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Dolcoath mine

Coordinates: 50°13′02″N 5°16′49″W / 50.2172°N 5.2804°W / 50.2172; -5.2804
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Harriets Pumping Engine house, part of Dolcoath Mine, built in 1860

Dolcoath mine (Cornish: Bal Dorkoth)[citation needed] was a copper and tin mine in Camborne, Cornwall, United Kingdom. Its name derives from the Cornish for 'Old Ground', and it was also affectionately known as The Queen of Cornish Mines. The site is north-west of Carn Brea. Dolcoath Road runs between the A3047 road and Chapel Hill. The site is south of this road.

History

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The mineral rights were owned by the Basset family of Tehidy who are recorded on a deed in 1588 as leasing the ground to a family called Crane. By 1720 the mine was being worked for copper,[1] and it was almost 300 feet (91 m) deep in 1746,[2] when William Borlase called it a "very considerable mine".[3] In 1778 it was nearly 600 feet (180 m) deep, according to William Price.[3] The mine closed in 1787 because the large amount of copper ore that was being cheaply mined from Parys Mountain on Anglesey had depressed the price. However the price of copper slowly recovered and the mine reopened in 1799.[3]

Of around 470 copper-producing mines in Cornwall and Devon, Dolcoath became the fifth largest.[4] But as depth increased the copper died out, and by 1832 the mine was in danger of closing. However the mine captain, Charles Thomas, was convinced that tin ore would be found deeper down and after disagreements with the shareholders his faith was repaid and the first tin dividend was paid in 1853.[3]

By 1882 the mine had reached a depth of 2,160 feet (660 m) and had 12 miles (19 km) of tunnels passable by men and a further 40 miles (64 km) of old workings which had become unused and impassable. In 1893 there was a major accident at the 412-fathom level (see below). In 1895 it took men employed in the lower levels between 2 and 3 hours to go down and return to the surface, so they could not work more than 4–5 hours a day.[5]

View east from Dolcoath Mine, 1893

Dolcoath became the largest and deepest mine in Cornwall, with its principal shaft, known as New Sump Shaft, eventually reaching a depth of 3,300 feet (1,000 m) below the surface.[6] The pumping engine that worked this shaft dated from 1815; a piece of the cast iron bob from this engine is preserved in the collection of the Trevithick Society.[7] This engine originally had a 76-inch-diameter (1,900 mm) cylinder, but this had to be replaced with an 85-inch (2,200 mm) cylinder when it was not powerful enough to cope with the deepening shaft. The rebuilt engine was so large that there was not enough room in the engine house for the stairs, so a unique wooden extension was built on the back to house them.[8]

In 1895 it was decided to reconstruct the company as a limited company, replacing the old cost book system under which most Cornish mines had traditionally been run. A new shaft, named the Williams Shaft after the first chairman of the new company, was started in October 1895, intended to be the first 3,000-foot (910 m) vertical shaft in Cornwall. It was completed in 1910 and came into use the next year.[6]

The man engine of Dolcoath mine

In 1920 when the mine had become virtually worked out and following the tin price collapse (new deposits were also being found elsewhere in the world) Dolcoath finally closed. The company was reconstructed in 1923 when fresh capital was raised and a new 2,000-foot (610 m) circular shaft was sited north of the old mine at Roskear.[9] The New Dolcoath Mine was actually an amalgamation of several smaller mines including Stray Park and Roskear. In 1936 Dolcoath's sett was purchased by South Crofty.

Major accident

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Miners at Dolcoath as depicted in an 1890s stained glass window. The window was finished shortly after the accident.

