Jump to content

Gordie Howe International Bridge

Coordinates: 42°17′15″N 83°05′52″W / 42.28750°N 83.09778°W / 42.28750; -83.09778
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the Gordie Howe Bridge in Saskatoon, see Gordie Howe Bridge (Saskatoon).

Gordie Howe International Bridge
Rendering of the bridge by Windsor–Detroit Bridge Authority
Coordinates42°17′15″N 83°05′52″W / 42.28750°N 83.09778°W / 42.28750; -83.09778
Carries6 lanes connecting I-75 and Highway 401 plus a bike and pedestrian lane
CrossesDetroit River, Canada–United States border
LocaleDetroit, Michigan and Windsor, Ontario
Websitewww.gordiehoweinternationalbridge.com/en
Characteristics
DesignCable-stayed bridge
Total length2.5 km (1.6 mi)[1]
Width37.5 m (123 ft)[1]
Height220 m (722 ft)[1]
Longest span853 m (0.53 mi)[1]
Piers in water0
Clearance below46 m (151 ft)[1]
History
Construction startJune 2018[2]
Construction costCA$5.7 billion (estimated)[1]
Opening2025 (expected)[3]
Location
Map

The Gordie Howe International Bridge (French: Pont International Gordie-Howe), known during development as the Detroit River International Crossing and the New International Trade Crossing, is a cable-stayed international bridge across the Detroit River, currently under construction. The crossing will connect Detroit, Michigan, United States of America, and Windsor, Ontario, Canada, by linking Interstate 75 in Michigan with Highway 401 in Ontario (through the Rt. Hon. Herb Gray Parkway extension of Highway 401). The bridge will provide uninterrupted freeway traffic flow, as opposed to the current configuration with the nearby Ambassador Bridge that connects to city streets on the Ontario side. The bridge is named after Canadian ice hockey player Gordie Howe, whose celebrated career included 25 years with the Detroit Red Wings, and who died two years before construction began.

First proposed in the early 2000s, the project was met with prominent opposition by Ambassador Bridge owner Manuel "Matty" Moroun, who believed competition from a publicly owned bridge would reduce his revenue. A Canadian federal Crown corporation, the Windsor–Detroit Bridge Authority, was established in 2012 to coordinate the bridge's construction and management. Environmental approvals and other permits were approved in the United States and Canada in the early 2010s. Lawsuits by Moroun alleged that the crossing agreement was illegal and the Ambassador Bridge had "exclusivity rights". These lawsuits were denied, along with various attempts to stop property expropriations, allowing the project to continue.

The "Bridging North America" consortium was selected in July 2018 to design, build, operate and maintain the bridge, and construction began that month. The CA$3.8 billion cost of construction will be funded by the Canadian federal government, paid for by bridge tolls. Construction is expected to be completed in 2025.

History

[edit]
Map
About OpenStreetMaps
Maps: terms of use
2km
1.2miles
4
Gordie Howe International Bridge (est. completion 2025)
3
Ambassador Bridge (1929)
2
Michigan Central Railway Tunnel (1910)
1
Detroit–Windsor Tunnel (1930)
Crossings of the Detroit River between Detroit, Michigan and Windsor, Ontario. Detroit is on the north bank of this stretch of river. Because Detroit is generally north and west of Windsor, people travelling from the United States to Canada travel south.
1
Detroit–Windsor Tunnel (1930)
2
Michigan Central Railway Tunnel (1910)
3
Ambassador Bridge (1929)
4
Gordie Howe International Bridge (est. completion 2025)

Background

[edit]

The passage across the Detroit River between the United States and Canada has been an important traffic route since the American Civil War, with ferries transporting goods and people across the river.[4] A railway tunnel (Michigan Central Railway Tunnel) was opened in July 1910, a suspension bridge for road traffic (Ambassador Bridge) opened in November 1929, and a road tunnel (Detroit–Windsor tunnel) opened in 1930.[5]

