Direct carbon fuel cell

A Direct Carbon Fuel Cell (DCFC) is a fuel cell that uses a carbon rich material as a fuel such as bio-mass^[1] or coal.^[2] The cell produces energy by combining carbon and oxygen, which releases carbon dioxide as a by-product.^[3] It is also called coal fuel cells (CFCs), carbon-air fuel cells (CAFCs), direct carbon/coal fuel cells (DCFCs), and DC-SOFC.

The total reaction of the cell is C + O₂ → CO₂. The process in half cell notation:

Anode: C + 2O²⁻ → CO₂ + 4e⁻
Cathode: O₂ + 4e⁻ → 2O²⁻

Despite this release of carbon dioxide, the direct carbon fuel cell is more environmentally friendly than traditional carbon burning techniques. Due to its higher efficiency, it requires less carbon to produce the same amount of energy. Also, because pure carbon dioxide is emitted, carbon capture techniques are much cheaper than for conventional power stations. Utilized carbon can be in the form of coal, coke, char, or a non-fossilized source of carbon.^[4]^[5]^[6] At least four types of DCFC exist.

Solid oxide fuel cell based design

Anode reactions:

Direct electrochemical oxidation path:

C + 2O²⁻ → CO₂ + 4e⁻

C + O²⁻ → CO+ 2e⁻

Indirect electrochemical oxidation path: CO + O²⁻ → CO₂ + 2e⁻

Boudouard reaction (indirect chemical reaction path): C + CO₂ → 2CO

Cathode reaction: O₂ + 4e⁻ → 2O²⁻

^[7]^[8]

Molten hydroxides fuel cell

William W. Jacques obtained US Patent 555,511 in this type of fuel cell in 1896. Prototypes have been demonstrated by the research group, SARA, Inc.^[9]

Molten carbonate fuel cell

William W. Jacques obtained a Canadian patent for the molten carbonate fuel cell in 1897^[10] It has been developed further at the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory.^[11]

Molten tin anode

This design utilizes molten tin and tin oxide as an inter stage reaction between oxidation of the carbon dissolving in the anode and reduction of oxygen at the solid oxide cathode.^[12]^[13]

External links

References

^ Munnings, C.; Kulkarni, A.; Giddey, S.; Badwal, S.P.S. (August 2014). "Biomass to power conversion in a direct carbon fuel cell". International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 39 (23): 12377–12385. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.03.255.
^ Rady, Adam C.; Giddey, Sarbjit; Kulkarni, Aniruddha; Badwal, Sukhvinder P.S.; Bhattacharya, Sankar (October 2014). "Degradation Mechanism in a Direct Carbon Fuel Cell Operated with Demineralised Brown Coal". Electrochimica Acta. 143: 278–290. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2014.07.088.
^ Giddey, S; Badwal SPS; Kulkarni A; Munnings C (2012). "A comprehensive review of direct carbon fuel cell technology". Progress in Energy and Combustion Science. 38 (3): 360–399. doi:10.1016/j.pecs.2012.01.003.
^ Rady, Adam C.; Giddey, Sarbjit; Kulkarni, Aniruddha; Badwal, Sukhvinder P.S.; Bhattacharya, Sankar (October 2014). "Degradation Mechanism in a Direct Carbon Fuel Cell Operated with Demineralised Brown Coal". Electrochimica Acta. 143: 278–290. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2014.07.088.
^ Munnings, C.; Kulkarni, A.; Giddey, S.; Badwal, S.P.S. (August 2014). "Biomass to power conversion in a direct carbon fuel cell". International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 39 (23): 12377–12385. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.03.255.
^ HyungKuk Ju, Jiyoung Eom, Jae Kwang Lee, Hokyung Choi, Tak-Hyoung Lim, Rak-Hyun Song, and Jaeyoung Lee, Durable power performance of a direct ash-free coal fuel cell, Electrochimica Acta 115 (2014) 511. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2013.10.124
^ A Kulkarni; FT Ciacchi; S Giddey; C Munnings; SPS Badwal; JA Kimpton; D Fini (2012). "Mixed ionic electronic conducting perovskite anode for direct carbon fuel cells". International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 37 (24): 19092–19102. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.09.141.
^ Tubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Technology, US Dept of Energy, retrieved 2012-01-01
^ Abundant Pollution-free Electricity Generation, archived from the original on 2012-04-26, retrieved 2012-01-01
^ "CIPO - Patent - 55129". Archived from the original on 2008-10-29. Retrieved 2008-09-13.
^ Turning carbon directly into electricity, 2001, archived from the original on 2012-02-18, retrieved 2012-01-01
^ https://web.archive.org/web/20090302040721/http://celltechpower.com/technology.htm. Archived from the original on March 2, 2009. Retrieved February 18, 2009. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ HyungKuk Ju, Sunghyun Uhm, Jin Won Kim, Rak-Hyun Song, Hokyung Choi, Si-Hyun Lee, Jaeyoung Lee, Enhanced anode interface for electrochemical oxidation of solid fuel in direct carbon fuel cells: The role of liquid Sn in mixed state, Journal of Power Sources 198 (2012) 36. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.09.082

