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6 Hebe

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6 Hebe
Hebe imaged by the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope
Discovery
Discovered byKarl Ludwig Hencke
Discovery date1 July 1847
Designations
(6) Hebe
Pronunciation/ˈhiːbiː/[1]
Named after
Hēbē
A847 NA; 1847 JB
Main belt
AdjectivesHebean /hiːˈbiːən/[2]
Symbol (historical)
Orbital characteristics[3]
Epoch 13 September 2023
(JD 2453300.5)
Aphelion2.92 AU (437 million km)
Perihelion1.93 AU (289 million km)
2.43 AU (364 million km)
Eccentricity0.2027
3.78 yr (1379.85 d)
18.93 km/s
144.0°
Inclination14.736°
138.63°
10 March 2022
239.59°
Earth MOID0.97 AU (145 million km)
Proper orbital elements[4]
2.4252710 AU
0.1584864
14.3511092°
95.303184 deg / yr
3.77742 yr
(1379.702 d)
Precession of perihelion
31.568209 arcsec / yr
Precession of the ascending node
−41.829042 arcsec / yr
Physical characteristics
Dimensions205 km × 185 km × 170 km[5][6][7]
195±3 km[8]
186 km[5]
Flattening0.25[a]
Mass(1.24±0.24)×1019 kg[8]
(1.27±0.13)×1019 kg[b][9]
Mean density
3.18±0.64 g/cm3[8]
3.77±0.43 g/cm3[9]
Equatorial surface gravity
~0.079–0.099 m/s2
Equatorial escape velocity
~0.127–0.135 km/s
(457–486 km/h)
0.3031 d[10]
Equatorial rotation velocity
22.2–24.6 m/s[c]
0.268[8][6]
Temperature~170 K
max: ~269 K (−4°C)
S
7.5[11] to 11.50
5.61[3]
0.26" to 0.065"

6 Hebe (/ˈhiːbiː/) is a large main-belt asteroid, containing around 0.5% of the mass of the belt. However, due to its apparently high bulk density (greater than that of the Moon), Hebe does not rank among the top twenty asteroids by volume. This high bulk density suggests an extremely solid body that has not been impacted by collisions, which is not typical of asteroids of its size – they tend to be loosely-bound rubble piles.

In brightness, Hebe is the fifth-brightest object in the asteroid belt after Vesta, Ceres, Iris, and Pallas. It has a mean opposition magnitude of +8.3, about equal to the mean brightness of Saturn's moon Titan,[12] and can reach +7.5 at an opposition near perihelion.

Hebe may be the parent body of the H chondrite meteorites, which account for about 40% of all meteorites striking Earth.

History

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Hebe was discovered on 1 July 1847 by Karl Ludwig Hencke, the sixth asteroid discovered. It was the second and final asteroid discovery by Hencke, after 5 Astraea. The name Hebe, goddess of youth, was proposed by Carl Friedrich Gauss at Hencke's request. Gauss chose a wineglass as its symbol.[13][14] It is in the pipeline for Unicode 17.0 as U+1CEC0 𜻀 ().[15][16]

Potential as major meteorite source

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Simulations (top) and direct images (bottom) of 6 Hebe[17]

Hebe was once thought to be the probable parent body of the H chondrite meteorites and the IIE iron meteorites. This would imply that it is the source of about 40% of all meteorites striking Earth. Evidence for this connection includes the following:

  • The spectrum of Hebe matches a mix of 60% H chondrite and 40% IIE iron meteorite material.
  • The IIE type are unusual among the iron meteorites, and probably formed from impact melt, rather than being fragments of the core of a differentiated asteroid.
  • The IIE irons and H chondrites likely come from the same parent body, due to similar trace mineral and oxygen isotope ratios.
  • Asteroids with spectra similar to the ordinary chondrite meteorites (accounting for 85% of all falls, including the H chondrites) are extremely rare.
  • 6 Hebe is extremely well placed to send impact debris to Earth-crossing orbits. Ejecta with even relatively small velocities (~280 m/s) can enter the chaotic regions of the 3:1 Kirkwood gap at 2.50 AU and the nearby secular resonance which determines the high-inclination edge of the asteroid belt at about 16° inclinations hereabouts.
  • Of the asteroids in this "well-placed" orbit, Hebe is the largest.
  • An analysis of likely contributors to Earth's meteorite flux places 6 Hebe at the top of the list,[18] due to its position and relatively large size.[19]

However, observations by the VLT in 2017 indicate that the depressions caused by impacts on 6 Hebe are only 20% the volume of the nearby H-chondrite asteroid families, suggesting the Hebe is not the most likely or primary source of H-chondrite meteorites.[17]

Physical characteristics

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Lightcurve-based 3D-model of Hebe
Size comparison: the first 10 asteroids profiled against the Moon. Hebe is sixth from the left.