The Ambassador Bridge is the busiest crossing on the Canada–United States border,[6][7] with nearly 25% of U.S.–Canada border crossings by trucks using the bridge.[8][7] The bridge has been criticized for its monopoly status (as no trucks are permitted to use the tunnel), private ownership by billionaire Manuel Moroun and poor maintenance record.[9][10] Both the bridge and the road tunnel lack direct highway connections on the Canadian side, with city streets and traffic lights between them and Ontario Highway 401.[11]

Detroit River International Crossing

[edit]

In the early 2000s, work was begun to investigate the need for a future crossing of the Detroit River by a bi-national partnership of the U.S. Federal Highway Administration, Transport Canada, Ontario Ministry of Transportation and the Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT).[12] During development, the project was known as the Detroit River International Crossing and the New International Trade Crossing.[12]

In 2004, a joint announcement by the federal government of the United States and Government of Canada confirmed a new border crossing would be constructed between Detroit and Windsor. A bi-national committee was formed to manage the project.[13][12] An extension of Ontario Highway 401 to the future bridge was also proposed – construction on this extension began in 2011, with the Rt. Hon. Herb Gray Parkway opening in 2015.[14]

The various environmental approvals for the project were approved in both the United States and Canada in 2009.[12][15]

In 2009, the Ohio State Senate passed a non-binding resolution expressing support for the crossing, and urged the Michigan government to pass it, due to Canada being Ohio's largest foreign trade partner, with US$35.8 billion per year in goods traded between Ohio and Canada.[16] In 2011, the bridge was tentatively scheduled for completion in 2016, according to the Michigan Department of Transportation.[17] It was estimated the bridge would generate $70.4 million in toll revenues in its first year of operation.[18]

Michigan legislation

[edit]

In 2010, the Michigan Senate had not approved any authorizing legislation related to the bridge. The Senate Majority Leader Mike Bishop had stated that the Senate would not vote until revenue forecasts were released, reports that were being withheld by the director of the Michigan Department of Transportation. The Michigan House of Representatives had already passed the measure while the bill was called "doomed" in the Senate.[19]

Michigan Governor Rick Snyder supported construction of the new crossing in his first State of the State address on January 19, 2011. His plan would leverage Canadian money to receive a 160 percent match—totaling $2.2 billion—on funding from the Federal Highway Administration in a deal reached the week previous to the speech.[20] In August 2011, Michigan State Senator Mike Kowall, when asked by the Windsor Star if enabling legislation for the bridge would currently pass, replied "absolutely not".[21]

In October 2011, the Michigan Senate "rejected a bill [that] would have allowed the state to accept $550 million from the Canadian government to fund the country's share" of the bridge.[17][22] One commentator, Bill Mann, noted the rejection, saying "Canada calls the new bridge its biggest infrastructure priority and has even offered to pay for the span. But pesky U.S. special-interest politics intrude once again," as he reviewed a number of "U.S. government actions (and inactions) that show little concern about Canadian concerns". Mann drew from a Maclean's article sub-titled "We used to be friends"[23] about U.S.–Canada relations after the Keystone Pipeline, the bridge, and other "insulting" decisions.[24][25]

In June 2012, Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper and Michigan Governor Rick Snyder announced an agreement allowing the project to proceed.[26] The Canadian federal government would fund bridge construction, land acquisition in Michigan and the construction of Interstate 75 on-ramps. The Canadian contribution will be repaid from bridge tolls collected on the Canadian side, and no tolls will be charged on the U.S. side.[27] The crossing agreement also included community benefits for residents on both sides of the Detroit River, including improvements to local neighbourhoods affected by bridge construction.[28]

Approvals and land acquisition

[edit]

On April 12, 2013, the US Department of State and the Obama administration granted Michigan the permit required to build the bridge, allowing construction to go forward once details were finalized.[29][30][31] In May 2014, the United States Coast Guard issued a bridge permit, the final federal approval required.[12] A Canadian federal Crown corporation, the Windsor–Detroit Bridge Authority (WDBA) began work in July 2014 to coordinate the bridge's construction and management.[12][32]