[1] Munnings, C.; Kulkarni, A.; Giddey, S.; Badwal, S.P.S. (August 2014). "Biomass to power conversion in a direct carbon fuel cell". International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 39 (23): 12377–12385. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.03.255.

[2] Rady, Adam C.; Giddey, Sarbjit; Kulkarni, Aniruddha; Badwal, Sukhvinder P.S.; Bhattacharya, Sankar (October 2014). "Degradation Mechanism in a Direct Carbon Fuel Cell Operated with Demineralised Brown Coal". Electrochimica Acta. 143: 278–290. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2014.07.088.

[3] Giddey, S; Badwal SPS; Kulkarni A; Munnings C (2012). "A comprehensive review of direct carbon fuel cell technology". Progress in Energy and Combustion Science. 38 (3): 360–399. doi:10.1016/j.pecs.2012.01.003.

[4] Rady, Adam C.; Giddey, Sarbjit; Kulkarni, Aniruddha; Badwal, Sukhvinder P.S.; Bhattacharya, Sankar (October 2014). "Degradation Mechanism in a Direct Carbon Fuel Cell Operated with Demineralised Brown Coal". Electrochimica Acta. 143: 278–290. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2014.07.088.

[5] Munnings, C.; Kulkarni, A.; Giddey, S.; Badwal, S.P.S. (August 2014). "Biomass to power conversion in a direct carbon fuel cell". International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 39 (23): 12377–12385. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.03.255.

[6] HyungKuk Ju, Jiyoung Eom, Jae Kwang Lee, Hokyung Choi, Tak-Hyoung Lim, Rak-Hyun Song, and Jaeyoung Lee, Durable power performance of a direct ash-free coal fuel cell, Electrochimica Acta 115 (2014) 511. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2013.10.124

[7] A Kulkarni; FT Ciacchi; S Giddey; C Munnings; SPS Badwal; JA Kimpton; D Fini (2012). "Mixed ionic electronic conducting perovskite anode for direct carbon fuel cells". International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 37 (24): 19092–19102. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.09.141.

[8] Tubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Technology, US Dept of Energy, retrieved 2012-01-01

[9] Abundant Pollution-free Electricity Generation, archived from the original on 2012-04-26, retrieved 2012-01-01

[10] "CIPO - Patent - 55129". Archived from the original on 2008-10-29. Retrieved 2008-09-13.

[11] Turning carbon directly into electricity, 2001, archived from the original on 2012-02-18, retrieved 2012-01-01

[12] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20090302040721/http://celltechpower.com/technology.htm. Archived from the original on March 2, 2009. Retrieved February 18, 2009. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)

[13] HyungKuk Ju, Sunghyun Uhm, Jin Won Kim, Rak-Hyun Song, Hokyung Choi, Si-Hyun Lee, Jaeyoung Lee, Enhanced anode interface for electrochemical oxidation of solid fuel in direct carbon fuel cells: The role of liquid Sn in mixed state, Journal of Power Sources 198 (2012) 36. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.09.082

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v t e Fuel cells
By electrolyte	Alkaline fuel cell Molten carbonate fuel cell Phosphoric acid fuel cell Proton-exchange membrane fuel cell Solid oxide fuel cell
By fuel	Direct borohydride fuel cell Direct carbon fuel cell Direct-ethanol fuel cell Direct methanol fuel cell Formic acid fuel cell Metal hydride fuel cell Reformed methanol fuel cell Zinc–air battery
Biofuel cells	Enzymatic biofuel cell Microbial fuel cell
Others	Blue energy Electro-galvanic fuel cell Flow battery Membrane electrode assembly Membraneless Fuel Cells Photoelectrochemical cell Proton-exchange membrane Protonic ceramic fuel cell Regenerative fuel cell Solid oxide electrolyzer cell Unitized regenerative fuel cell
Hydrogen	Economy Station Storage Vehicle
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