On 20 September 1893 a party of miners was strengthening a large stull at the 412 level (nearly half a mile underground). The stull consisted of about 22 pieces of 18-inch-square (460 mm) by 33-foot-long (10 m) timbers of pitch pine set about 2 ft (0.6 m) apart. It was holding up some 600 feet (180 m) in height of waste rock. The day before, the mine captain, Josiah Thomas, and Captain James Johns, the chief underground agent, had visited the level and expressed concern at the safety of the stull because one of the pieces was bending. Men were immediately instructed to strengthen it. Repair work proceeded through the morning until at 1 pm after a small fall of rock, the whole stull suddenly gave way, killing seven of the men working underneath.[10] One man, Richard Davies,[10] was rescued unhurt after 37 hours.[11] In around 1898 the then mine captain, Arthur Thomas, reported that Davies went to America some time after, and then worked in South Africa.[3]

At the subsequent inquest, Captain Josiah Thomas said that the working party must have removed some of the old props before putting in the new ones, but this was contradicted by one of the survivors who reported that the men were doing nothing at the time to cause the fall.[10]

Output

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Mine employees in 1895

Before its first closure in 1788, Dolcoath was estimated to have produced tin and copper valued at least £1,250,000. Of this, £450,000 was due to copper production between 1740 and 1777. From 1799 to its final closure in 1920 its total production of minerals was valued at over £9 million - this included arsenic, silver and other minerals.[2]

From 1853, when the first dividend on tin was paid, the mine produced over 100,000 tons of black tin. This was far in excess of the production of any other mine in Cornwall.[4] In 1896 the mine was yielding 80 pounds of black tin per ton of rock lifted, but this gradually declined to 30 pounds by 1915 which level was maintained until the mine closed.[12]

Because of its success, the mine paid frequent dividends to its shareholders, and its shares, which were nicknamed "Dollies", were among the most sought-after of the industry.[2]

Health

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Workers suffered "Dolcoath" or "miner's anemia". Boycott and Haldane established in 1903 that this was not due to poor ventilation or bad air, but that the mine provided the right conditions for the condition ankylostomiasis (hookworm).[13] They found 94% of the workforce was infected, along with telltale low haemoglobin levels, and skin eruptions called "bunches". Workers on long underground shifts defecated in the mine shafts in humid conditions, expelling hookworm that later entered the skin of other miners through their accidental contact with faeces, sometimes on boots, ladders or tools (often through their knees or arms as they crawled along shafts). The mine is an important case study for epidemiologists because very rarely in Britain were conditions damp and hot enough for hookworm to propagate.

Mine captains

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  • Richard Trevithick, (father of Richard Trevithick). Constructed the deep adit in 1765 and installed a Newcomen pumping engine in around 1775.[14]
  • Andrew Vivian, cousin & collaborator of the younger Richard Trevithick (resigned 1806).[15]
  • J. Rule (from 1806).[15]
  • William Petherick (died January 1844).[16]
  • Charles Thomas (from 1844 to 1867). Instigated the deep mining that discovered large quantities of tin ore.
  • Josiah Thomas (from 1867 to 1895). Son of the above, continued his father's development of the mine. In 1876 he introduced boring machines operated by compressed air, and in 1892 the first set of Californian stamps. He was appointed managing director of the mine in 1895,[3] and died in October 1901.[6]
  • Arthur Thomas (from 1895 to ?). Son of the above.[3]

Mineral Statistics

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From Robert Hunt's Mineral Statistics of the United Kingdom[17].