The Canadian government allocated US$25 million to begin land acquisition on the Detroit side on May 22, 2013.[33] In January 2015, Parsons Corporation was named the general engineering consultant for the bridge. On February 18, 2015, Minister of Transport Lisa Raitt announced Canada would fund the construction of a customs plaza on the U.S. side of the bridge in Detroit's Delray neighborhood. The plaza will have a budget of around US$250 million, and be recouped through tolls. The U.S. Department of Homeland Security will provide a first-year investment of US$150 million, and an "ongoing annual requirement" of US$50 million, to cover the plaza's operational and staffing costs.[34][35]

On May 14, 2015, during an event attended by Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper, it was officially announced that the bridge would be known as the Gordie Howe International Bridge after Canadian ice hockey player Gordie Howe, whose celebrated career included 25 years with the Detroit Red Wings.[36]

In July 2015, WDBA began work procuring a consortium who would design, build and finance the construction of the bridge, as well as operate and maintain it over a 30 year period.[12] The cost of building the Gordie Howe International Bridge escalated by CA$3.5 billion as the value of the Canadian dollar declined in 2015–2016. In January 2016, it was reported, due to exchange rates and increased inflation, costs could rise to CA$4.8 billion.[37]

In July 2016, it was announced many properties that would be required to build the bridge were still in the hands of private landowners. Some properties on the American side of the river were owned by Manuel Moroun, owner of the Ambassador Bridge.[38] An estimated 30 of the 900 properties needed were considered to be problems if the owners resist selling.[39][40] In July 2016, the CBC reported Dwight Duncan, the former finance minister for Ontario had advised the Government of Canada to consider buying the Ambassador Bridge from Moroun.[41]

In a joint statement released after a meeting between newly elected U.S. president Donald Trump and Canadian prime minister Justin Trudeau on February 13, 2017, the two governments reiterated the support of the "expeditious completion" of the project.[42] It was listed as a priority infrastructure project by the Donald Trump administration.[43]

In June 2017, the City of Detroit sold 36 city-owned parcels of land, underground assets and five miles of city-owned streets in the Delray neighborhood, which is the site of the U.S. Customs facility. A US$33 million neighborhood improvement fund for the neighborhood was set up. Residents of the area can stay and have their home renovated or move to a renovated home in a different neighborhood.[44]

In May 2018, the Michigan Court of Appeals ruled against Moroun's attempt to stop expropriations on the Michigan side of the river, allowing construction of the U.S. plaza to begin.[45]

Contract award

[edit]
Early construction of the support towers on the American side in June 2021
Bridge deck being installed on the Canadian side in May 2023
Progress as of January 2024, with both support towers nearly completed
Gordie Howe bridge, American side, April 2024

On July 5, 2018, WDBA was announced the consortium "Bridging North America" had been awarded the bridge contract, using a design, build, finance, operate and maintain structure.[46] The consortium consisted of AECOM for design; Dragados Canada, Fluor Corporation, and Aecon for construction; and ACS Infrastructure, Fluor, and Aecon for operations and maintenance.[47][48] Following construction, Bridging North America will receive monthly payments for operating and maintaining the bridge over a 30 year period.[49]

Construction

[edit]

Construction began on July 17, 2018, with groundbreaking by Minister of Infrastructure Amarjeet Sohi and Michigan Governor Rick Snyder.[50][51] On September 28, 2018, the WDBA announced the project would cost CA$3.8 billion to construct,[52] part of a CA$5.7 billion contract with Bridging North America.[49] The bridge was to be completed by the end of 2024.[52]

In 2019, preparatory work for major construction continued, with cleaning of contaminated land.[53] An effort by the Michigan Republican Party to prevent MDOT spending money on the bridge (even if MDOT would later be reimbursed by Canada) was reversed, allowing the project to continue.[54] CA$20 million of community benefits for local residents on both sides of the Detroit River was also announced.[55]

