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Donetsk Oblast

Coordinates: 48°08′N 37°44′E / 48.14°N 37.74°E / 48.14; 37.74
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This article is about the Ukrainian oblast. For the disputed Russian entity, see Donetsk People's Republic.

Donetsk Oblast
Донецька область
Oblast
Donetska oblast[1]
Flag of Donetsk Oblast
Flag
Coat of arms of Donetsk Oblast
Coat of arms
Nickname: 
Донеччина (Donechchyna)
Coordinates: 48°08′N 37°44′E / 48.14°N 37.74°E / 48.14; 37.74
Country Ukraine
Established3 June 1938
Administrative center
  • Donetsk (de jure; 1938 – present, de facto until 2014)
  • Kramatorsk (de facto; October 2014 – present)
  • Mariupol (de facto; June – October 2014)
Government
 • GovernorVadym Filashkin[2][a]
 • Oblast council150 seats
Area
 • Total26,517 km2 (10,238 sq mi)
 • RankRanked 11th
Population
 (1 January 2022)[3]
 • TotalDecrease 4,059,372
 • RankRanked 1st
GDP
[4]
 • Total₴ 283 billion
(€7.3 billion)
 • Per capita₴ 69,446
(€1,800)
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)
Postal code
83000–87999
Area code+380-62
ISO 3166 codeUA-14
Vehicle registrationАН
Raions8
Cities (total)52
• Regional cities28
Urban-type settlements131
Villages1124
HDI (2022)0.741[5]
high
FIPS 10-4UP05
Websitedn.gov.ua

Donetsk Oblast,[b] also referred to as Donechchyna (Ukrainian: Донеччина, IPA: [doˈnɛtʃːɪnɐ]), is an oblast in eastern Ukraine. It is Ukraine's most populous province, with around 4.1 million residents. Its administrative centre is Donetsk, though due to the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian War, the regional administration was moved to Kramatorsk.[6] Historically, the region has been an important part of the Donbas region. From its creation in 1938 until November 1961, it bore the name Stalino Oblast, in honour of Joseph Stalin. As part of the de-Stalinization process, it was renamed after the Donets river, the main artery of Eastern Ukraine. Its population is estimated at 4,100,280 (2021 est.).[7]

The oblast is known for its urban sprawl of Donetsk–Makiivka and Horlivka–Yenakiieve and it is often associated with the coal mining industry.

In 2014, parts of the oblast, including Donetsk, came under the control of Russian-backed separatists who declared the Donetsk People's Republic, leading to a war against government forces; the de facto administrative center was subsequently moved to Mariupol and then Kramatorsk.[8] During the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the oblast again became the site of heavy fighting, and Russia later declared the annexation of the entirety of the oblast as well as three other regions, though the annexation remains internationally unrecognized. About three-fifths of the oblast is under Russian military occupation.[9]

History

Sviatohirsk Lavra, one of the oldest historical landmarks of Donetsk Oblast

Donetsk Oblast is located within the historic regions of Zaporizhzhia (western and central part), Sloboda Ukraine (northern part) and Pryazovia (southern part). In the mid-18th-century, the north-eastern outskirts formed part of Slavo-Serbia with its capital in Bakhmut.

Before the establishment of Donetsk Oblast, three districts (okruhas) existed on its territory from 1923 to 1930. The Donets Governorate was terminated in 1925. As part of Soviet Ukraine, Donetsk Oblast was established on 2 July 1932 out of the Kharkiv Oblast, the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, and a number of raions that were under the direct administration of Kharkiv (then-capital of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic). Artemivsk (today Bakhmut) served as the oblast's administrative center for two weeks until 16 July 1932, when the city of Stalino (today Donetsk) took on the role. Until 1938, the Donetsian Oblast included the territories of the modern Donetsk Oblast and the Luhansk Oblast. In June 1938 it was split into the Stalino Oblast (modern Donetsk Oblast) and the Voroshylovhrad Oblast (modern Luhansk Oblast).

During the Nazi German occupation from fall 1941 to fall 1943, Donetsk Oblast was known as Yuzivka Oblast (after the original name of Donetsk). During World War II, it was the site of several war crimes, including the German-perpetrated Artemivsk massacre and Soviet-perpetrated Massacre of Grischino.

As part of de-Stalinization in the Soviet Union, in 1961 Stalino and Stalino Oblast were renamed Donetsk and Donetsk Oblast.