Copper Production (1845-1910)
Year(s) Ore (Tons) Metal (Tons) Value (£)
1845 3,504.00 233.70 16,996.80
1846 2,156.00 138.60 9,546.50
1847 2,057.00 135.40 9,414.80
1848 1,254.00 95.10 5,587.80
1849 1,028.00 77.50 5,197.40
1850 1,115.00 72.60 4,909.20
1851 801.00 55.40 3,625.90
1852 832.00 42.70 3,344.60
1853 1,040.00 51.90 4,920.00
1854 992.00 45.50 4,313.50
1855 711.00 28.30 2,634.10
1856 617.00 24.40 1,998.40
1857 566.00 25.90 2,429.90
1858 593.00 34.40 3,085.40
1859 757.00 38.70 3,531.70
1860 712.00 28.70 2,426.70
1861 417.00 18.90 1,589.00
1862 508.00 29.80 2,357.70
1863 636.00 39.80 3,029.20
1864 621.00 39.20 3,288.80
1865 607.00 44.70 3,510.40
1866 688.00 52.10 3,512.20
1867 267.00 15.90 1,068.10
1868 153.00 12.60 863.80
1869 153.00 10.60 648.60
1870 57.00 3.80 224.10
1871 86.00 5.60 326.10
1872 46.00 3.20 215.50
1873 16.00 1.10 78.40
1874 75.00 5.80 420.30
1876 41.00 2.40 162.60
1877 30.30 2.10 112.30
1878 13.60 0.60 27.40
1879 4.20 0.10 12.00
1889 3.00 .. 10.00
1899 4.00 .. 23.00
1907 15.00 .. 96.00
1908 172.00 .. 806.00
1909 88.00 .. 519.00
1910 37.00 .. 133.00
Tin Production (1853-1927)
Year(s) Black (Tons) Value (£)
1853 360.00 22,680.00
1854 363.50 25,261.10
1855 352.40 23,169.80
1856 416.70 30,727.00
1857 544.00 42,880.10
1858 635.50 41,859.20
1859 723.90 53,506.20
1860 805.10 64,974.80
1861 864.40 63,862.50
1862 1,246.40 83,806.00
1863 1,026.50 69,741.70
1864 1,029.90 66,959.20
1865 944.50 53,238.00
1866 919.40 46,120.50
1867 847.90 46,169.90
1868 984.20 55,847.70
1869 813.40 59,694.10
1870 1,034.80 78,601.10
1871 1,169.90 95,373.10
1872 1,284.80 114,550.00
1873 1,045.30 82,880.30
1874 1,121.00 65,558.80
1875 1,241.50 65,346.70
1876 1,263.30 55,825.40
1877 1,404.70 59,700.70
1878 1,539.10 55,902.80
1879 1,780.40 71,216.00
1880 1,737.30 93,702.00
1881 1,816.30 102,039.00
1882 1,976.20 120,244.00
1883 1,875.60 101,707.00
1884 2,423.20 113,965.00
1885 2,555.20 124,998.00
1886 2,383.00 134,881.00
1887 2,366.00 152,241.00
1888 2,239.00 148,734.00
1889 2,125.00 114,029.00
1890 2,023.50 110,696.00
1891 2,131.60 114,761.00
1892 2,535.00 139,818.00
1893 2,421.40 124,841.00
1894 2,126.00 89,347.00
1895 1,766.00 68,389.00
1896 2,039.30 75,142.00
1897 2,095.00 79,397.00
1898 2,302.30 99,719.00
1899 2,078.90 151,874.00
1900 2,004.40 164,116.00
1901 2,035.60 143,808.00
1902 1,828.50 131,885.00
1903 1,739.90 133,458.00
1904 1,705.20 129,619.00
1905 1,696.90 146,981.00
1906 1,813.90 198,642.00
1907 1,708.00 184,644.00
1908 1,782.80 142,007.00
1909 1,904.40 154,276.00
1910 1,730.80 161,460.00
1911 1,705.90 198,696.00
1912 1,665.00 217,217.00
1913 1,525.10 185,637.00
1914 1,438.00 127,216.00
1915 1,186.00 112,237.00
1916 1,077.00 110,808.00
1917 967.50 130,695.00
1918 826.00 156,020.00
1919 732.00 102,059.00
1920 339.00 70,752.00
1921-1922 no-details ..
1927 104.00 15,105.00
Employment (1878-1922)
Year(s) Total Overground Underground
1878 1,041 636 405
1879 1,085 653 432
1880 936 458 478
1881 1,197 637 560
1882 1,258 640 618
1883 1,316 703 613
1884 1,311 685 626
1885 1,298 700 598
1886 1,250 754 496
1887 1,281 695 586
1888 1,297 687 610
1889 1,317 712 605
1890 1,302 698 604
1891 1,283 659 624
1892 1,336 745 591
1893 1,356 696 660
1894 1,309 710 599
1895 1,168 602 566
1896 1,307 603 704
1897 1,366 631 735
1898 1,204 554 650
1899 1,338 595 743
1900 1,379 606 773
1901 1,309 609 700
1902 1,267 550 717
1903 1,178 513 665
1904 1,119 484 635
1905 1,101 464 637
1906 1,142 469 673
1907 1,225 507 718
1908 1,128 481 647
1909 1,142 470 672
1910 1,064 471 593
1911 1,023 475 548
1912 1,050 481 569
1913 1,091 473 618
1914 996 .. ..
1914 854 409 445
1915 755 .. ..
1915 686 337 349
1916 614 .. ..
1916 664 342 322
1917 672 .. ..
1917 618 338 280
1918 594 340 254
1918 594 340 254
1919 685 336 349
1919 685 336 349
1920 447 256 191
1921 86 86 ..
1922 10 10 ..