In 2020, the design of new pedestrian bridges over Interstate 75 were unveiled, and work began on the foundations for the bridge towers.[56][57] Construction was impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, with changes to working practices, travel restrictions and material shortages.[57][58] In January 2021, foundation work for the bridge towers had been completed, and construction of the 220 m (722 ft) bridge towers was underway.[59] In March 2021, work began to construct the buildings in the Canadian port of entry.[12]

By March 2022, legs of the bridge on both sides of the Detroit River had been completed, with road deck construction underway.[12][60] By November 2022, over 150 m (490 ft) of the bridge towers had been completed. The WDBA noted that the bridge could open in 2025 owing to delays caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, however the builder of the bridge noted they were pushing for a 2024 opening date.[61]

By May 2023, cables used to hold up the future bridge deck were starting to be installed.[62] In August 2023, the US bridge tower reached its final height of 220 m (722 ft), with the Canadian bridge tower completed in December 2023.[63][64] In October 2023, the WDBA explained that major construction would likely be completed by the end of 2024, with elements such as signs and lighting taking another six months to install.[65] WDBA also noted that around 2,300 people were working on the site at the peak of construction.[65]

In January 2024, the WDBA announced that the bridge would open by fall 2025, a delay of 10 months from the planned opening date owing to delays caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.[66] It was also confirmed that the bridge deck would be completed in 2024.[66] The two sides were permanently connected during the early morning hours of June 14, 2024.[67][68]

Design

[edit]

The cable-stayed bridge design is by chief bridge architect of AECOM, Erik Behrens.[69][70] Each of its two A-shaped bridge towers, standing 220 m (722 ft) tall, is built on opposite banks of the Detroit River.[71] The road deck itself is held up using 216 cable stays.[71] It will have the longest main span of any cable-stayed bridge in North America at 853 m (2,800 ft), with a total bridge length of 2.5 km (1.6 mi).[72] At the highest point above the Detroit River, the bridge will be 46 m (151 ft) above the water.[71] The bridge will have six lanes for automotive traffic, and a bicycle and walking path.[71]

On the U.S side, the port of entry will encompass 68 hectares (170 acres) with border inspection facilities, directly connecting to Interstate 75 with dedicated highway ramps.[73][74] On the Canadian side, the port of entry will encompass 53 hectares (130 acres) with border inspection facilities, toll collection and bridge maintenance facilities. It will directly connect to Ontario Highway 401.[73] The bicycle and walking path will connect to new and existing trails as well as bike lanes on both sides of the Detroit River.[75]

With traffic crossing the border expected to grow from 18,500 vehicles a day in 2016 to 26,500 by 2025, the Gordie Howe International Bridge will provide an orderly flow of people and goods between the two countries.[18] Transport Canada retained the engineering firms, Morrison Hershfield, Davis Langdon, and Delcan to develop cost estimates for right of way and utility relocation; design and construction; and operation and maintenance on the Canadian side of the crossing.[76]

Artwork

[edit]

The project will include several pieces of public art. During construction, artworks by local artists were placed on the jump forms within which the bridge towers were built.[77][63] The art on the Canadian bridge tower was undertaken by artists from Walpole Island First Nation and Caldwell First Nation, with the art on the American bridge tower undertaken by Roberto Villalobos, an artist from Southwest Detroit.[78][63] Following removal, the murals were subsequently donated to organisations and municipalities on both sides of the river.[78]

A piece by Canadian artist Sara Graham involves cast concrete patterns on the outside of a maintenance building.[79] An 3 m (9.8 ft) high sculpture of tree bark by Anishinaabe artist Michael Belmore recognizes and celebrates First Nations, which will be visible as traffic enters and leaves the Canadian Port of Entry.[80][81]

Other artworks are being developed, with Canadian artist Jordan Sook commissioned to create an artwork to commemorate the Underground Railroad. Sook was chosen from a selection of Canadian artists from the Black, African and Caribbean diaspora.[82][83] Canadian artist Douglas Coupland has been commissioned to provide architectural lighting for the bridge.[84][85]

Connections

[edit]