During the dissolution of the Soviet Union, 83.9% of voters in Donetsk Oblast approved Ukraine's declaration of independence in the 1991 referendum.[10]

In the mid-1990s, the region became known for its heightened criminal activity, including the killings of high-profile business people such as Akhat Bragin and Yevhen Shcherban. Donetsk Oblast was also a base for Ukraine's main pro-Russian political faction, Party of Regions, which became part of the Ukrainian government in 2002 and paved a way into Ukrainian politics for the powerful "Donetsk Clan".

In late 2004, the Party of Regions was involved in the creation of a political project, the South-East Ukrainian Autonomous Republic, which was intended to include Donetsk Oblast. Having close ties with the Russian government, the Party of Regions, along with local communists and other pro-Russian activists, instigated the pro-Russian unrest which escalated into the war in Donbas. In May 2014, the Ukrainian government lost control over its border with Russia in Donetsk Oblast.

On 30 September 2022 Russia, amid its invasion of Ukraine, annexed Donetsk (Donetsk People's Republic), Luhansk (Luhansk People's Republic), Zaporizhzhia, and Kherson Oblasts. The United Nations General Assembly subsequently passed a resolution calling on countries not to recognise what it described as an "attempted illegal annexation", demanded that Russia "immediately, completely and unconditionally withdraw",[11] while most nations of the world have not recognized the annexations. As of April 2024, Russia controls about 60% of the oblast.[9]

Geography

Detailed map of Donetsk Oblast

Donetsk Oblast is located in southeastern Ukraine. The area of the oblast (26,517 km2) comprises about 4.4% of the total area of the country. The oblast borders the Dnipropetrovsk and Zaporizhzhia Oblasts to the southwest, the Kharkiv Oblast to the north, the Luhansk Oblast to the northeast, the Rostov Oblast in Russia to the east, and the Sea of Azov to the south.

Its extent from north to south is 270 km, from east to west – 190 km. The extreme points of the oblast's borders are: Bilosarayska Kosa (spit) in the south, Shevchenko of Volnovakha Raion in the west, Verkhnii Kut of Horlivka Raion in the east, and Lozove of Kramatorsk Raion in the north.

The state historic-architectural site near the city of Sviatohirsk with the Sviatohirsk Lavra was nominated for the Seven Wonders of Ukraine.

Administrative divisions

Main article: Administrative divisions of Donetsk Oblast

Since 2020, Donetsk Oblast has been divided into eight raions (districts), each named after its administrative center:

Map No. Name in English Name in Ukrainian Romanization Admin. centre
1 Kramatorsk Raion Краматорський район Kramatorskyi raion Kramatorsk
2 Bakhmut Raion Бахмутський район Bakhmutskyi raion Bakhmut
3 Pokrovsk Raion Покровський район Pokrovskyi raion Pokrovsk
4 Horlivka Raion Горлівський район Horlivskyi raion Horlivka
5 Volnovakha Raion Волноваський район Volnovaskyi raion Volnovakha
6 Donetsk Raion Донецький район Donetskyi raion Donetsk
7 Mariupol Raion Маріупольський район Mariupolskyi raion Mariupol
8 Kalmiuske Raion Кальміуський район Kalmiuskyi raion Kalmiuske

Each raion is in turn divided up into hromadas.

Demographics

Young family in Donetsk

In 2013, the population of Donetsk Oblast was 4.43 million, which constituted 10% of the overall Ukrainian population, making it the most populous and most densely populated region of the country, except for the cities with special status (Kyiv and Sevastopol). Its large population is due to the presence of several big industrial cities and numerous villages agglomerated around them.

Historical population
YearPop.±%
19704,891,979—    
19795,160,641+5.5%
19895,332,395+3.3%
20014,841,074−9.2%
20114,433,011−8.4%
20224,059,372−8.4%
Source: [12][13]

During the 2004 presidential election, political supporters of Viktor Yanukovych threatened to demand autonomy for Donetsk and neighboring oblasts if the election of their candidate was not recognised. However, no official moves were ever made.[citation needed]

At the 2001 Ukrainian National Census, the ethnic groups within Donetsk Oblast were: Ukrainians – 2,744,100 (56.9%), Russians – 1,844,400 (38.2%), Pontic Greeks – 77,500 (1.6%), Belarusians – 44,500 (0.9%), others (2.3%).[14]

