrieved December 13, 2020.
  139. ^ "Exploring the "Urban Colonies" of Utica". Haverford College. September 16, 2010. Archived from the original on August 20, 2022. Retrieved August 20, 2022.
  140. ^ Bean, Philip A. (2006). "Leftists, Ethnic Nationalism, and the Evolution of Italian-American Identity and Politics in Utica's "Colonia"". New York History. 87 (4): 423–474. ISSN 0146-437X. JSTOR 23183387. Archived from the original on January 16, 2023. Retrieved January 16, 2023.
  141. ^ "American FactFinder". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved May 7, 2015.
  142. ^ "HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE, UTICA, NEW YORK". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 31, 2022. Retrieved January 31, 2022.
  143. ^ a b c "New York - Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved May 7, 2015.
  144. ^ "Savage Arms History". Savage Arms. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015.
  145. ^ Thomas & Smith 2009, p. 64.
  146. ^ Thomas 2003, p. 38.
  147. ^ Thomas 2003, p. 117.
  148. ^ "Utica | Buildings | Emporis". Emporis. Archived from the original on May 11, 2015. Retrieved May 8, 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  149. ^ a b c "The Regional Economy of Upstate New York" (PDF). New York Fed. Federal Reserve Bank of New York. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 19, 2015. Retrieved April 15, 2015.
  150. ^ "Mohawk Valley | START-UP NY". Archived from the original on July 14, 2015. Retrieved December 13, 2015.
  151. ^ Bottini & Davis 2007, p. x.
  152. ^ Gerould, S. Alexander (January 4, 2015). "DEC has eye on contamination at ConMed site". Observer-Dispatch. GateHouse Media. Archived from the original on April 23, 2015. Retrieved April 23, 2015.
  153. ^ "CONMED Corporation News". The New York Times. 2008. Archived from the original on April 17, 2015. Retrieved April 15, 2015.
  154. ^ Miner, Dan (May 3, 2012). "DOT unveils accelerated time frame for Arterial project". Observer-Dispatch. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
  155. ^ Goodban Belt, LLC (May 2010). "New York State Canal System, Modern Freight-Way" (PDF). New York State Canal Corporation. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 12, 2015. Retrieved April 24, 2015.
  156. ^ "Crime, Arrest and Firearm Activity Report: Utica Index Crimes" (PDF). Division of Criminal Justice Services. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 3, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2015.
  157. ^ Caputo, Thomas (January 1, 2024). "Michael Galime sworn in as next mayor of Utica". Rome Sentinel. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
  158. ^ "Common Council". City of Utica. Archived from the original on April 11, 2015. Retrieved April 16, 2015.
  159. ^ "Standing Committees". City of Utica. Archived from the original on May 10, 2015. Retrieved April 16, 2015.
  160. ^ Thomas 2003, pp. 145–149.
  161. ^ Thomas 2003, p. 37.
  162. ^ "Utica | Northern District of New York | United States District Court". United States Court, Northern District of New York. Archived from the original on April 8, 2015. Retrieved April 21, 2015.
  163. ^ Bonadio & Co., LLP. "Financial Statements and Required Reports Under OMB Circular A-133 as of March 31, 2014" (PDF). City of Utica. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved April 16, 2015.
  164. ^ a b "2015-2016 Board of E & A Approved Budget" (PDF). City of Utica. February 13, 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved April 15, 2015.
  165. ^ Sperling, Bert; Sander, Peter J. (May 7, 2007). Cities Ranked & Rated: More Than 400 Metropolitan Areas Evaluated in the U.S. and Canada. John Wiley & Sons. p. 762. ISBN 978-0-4700-6864-9.
  166. ^ "Crime, Arrest and Firearm Activity Report" (PDF). Division of Criminal Justice Services. New York State Division of Criminal Justice Services (published March 6, 2015). January 31, 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 3, 2021. Retrieved April 23, 2015.
  167. ^ "Law Enforcement Division - Oneida County Sheriff". Oneida County Sheriff's Office. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 8, 2015.
  168. ^ "Fire Department". City of Utica. Archived from the original on April 30, 2015. Retrieved May 8, 2015.
  169. ^ Bartelma, Katy (December 13, 2004). Let's Go 2005 USA: With Coverage of Canada. St. Martin's Press. p. 642. ISBN 978-0-3123-3557-1.