Rt. Hon. Herb Gray Parkway

[edit]
Main article: Rt. Hon. Herb Gray Parkway
The extension of Highway 401 in Windsor to the bridge opened in 2015, as the Rt. Hon. Herb Gray Parkway

In Canada, the bridge will connect to an extension of Ontario Highway 401 locally named the Rt. Hon. Herb Gray Parkway, on its east side.[73] The parkway is below-grade and has six through-lanes. It follows (but does not replace) Talbot Road and Huron Church Road from a new interchange at the former end of Highway 401 to the E. C. Row Expressway, where it runs concurrently westward for 2 km (1.2 mi). From there, it turns northwest and follows a new alignment to the border.[86] The parkway also features 300 acres (1.2 km2) of green space and over 20 kilometres (12 mi) of recreational trails, with seven bridges and two tunnels separating the trails from roads.[87][88] Full construction of the parkway began in 2011,[89] and was completed in November 2015 at a cost of CA$1.4 billion.[90][91]

Construction of the Rt. Hon. Herb Gray Parkway that links to the bridge on the Canadian side was hampered by concerns it could affect Ontario's last known habitat of Butler's garter snakes.[92] During the construction process, biologists relocated the snakes (including eastern fox snakes, and the garters—of which there were a larger number than originally thought), with their new habitats protected by a specially-designed above and below-ground fencing system along affected portions of the E. C. Row Expressway.[93]

Interstate 75

[edit]

In the United States, the bridge will connect to Interstate 75 with dedicated ramps. 3 km (1.9 mi) of the highway is being rebuilt and widened, local roads will be improved and new pedestrian bridges will be built across the highway.[74][94] Noise walls will also be built to mitigate impacts to the Southwest Detroit neighbourhood.[95]

Walking and cycling

[edit]

The multi-use path on the bridge will be the first legal pedestrian crossing of the Detroit River, connecting to local streets and trails on both of its sides.[75][96] The bridge will be part of the Trans Canada Trail,[97][98] linking trail networks on both sides of the river including the Canadian Great Lakes Waterfront Trail, as well as the American Iron Belle Trail and the Great Lakes Way.[75] Crossing the bridge on foot or cycle will be free.[75]

Community benefits

[edit]

Alongside the construction of the bridge, US$20 million was allocated to various community benefit projects in both the United States and Canada.[55][99] Projects included support for local community groups,[100] improvements to local parks and trails,[101] and improvements to local streets.[102] Grants were also awarded for home improvements in Delray,[44][103] and to Walpole Island First Nation.[99]

Contractors were also encouraged to employ residents of Detroit and Windsor, and the wider Metro Detroit and Essex County areas, alongside work to provide apprenticeships and training to workers.[99]

Opposition

[edit]
Ambassador Bridge (opened in 1929), owned by the Moroun family

The most vocal opposition to the new crossing came from American billionaire Manuel "Matty" Moroun (1927–2020), owner of the nearby Ambassador Bridge. He sued the governments of Canada and Michigan to stop its construction, and released a proposal to build a second span of the Ambassador Bridge (which he would have owned) instead.[104] Critics suggest that Moroun's opposition was fueled by the prospect of lost profits from duty-free gasoline sales, which are exempt from about 60 cents per gallon in taxes even though the pump price to consumers is only a few cents lower.[105]

In early June 2011, the conservative advocacy group Americans for Prosperity posted bogus eviction notices on homes in Detroit's Delray district. With the words "Eviction Notice" in large type, the notices told homeowners their properties could be taken by the Michigan Department of Transportation to make way for the proposed new bridge. The group's state director said the fake notices were intended to get residents to contact state lawmakers, to ask them to vote against the bridge project.[106] Americans for Prosperity charged that the project would be a waste of taxpayer money if toll revenues did not cover debt service.[107][108]

In July 2011, the Canadian Transit Company, the Canadian side of Moroun ownership of the Ambassador Bridge,[109] began running advertisements against the DRIC proposal, calling it a "$2.2 billion road to nowhere".[110] The phone number listed for Canadian Transit Company forwarded to a phone number in Michigan,[110] and the Canadian Transit Company previously held its 2011 annual meeting at the offices of the Detroit International Bridge Company.[111] MPP Dwight Duncan advised that he was investigating whether or not the ads violated Ontario's election laws, which disallow public spending by foreign lobbyists.[110]