At the 2001 census, the languages spoken within the oblast were: Russian (spoken by 98.6% of Russians living there, 58.7% of Ukrainians, 58.7% of Greeks, and 85.5% of Belarusians) and Ukrainian (spoken by 41.2% of Ukrainians, 1.3% of Russians, 3.2% of Greeks, and 3.9% of Belarusians).[15]

Year Fertility Birth Year Fertility Birth Year Fertility Birth
1990 1,6 58 050 2000 0,9 30 042 2010 1,2 41 258
1991 1,5 54 466 2001 0,9 29 931 2011 1,3 41 720
1992 1,4 50 258 2002 0,9 31 216 2012 1,3 42 839
1993 1,3 46 344 2003 0,9 33 433
1994 1,2 43 195 2004 1,0 35 526
1995 1,1 38 808 2005 1,0 35 883
1996 1,1 36 349 2006 1,1 39 327
1997 1,0 34 347 2007 1,2 40 560
1998 1,0 33 518 2008 1,3 44 394
1999 0,9 30 503 2009 1,3 43 373

Age structure

0–14 years: 12.6% Increase (male 283,584/female 266,977)
15–64 years: 70.4% Decrease (male 1,453,273/female 1,619,241)
65 years and over: 17.0% Steady (male 243,048/female 496,434) (2013 official)

Median age

total: 41.9 years Increase
male: 38.0 years Increase
female: 45.8 years Increase (2013 official)

Economy

Map of the economic activity in the Donbas, including Donetsk Oblast.

Industry

Donetsk Oblast accounts for more than one half of the coal, finished steel, coke, cast iron and steel production in Ukraine. Ferrous metallurgy, fuel industry and power industry are in demand in the structure of industry production. There are about 882 industry enterprises that are on independent balance, and 2,095 small industry enterprises in the oblast.[16]

Further information: Bogdanovskoye coalfield

The oblast has a developed transport infrastructure which includes the Donetsk railway (covers 40% of national transportation), the Mariupol Port, the Donetsk International Airport, passenger airports in Mariupol and Kramatorsk, and dense road systems. In Donetsk Oblast two special economic zones have been created, Donetsk and Azov, which have a privileged tax regime.[16]

Agriculture

In 1999, the gross grain yield in the oblast was about 999.1 thousand tons, sugar beets – 27.1 thousand tons, sunflower seeds – 309.4 thousand tons, and potatoes – 380.2 thousand tons.[16] Also, 134.2 thousand tons of meat, 494.3 thousand tons of milk and 646.4 million eggs have been produced. At the beginning of 1999 there were 2108 farms within the oblast.[16]

Geology

Holy Mountains National Nature Park

Donetsk Oblast's climate is mostly continental, which is characterised by hot summers and relatively cold winters with changeable snow surfaces. East and southeast strong winds, high temperatures and heavy rain showers are typical in the summer. The average annual rainfall is 524 mm.

The basic minerals found here are: coal (reserves – 25 billion tons), rock salt, lime carbonate, potassium, mercury, asbestos, and graphite. The area is also rich in fertile black earth.

Important resources for recreation within the area are: the mild climate, the Sea of Azov coast, curative mud, sources of minerals, and radon and table water. Due to these numerous recreation resources, many resort hotels and camps are located here. There are about 26 health centres and pensions, 52 rest homes and boarding houses, and rest camps for children in the oblast.[16]

The curative[clarification needed] areas in the oblast include the Slovyansk salt lakes and mineral water sources. The oblast also contains many park zones, some of which are of great national value. They include the Khomutivsky steppe and the Azov sea coast. Overall, Donetsk Oblast contains about 70 protected park and nature attractions including branches of the Ukrainian steppe park, six state reserves, ten memorials of nature, landscapes, and six park tracts.[16]

Polls

During the 1991 referendum, 83.90% of votes in Donetsk Oblast were in favour of the Declaration of Independence of Ukraine, fourth lowest in the country after Crimea, Sevastopol and Luhansk Oblast. A survey conducted in December 2014 by the Kyiv International Institute of Sociology found 18.5% of the oblast's population supported their region joining Russia, 53.8% did not support the idea, 22.5% were undecided, and 5.2% did not respond; insurgent-controlled areas (which hold over 50% of the population)[17] were not polled.[18]