  170. ^ Santos, Fernanda (October 21, 2006). "Where Young Refugees Find a Place to Fit In". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 6, 2017. Retrieved April 9, 2015.
  171. ^ "Quality of Life". City of Utica. Archived from the original on April 17, 2015. Retrieved April 17, 2015.
  172. ^ Nadeau, Mary (September 11, 2008). "A bright outlook on life". Observer-Dispatch. GateHouse Media. Archived from the original on May 30, 2022. Retrieved April 22, 2015.
  173. ^ Miltner, Karen (June 20, 2010). "From riggies to cevapi, immigrants have shaped Utica's food scene". Democrat and Chronicle. Gannett. Archived from the original on April 20, 2015. Retrieved April 20, 2015.
  174. ^ "New York State". Insight Guides: USA on the Road. Apa Publications (UK) Limited. February 25, 2013. ISBN 978-1-7800-5632-6.
  175. ^ Monaski, Jeff (June 6, 2013). "Utica Native Shares Chicken Riggies Recipe With Taste Of Home Magazine". WIBX 950AM. Townsquare Media. Archived from the original on April 13, 2015. Retrieved April 20, 2015.
  176. ^ Baber, Cassaundra (January 11, 2010). "Next Food Network star: Utica greens". Utica Observer-Dispatch. GateHouse Media. Retrieved April 15, 2015.
  177. ^ Levine, Ed (January 15, 2008). "The Best Black and White Cookies? Half-Moons? Amerikaners?". New York Serious Eats. Serious Eats. Archived from the original on April 16, 2015. Retrieved April 15, 2015.
  178. ^ Hubbell, Matt (April 16, 2015). "Are Utica's Halfmoon Cookies 'Today Show' Bound?!". lite98.7. Townsquare Media. Archived from the original on April 27, 2015. Retrieved April 20, 2015.
  179. ^ "CNYEats A Taste of Utica Mushroom Stews". Apple Crumbles. November 22, 2009. Archived from the original on January 6, 2018. Retrieved January 5, 2018.
  180. ^ Russell, Tina (August 6, 2014). "O'Scugnizzo Pizzeria: A slice of Utica's history turns 100". Utica Observer-Dispatch. GateHouse Media. Archived from the original on February 11, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2015.
  181. ^ "Visitors". City of Utica. Food. Archived from the original on April 10, 2015. Retrieved April 16, 2015.
  182. ^ "Quality of Life". www.cityofutica.com. Archived from the original on April 17, 2015. Retrieved April 25, 2015.
  183. ^ "F.X. Matt Brewing Co. / Saranac - Brew Central". BrewCentralNY.com. Archived from the original on April 27, 2015. Retrieved April 20, 2015.
  184. ^ "Brewers Association Releases Top 50 Breweries of 2012; Top 50 Overall U.S. Brewing Companies (Based on 2012 beer sales volume)". Boulder, CO: Brewers Association. April 10, 2013. Archived from the original on September 21, 2015. Retrieved April 20, 2015.
  185. ^ Andrews, Colman. "Brewing across America: These are the 35 most successful US craft breweries". USA TODAY. Archived from the original on November 5, 2021. Retrieved November 5, 2021.
  186. ^ Moses, Sarah (December 3, 2014). "Boilermaker Road Race makes changes to registration process for 2015". Syracuse.com. Syracuse Media Group. Archived from the original on April 19, 2015. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
  187. ^ Braine, Bill (November 2007). Runner's World. 11. Vol. 42. Rodale, Inc. pp. 119–120. ISSN 0897-1706.
  188. ^ Sharp, Debbie (July 6, 2005). "Opening Set for NASA Exhibits at Utica Children's Museum". NASA. Archived from the original on January 13, 2016. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
  189. ^ "The Children's Museum of History, Natural History, Science & Technology". City of Utica. Archived from the original on April 19, 2015. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
  190. ^ "PrattMWP, Pratt Institute's Utica, NY campus: A Great Choice for Many Art Students". PrattMWP College of Art and Design. Munson Williams Proctor Art Institute. Archived from the original on April 19, 2015. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
  191. ^ Burns, Stanley B. (September 28, 2011). "19th and 20th century psychiatry: 22 rare photos". CBS News. CBS. Archived from the original on April 19, 2015. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
  192. ^ Roth, Amy Neff (April 26, 2013). "'Old Main' played important role in history of psychiatry". Observer-Dispatch. GateHouse Media. Archived from the original on May 30, 2022. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
  193. ^ "The Straightjacket and Utica Crib: Diagnostik". University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics. The University of Iowa. November 2, 2001. Archived from the original on May 21, 2010. Retrieved April 14, 2015.