Lightcurve analysis suggests that Hebe has a rather angular shape, which may be due to several large impact craters.[7] Hebe rotates in a prograde direction, with the north pole pointing towards ecliptic coordinates (β, λ) = (45°, 339°) with a 10° uncertainty.[7] This gives an axial tilt of 42°.

It has a bright surface and, if its identification as the parent body of the H chondrites is correct, a surface composition of silicate chondritic rocks mixed with pieces of iron–nickel. A likely scenario for the formation of the surface metal is as follows:

  1. Large impacts caused local melting of the iron rich H chondrite surface. The metals, being heavier, would have settled to the bottom of the magma lake, forming a metallic layer buried by a relatively shallow layer of silicates.
  2. Later sizeable impacts broke up and mixed these layers.
  3. Small frequent impacts tend to preferentially pulverize the weaker rocky debris, leading to an increased concentration of the larger metal fragments at the surface, such that they eventually comprise ~40% of the immediate surface at the present time.

Orbit

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The orbit of 6 Hebe compared with the orbits of Earth, Mars and Jupiter

On 5 March 1977 Hebe occulted Kaffaljidhma (γ Ceti), a moderately bright 3rd-magnitude star. Between 1977 and 2021, 6 Hebe has been observed to occult fourteen stars.

Possible moon

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As a result of the aforementioned 1977 occultation, a small moon around Hebe was reported by Paul D. Maley.[20] It was nicknamed "Jebe" (see heebie-jeebies). This was the first modern-day suggestion that asteroids have satellites. It was 17 years later when the first asteroid moon was formally discovered (Dactyl, the satellite of 243 Ida). The discovery of Hebe's moon was never confirmed.

Detailed observations by many telescopes including the Very Large Telescope and the Hubble Space Telescope have consistently failed to detect any satellites around the asteroid, casting doubt on such a moon existing.[citation needed]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Flattening derived from the maximum aspect ratio (c/a): , where (c/a) = 0.75±0.04.[8]
  2. ^ (6.40±0.67)×10−12 M☉
  3. ^ Calculated based on the known parameters

References

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  1. ^ Noah Webster (1884) A Practical Dictionary of the English Language
  2. ^ Gabriel Nisbet (1733) Caledon's Tears
  3. ^ a b "JPL Small-Body Database: 6 Hebe". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
  4. ^ "AstDyS-2 Hebe Synthetic Proper Orbital Elements". Department of Mathematics, University of Pisa, Italy. Retrieved 1 October 2011.
  5. ^ a b Jim Baer (2008). "Recent Asteroid Mass Determinations". Personal Website. Archived from the original on 2 July 2013. Retrieved 28 November 2008.
  6. ^ a b Supplemental IRAS Minor Planet Survey Archived 23 June 2006 at archive.today
  7. ^ a b c J. Torppa et al. Shapes and rotational properties of thirty asteroids from photometric data, Icarus, Vol. 164, p. 346 (2003).
  8. ^ a b c d e P. Vernazza et al. (2021) VLT/SPHERE imaging survey of the largest main-belt asteroids: Final results and synthesis. Astronomy & Astrophysics 54, A56
  9. ^ a b James Baer, Steven Chesley & Robert Matson (2011) "Astrometric masses of 26 asteroids and observations on asteroid porosity." The Astronomical Journal, Volume 141, Number 5
  10. ^ Planetary Data System Small Bodies Node, lightcurve parameters Archived 14 June 2006 at archive.today
  11. ^ Donald H. Menzel & Jay M. Pasachoff (1983). A Field Guide to the Stars and Planets (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 391. ISBN 0-395-34835-8.
  12. ^ The Brightest Asteroids Archived 2008-05-11 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ Wöchentliche Unterhaltungen für Dilettanten und Freunde der Astronomie, Geographie und Witterungskunde [Weekly entertainments for Enthusiasts and Friends of Astronomy, Geography, and Meteorology]. 1847. p. 315.
  14. ^ Steger, Franz (1847). Ergänzungs-conversationslexikon [Supplementary Conversational Lexicon] (in German). Vol. 3. p. 442. Hofrath Gauß gab auf Hencke's Ansuchen diesem neuen Planetoiden den Namen Hebe mit dem Zeichen (ein Weinglas).
  15. ^ Bala, Gavin Jared; Miller, Kirk (18 September 2023). "Unicode request for historical asteroid symbols" (PDF). unicode.org. Unicode. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
  16. ^ Unicode. "Proposed New Characters: The Pipeline". unicode.org. The Unicode Consortium. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
  17. ^ a b "Not the mother of meteorites". eso.org. Retrieved 19 June 2017.
  18. ^ A. Morbidelli et al. Delivery of meteorites through the ν6 secular resonance, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 282, p. 955 (1994).
  19. ^ M. J. Gaffey & S. L. Gilbert Asteroid 6 Hebe: The probable parent body of the H-Type ordinary chondrites and the IIE iron meteorites, Meteoritics & Planetary Science, Vol. 33, p. 1281 (1998).
  20. ^ W. R. Johnston Other reports of Asteroid/TNO Companions
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