In 2012, Moroun spent more than US$30 million promoting a proposed amendment to the Michigan Constitution that, had it passed, would have required approval of both the voters of Detroit and the voters of Michigan in statewide elections to build the bridge.[112] NPR affiliate network Michigan Public aired a story on November 2, four days before the vote, which indicated the amendment's "seemingly neutral language masks a very specific—and bitter—political battle".[113] The ballot proposal was defeated by a 60 percent to 40 percent margin, paving the way for the project to proceed.[114]

In the 2010s, Moroun undertook several lawsuits alleging that the 2013 crossing agreement was illegal (and should not have been approved by the U.S. State Department),[115] as well as alleging that they had exclusive rights to a span connecting Detroit to Windsor.[116] In 2015, the Supreme Court of the United States declined to hear a challenge by Moroun regarding the choice of location for the bridge.[117] In June 2016, the last of these lawsuits by Moroun was dismissed, allowing the project to continue.[115]

In 2018, the company aired television ads on Fox & Friends asking President Donald Trump to cancel the project.[118] In late 2019, Trump signed the first U.S. funding for customs and border protection for the bridge into law.[119] In May 2018, the Michigan Court of Appeals ruled against Moroun's attempt to stop expropriations on the Michigan side of the river, allowing construction of the bridge to begin.[45] Further efforts by Moroun to prevent construction were denied in June 2020.[120]

In July 2020, Matty Moroun died aged 93, with his family maintaining their ownership of the Ambassador Bridge.[121] In 2022, the Detroit Free Press reported that Moroun's family were preparing a case for damages, following the acquisition of properties by eminent domain for bridge construction.[122]

Naming

[edit]
Gordie Howe with the Detroit Red Wings in the 1960s

Snyder stated that he had "not [been] crazy" about naming the bridge the Detroit River International Crossing, noting that "DRIC" was intended only to be the name of the commission sponsoring the bridge, and not the bridge itself. Concerns were also acknowledged that the abbreviated name was too close to that of the Detroit International Bridge Company (DIBC)—that would be too sensitive given its objections to the project.[123] Sometime afterward, the working name for the project became the New International Trade Crossing (NITC), garnering the endorsement of 139 organizations and individuals.[124] It was under the NITC name that the project was approved by the U.S. State Department on April 12, 2013.[31]

In late 2010, David Bradley, president of the Ontario Trucking Association, proposed naming the bridge in honor of Canadian professional ice hockey player Gordie Howe, who played the bulk of his career for the Detroit Red Wings. The naming was supported by a number of Canadian politicians, along with Howe's son Marty—who felt the name would have been symbolic of him having come from Canada to spend his NHL career in Detroit.[123][125]