  194. ^ "About » Stanley Center For The Arts". Stanley Center for the Arts. Archived from the original on April 27, 2015. Retrieved April 20, 2015.
  195. ^ Bottini & Davis 2007, p. 13.
  196. ^ a b "Hotel Utica – A History". Hotel Utica. Archived from the original on February 9, 2015. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
  197. ^ Tucker, Libby (2013). "New York's Haunted Bars". Voices. 39 (Spring–Summer). Archived from the original on April 27, 2015. Retrieved April 20, 2015.
  198. ^ a b "Parks and Recreation". City of Utica. Archived from the original on April 10, 2015. Retrieved April 19, 2015.
  199. ^ "Parks & Open Spaces". www.cityofutica.com. Archived from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved August 21, 2015.
  200. ^ Vincent (January 1, 2007). Lin Smith, Vincent; Waller, Sydney (eds.). Sculpture Space: The Book : for the Artists and Individuals who are Part of the Sculpture Space Story. Thomas Piché, Sculpture Space (Studio). Sculpture Space, Incorporated. pp. 63–65. ISBN 978-0-9795-9690-2.
  201. ^ "Memorial Parkway | Explore Our Parks | Central New York Conservancy | Mohawk Valley". Central New York Conservancy. Archived from the original on April 24, 2015. Retrieved April 20, 2015.
  202. ^ "Proctor Park". Oneida County Historical Society. Archived from the original on 9 April 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
  203. ^ "Explore Our Parks in Utica, New York". Central New York Conservancy. Archived from the original on April 26, 2015. Retrieved April 20, 2015.
  204. ^ Pitarresi, John (December 22, 2012). "Val Bialas Sports Center: Let it snow, let it snow, let it snow". Observer-Dispatch. GateHouse Media. Retrieved April 19, 2015.
  205. ^ "Parks & Open Spaces". City of Utica. Archived from the original on April 11, 2015. Retrieved April 19, 2015.
  206. ^ Thomas 2003, p. 156.
  207. ^ "Centro Utica". Centro. April 1, 2013. Archived from the original on March 18, 2015. Retrieved March 21, 2015.
  208. ^ "Central New York - Weekday Line Runs" (PDF). Birnie Bus Service, Inc. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 26, 2015. Retrieved April 7, 2015.
  209. ^ "Greyhound.com, Utica, NY". Greyhound. Archived from the original on December 13, 2015. Retrieved April 7, 2015.
  210. ^ "Central New York - Saturday Line Runs" (PDF). Birnie Bus Service, Inc. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 13, 2015. Retrieved April 7, 2015.
  211. ^ a b Thomas 2003, pp. 114–115.
  212. ^ Thomas 2003, p. 114.
  213. ^ Report on State arterial route plans in the Utica urban area. University of Michigan: New York State Department of Public Works. 1950.
  214. ^ "Google Maps". Google Maps. Archived from the original on May 30, 2022. Retrieved August 22, 2015.
  215. ^ "National Grid - 2002 News Releases". nationalgridus.com. Archived from the original on April 27, 2015. Retrieved April 21, 2015.
  216. ^ "New York Transco Transmission Projects". New York State Electric & Gas. Archived from the original on April 11, 2015. Retrieved April 21, 2015.
  217. ^ "Major Transmission Facilities Included In and Excluded From the Transmission Revenue Requirement" (PDF). New York Power Authority. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 March 2015. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
  218. ^ Kemble, William J. (November 16, 2013). "Proposed power line through Mid-Hudson region stirs concerns". The Daily Freeman. 21st Century Media. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved April 21, 2015.
  219. ^ Roth, Amy (September 18, 2014). "Mini electric stations, such as at Faxton St. Luke's, being touted". Observer-Dispatch. GateHouse Media. Archived from the original on May 30, 2022. Retrieved April 21, 2015.
  220. ^ Zeman, F. (September 11, 2012). Metropolitan Sustainability: Understanding and Improving the Urban Environment. Elsevier. p. 544. ISBN 978-0-8570-9646-3.