  • Regional Administration of Donetsk
    Regional Administration of Donetsk
  • Donetsk
    Donetsk
  • Old Tower, Mariupol
    Old Tower, Mariupol
  • Palace of Culture, Kramatorsk
    Palace of Culture, Kramatorsk
  • Jubilee coin of the National Bank of Ukraine
    Jubilee coin of the National Bank of Ukraine
  • Sviatohirsk Lavra
    Sviatohirsk Lavra
  • Young family in Donetsk
    Young family in Donetsk
  • International Bank Mariupol
    International Bank Mariupol
  • Shakhtarsko-Rukhiv meeting
    Shakhtarsko-Rukhiv meeting

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Governor recognized by Ukraine. The Russian-annexed Donetsk People's Republic, which controls part of Donetsk Oblast, is headed by Denis Pushilin.
  2. ^ Ukrainian: Донецька область, romanized: Donetska oblast, IPA: [doˈnɛtsʲkɐ ˈɔblɐsʲtʲ], Russian: Донецкая область

References

  1. ^ Syvak, Nina; Ponomarenko, Valerii; Khodzinska, Olha; Lakeichuk, Iryna (2011). Veklych, Lesia (ed.). Toponymic Guidelines for Map and Other Editors for International Use (PDF) (Report). scientific consultant Iryna Rudenko; reviewed by Nataliia Kizilowa; translated by Olha Khodzinska. Kyiv: DerzhHeoKadastr and Kartographia. p. 20. ISBN 978-966-475-839-7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 6 October 2020 – via United Nations Statistics Division.
  2. ^ "Zelensky appoints new governors of Donetsk, Rivne oblasts". The Kyiv Independent. 28 December 2023. Archived from the original on 20 August 2024. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
  3. ^ Kalatur, Anastasia (22 April 2022). "Donetsk Region: Almost three quarters of the population left – regional head". Pravda. Ukrainia Pravda. Retrieved 20 February 2023. Almost three quarters of the population have left the Ukrainian-controlled territory of Donetsk Region – currently there are about 430 thousand people left. – Head of the Donetsk Regional State Administration, Pavlo Kyrylenko, during the joint 24/7 national news broadcast, quoted by Ukraine's Centre for Strategic Communications and Information Security.
  4. ^ "Валовии регіональнии продукт". Archived from the original on 4 August 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
  5. ^ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org.
  6. ^ Kikhtenko to move Donetsk administration to Kramatorsk and to leave power structures in Mariupol Archived 19 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine Mirror Weekly, mw.ua
  7. ^ Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2021 [Number of Present Population of Ukraine, as of January 1, 2021] (PDF) (in Ukrainian and English). Kyiv: State Statistics Service of Ukraine.
  8. ^ "Kikhtenko to move Donetsk administration to Kramatorsk and to leave power structures in Mariupol". Dzerkalo Tyzhnia (in Russian). Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 3 November 2014.
  9. ^ a b Khrebet, Alexander (19 April 2024). "'No region in Ukraine endures hell like Donetsk Oblast,' governor says of Russia's war". The Kyiv Independent. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
  10. ^ "Independence – over 90% vote yes in referendum; Kravchuk elected president of Ukraine]". The Ukrainian Weekly. 8 December 1991. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
  11. ^ "Ukraine: UN General Assembly demands Russia reverse course on 'attempted illegal annexation'". 12 October 2022. Archived from the original on 14 October 2022. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
  12. ^ "Division of Ukraine". Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
  13. ^ "Ukraine: Provinces and Major Cities". Archived from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
  14. ^ Ukrcensus.gov.ua — Donetsk region Archived 17 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine URL accessed on 13 January 2007
  15. ^ "About [the] number and composition [of the] population of DONETS'K REGION by data [of the] All-Ukrainian census of the population 2001". Ukrainian Census. State Statistics Service of Ukraine. Archived from the original on 18 May 2013. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
  16. ^ a b c d e f Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine — Donetsk Region Archived 19 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine URL accessed on 13 January 2007
  17. ^ "Self-proclaimed Luhansk People's Republic governs most residents". TASS. 25 September 2014. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  18. ^ Лише 3% українців хочуть приєднання їх області до Росії [Only 3% of Ukrainians want their region to become part of Russia]. Dzerkalo Tyzhnia (in Ukrainian). 3 January 2015. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
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