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Barton, D. B. (1978). A History of Copper Mining in Cornwall and Devon (3rd ed.). Truro: D. Bradford Barton Ltd. p. 16.
  2. ^ a b c Trounson & Bullen 1999, p.35
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Bluett, Albert. "The Great Dolcoath - Albert Bluett, 1898". Camborne Old Cornwall Society. Archived from the original on 30 January 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2009.
  4. ^ a b Trounson & Bullen 1999, p.36
  5. ^ Trounson & Bullen 1999, p.47
  6. ^ a b c Morrison 1983, p.52
  7. ^ "Perran foundry beam". The Trevithick Society. Archived from the original on 11 August 2007. Retrieved 26 April 2009.
  8. ^ Trounson & Bullen 1999, p.38
  9. ^ Trounson & Bullen 1999, p.52
  10. ^ a b c Vivian, John (1970). "When the Bottom of Dolcoath Fell In". Tales of the Cornish Miners. St. Austell: H. E. Warne Ltd. pp. 38–40.
  11. ^ Trounson & Bullen 1999, p.41
  12. ^ Dines, H. G. (1956). The Metalliferous Mining Region of South-West England. Volume I. London: HMSO. p. 311.
  13. ^ Boycott, A.E. and J.S. Haldane. 1903. An outbreak of Ankylostomiasis in England, No. 1. Journal of Hygiene 3(1): 95-1136. Boycott, A.E. and J.S. Haldane 1904. "Ankylostomiasis"., No. II. The Journal of Hygiene 4(1): 73-111. Boycott, A.E. and J.S. Haldane.1909. The progress of Ankylostomiasis in Cornwall. The Journal of Hygiene 9(3): 264-270.
  14. ^ Payton, Philip (2004), ‘Trevithick, Richard (1771–1833)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Sept 2004; online edn, Oct 2007 accessed 26 April 2009 Archived 12 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  15. ^ a b Morrison 1983, p.14
  16. ^ Morrison 1983, p.19
  17. ^ Burt, Roger; Burnley, Ray; Gill, Michael; Neill, Alasdair (2014). Mining in Cornwall and Devon: Mines and Men. University of Exeter Press. ISBN 978-0-85989-889-8. Archived from the original on 24 November 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2024.

Sources

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  • Morrison, T. A. (1983). Cornwall's Central Mines: The Southern District 1810-1895. Penzance: Alison Hodge. pp. 11–60. ISBN 0-906720-11-7.
  • Trounson, J. H.; Bullen, L. J. (1999). "Dolcoath". Mining in Cornwall. Volume One: The Central District. Stroud: Tempus Publishing Ltd. pp. 35–54. ISBN 0-7524-1707-X.
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50°13′02″N 5°16′49″W / 50.2172°N 5.2804°W / 50.2172; -5.2804

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