  221. ^ Miner, Dan (January 26, 2012). "Utica forming panel to study possibility of new power system". Observer-Dispatch. GateHouse Media. Retrieved April 21, 2015.
  222. ^ "Proceeding To Examine Policies Regarding the Expansion of Natural Gas Service Case 12-G-0297" (PDF). New York State Public Service Commission. National Grid. January 9, 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 18, 2015. Retrieved April 21, 2015.
  223. ^ Handelman, David. "National Grid requests $400,000 from city". Observer-Dispatch. Retrieved April 21, 2015.
  224. ^ "Service Area". New York State Electric & Gas. Archived from the original on April 14, 2015. Retrieved April 21, 2015.
  225. ^ "City of Utica Garbage & Recycling: Collection & Disposal Information" (PDF). Oneida-Herkimer Solid Waste Authority. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 27, 2015. Retrieved April 21, 2015.
  226. ^ "About Us » Oneida-Herkimer Solid Waste Authority". Oneida-Herkimer Solid Waste Authority. Archived from the original on April 27, 2015. Retrieved April 21, 2015.
  227. ^ "Water Quality". Mohawk Valley Water Authority. Archived from the original on April 27, 2015. Retrieved April 20, 2015.
  228. ^ a b "Water Quality Report 2014" (PDF). Mohawk Valley Water Authority. 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 27, 2015. Retrieved April 20, 2015.
  229. ^ Cooper, Elizabeth (September 27, 2015). "Region boasts plentiful, clean water". Observer Dispatch. Archived from the original on May 30, 2022. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
  230. ^ Roth, Amy Neff (October 27, 2023). "Wynn Hospital opens Sunday: What you need to know". Utica Observer-Dispatch. Retrieved October 30, 2023.
  231. ^ Roth, Amy Neff (October 30, 2023). "'Bittersweet' Sunday as St. Luke's, St. Elizabeth close, Wynn Hospital opens". Utica Observer Dispatch. Retrieved October 30, 2023.
  232. ^ "Faxton St. Luke's, St. Elizabeth Inch Closer to Finishing Merger". Becker's Hospital Review. December 19, 2013. Archived from the original on September 30, 2020. Retrieved May 3, 2020.
  233. ^ "Campuses / SUNY Polytechnic Institute (formerly SUNYIT)". The State University of New York. Archived from the original on May 30, 2022. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
  234. ^ "SUNY Graduate Campuses". SUNY. Retrieved May 31, 2022.
  235. ^ "About MVCC". Mohawk Valley Community College. Archived from the original on April 19, 2015. Retrieved April 24, 2015.
  236. ^ "Utica | Central New York | SUNY Empire State College". www.esc.edu. Archived from the original on August 23, 2015. Retrieved August 22, 2015.
  237. ^ "About Utica College". Utica College. Archived from the original on April 8, 2015. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
  238. ^ "History | St. Elizabeth College of Nursing | Utica, NY". St. Elizabeth College of Nursing. Archived from the original on May 11, 2015. Retrieved April 24, 2015.
  239. ^ "Pratt BFA Degrees | Top Ranked Design & Fine Arts Programs » PrattMWP". PrattMWP College of Art and Design. Archived from the original on April 19, 2015. Retrieved April 24, 2015.
  240. ^ Amy Roth, Utica Observer-Dispatch (December 5, 2016). "Utica School of Commerce closing after 120 years". Utica Observer-Dispatch. Archived from the original on May 30, 2022. Retrieved December 30, 2016.
  241. ^ "Utica City School District". Federal Education Budget Project. New America Foundation. 2012. Archived from the original on June 26, 2015. Retrieved April 17, 2015.
  242. ^ Scott Thomas, G (June 25, 2015). "Utica scores highest in Upstate New York for racial diversity in public schools". Buffalo Business First. American City Business Journals. Archived from the original on June 26, 2015. Retrieved June 25, 2015.
  243. ^ Tracey, Sarah (April 5, 2014). "UFA to celebrate 200 years of memories, milestones". Observer-Dispatch. GateHouse Media. Archived from the original on May 30, 2022. Retrieved April 19, 2015.
  244. ^ NDHS. "School History". Notre Dame High School website. Archived from the original on April 16, 2007. Retrieved May 11, 2007.
  245. ^ "Library History". Utica Public Library. Retrieved August 23, 2023.
  246. ^ "About MYLS". Mid York Library System. Archived from the original on January 12, 2016. Retrieved June 18, 2015.
  247. ^ "Utica Comets to join AHL in 2013-14". TheAHL.com. American Hockey League. June 14, 2013. Archived from the original on November 4, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2013.
  248. ^ "Introducing the Utica Comets of the AHL | ProHockeyTalk". Archived from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved December 13, 2015.
  249. ^ "United Hockey League history and statistics at hockeydb.com". hockeydb.com. Archived from the original on April 25, 2015. Retrieved April 20, 2015.
  250. ^ "Canada edges US in overtime for women's hockey world title". NBC Sports. April 14, 2024. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
  251. ^ "The MASL Is Coming to Utica". June 13, 2018. Archived from the original on June 14, 2018. Retrieved September 1, 2018.
  252. ^ Worth, Richard (February 26, 2013). Baseball Team Names: A Worldwide Dictionary, 1869-2011. McFarland. p. 311. ISBN 978-0-7864-6844-7.
  253. ^ "Overview". SUNY Poly Athletics. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved August 19, 2015.
  254. ^ "Overview". Hamilton College. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved August 19, 2015.
  255. ^ "Sports Information". Utica College Pioneers. Archived from the original on September 8, 2015. Retrieved August 19, 2015.
  256. ^ "Mohawk Valley Community College". NJCAA. Archived from the original on December 10, 2015. Retrieved August 19, 2015.
  257. ^ "About The Herkimer Generals Athletic Program". www.herkimergenerals.com. Archived from the original on September 8, 2015. Retrieved August 20, 2015.
  258. ^ "WKTV bringing CBS affiliation to Utica". WKTV. October 26, 2015. Archived from the original on November 26, 2015. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
  259. ^ "About TWC News". TWC News. Archived from the original on April 19, 2015. Retrieved April 19, 2015.
  260. ^ "Dish Network to Become First Pay-TV Provider to Offer Local Broadcast Channels in All 210 Local Television Markets in the United States" (PDF). Dish Network - Investor Relations. Comtex News Network. May 27, 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 19, 2015. Retrieved April 19, 2015.
  261. ^ "Get DirecTV in Utica". DirecTV. Archived from the original on March 24, 2015. Retrieved April 19, 2015.
  262. ^ Thomas 2003, p. 8.
  263. ^ Thomas 2003, p. 121.
  264. ^ a b Lynn, Naomi (January 6, 2015). "Utica Gets Plenty of Attention In The Entertainment World: These TV Shows And Movies Prove Utica Is More Popular Than You Think". lite98.7. Townsquare Media. Archived from the original on April 19, 2015. Retrieved April 19, 2015.
  265. ^ Ginsberg, Allen (1956). Howl and Other Poems. City Light Books. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-8728-6017-9.
  266. ^ Herbert, Geoff (September 18, 2013). "Night Ranger, Gordie Howe and 'Slap Shot' stars coming to Utica Comets' first home game". Syracuse.com. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved August 19, 2015.
  267. ^ Fran Perritano (May 28, 2010). "'Hanson Brothers' will return to Utica Aud". Utica Observer-Dispatch. Archived from the original on February 9, 2013. Retrieved September 12, 2010.

Bibliography

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
  • Bartholomew, Harland (1921). A Preliminary Report on Major Streets, Utica, New York. Willard Press. OCLC 682139143.
  • Briggs, John W. An Italian Passage: Immigrants to Three American Cities (Yale UP, 1978) on Utica NY, Rochester NY, and Kansas City, MO, 1890-1930. online
  • Ferris, T. Harvey (1913). Utica, the Heart of the Empire State. Library of Congress. ASIN B00486TJ2C.
  • Pula, James S. (1994). Ethnic Utica. Ethnic Heritage Studies Center, Utica College of Syracuse University. ISBN 978-0-9668-1785-0.
  • Koch, Daniel (2023). Land of the Oneidas: Central New York State and the Creation of America, From Prehistory to the Present. Albany: State University of New York Press.

Utica Public Library (1932). A Bibliography of the History and Life of Utica; a Centennial Contribution. Goodenow Print. Co. OCLC 1074083.

[edit]