On May 14, 2015, during an event attended by then-Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper, it was officially announced that the bridge would be known as the Gordie Howe International Bridge.[36][126] Howe, 87 and in ailing health, did not attend the ceremony. Later, when asked by his son what he thought about the naming, Howe remarked "That sounds pretty good to me."[127] Howe died one year later on June 10, 2016.[128][129]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f "Gordie Howe Bridge By the Numbers". Archived from the original on January 30, 2022. Retrieved July 10, 2021.
  2. ^ Battagello, Dave (April 12, 2013). "New Detroit crossing seven years away". Windsor Star. Archived from the original on April 12, 2014. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
  3. ^ Molnar, Dale (November 30, 2022). "Gordie Howe Bridge completion date likely in 2025, later than initial estimates: officials". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on March 30, 2023. Retrieved March 30, 2023.
  4. ^ Mason, Philip P. (1987). The Ambassador Bridge: A Monument to Progress. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. pp. 31+. ISBN 978-0-814-31840-9.
  5. ^ Hanson, Adriane & Dow, Kathleen (2005–2007). "Finding aid for Ambassador Bridge Records, 1927–1930". Special Collections Library. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved June 3, 2014.
  6. ^ "Chapter 4: The Watery Boundary". United Divide: A Linear Portrait of the USA/Canada Border. The Center for Land Use Interpretation. Winter 2015. Archived from the original on June 20, 2018. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
  7. ^ a b "Michigan voters could nix new bridge to Canada". CBC News. November 6, 2012. Archived from the original on July 24, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023. In 2010, it was reported that 28,814 trucks crossed the privately owned Ambassador Bridge on a daily basis. It is the busiest border crossing in North America. According to the Ambassador Bridge, more than 25 per cent of all merchandise trade between the U.S. and Canada crosses that span. Almost $500 million US in trade and an average of 10,000 commercial vehicles pass daily over the Ambassador Bridge.
  8. ^ "Road Transportation". Transport Canada. March 5, 2021. Archived from the original on July 24, 2023. Retrieved April 11, 2022.
  9. ^ Staff (July 12, 2012). "The Proposed New US-Canada Bridge: Guide to the Controversy". Detroit Free Press. Archived from the original on October 17, 2015. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
  10. ^ Lawrence, Eric (October 15, 2015). "Ambassador Bridge rains concrete chunks down on Windsor". Detroit Free Press. Archived from the original on February 9, 2022. Retrieved November 28, 2021.
  11. ^ Jarvis, Anne (November 2, 2017). "Jarvis: Ambassador Bridge wants to be connected to the parkway". Windsor Star. Archived from the original on May 15, 2021. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Chronology". Gordie Howe International Bridge. Archived from the original on July 24, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
  13. ^ Detroit River International Crossing Study team. "DRIC Reports (Canada)". Detroit River International Crossing Project. Archived from the original on May 4, 2010. Retrieved February 26, 2010.
  14. ^ Chen, Dalson (January 3, 2013). "What To Nickname the Herb Gray Parkway?". Windsor Star. Retrieved January 15, 2013.[permanent dead link]
  15. ^ Detroit River International Crossing Study Team (May 1, 2008). "Parkway Map" (PDF). URS Corporation. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 6, 2011. Retrieved February 25, 2010.
  16. ^ "A Resolution to Support the construction of the new Detroit River International Crossing between the United States and Canada". Laws, Acts, and Legislation-Ohio General Assembly. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved February 27, 2016.
  17. ^ a b Edmonson, R.G. (October 20, 2011). "Plan for Detroit–Windsor, Ont., Bridge Dealt Blow". The Journal of Commerce. Archived from the original on October 22, 2011. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
  18. ^ a b Oosting, Jonathan (June 17, 2010). "MDOT Report: Detroit River International Crossing". MLive. Detroit: Booth Newspapers. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 12, 2010.
  19. ^ Samuel, Peter (June 10, 2010). "Michigan Senate Leader Says: No $#s on DRIC Bridge, No Vote". TollRoadNews. Archived from the original on November 29, 2010. Retrieved July 1, 2010.
  20. ^ Christoff, Chris (January 19, 2011). "Snyder Backs 2nd Bridge for First Time". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved January 19, 2011.
  21. ^ Schmidt, Doug (August 16, 2011). "Sides Remain Entrenched After Cross-Border Tour: Vote for Public Bridge Would Fail Today, Says Michigan Senator". Windsor Star. Archived from the original on August 17, 2011. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
  22. ^ Tencer, Daniel (November 21, 2011). "Canada–U.S. Trade: Michigan Senate Committee Kills New Border Crossing". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on March 13, 2021. Retrieved June 15, 2012.
  23. ^ Mann, Bill (November 24, 2011). "Americans Should Be Thankful for Canada". MarketWatch. Archived from the original on December 2, 2013. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
  24. ^ Savage, Luiza Ch. (November 21, 2011). "The U.S. and Canada: We Used To Be Friends". Maclean's. Archived from the original on November 24, 2011. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
  25. ^ Mann, Bill (December 6, 2011). "A Bridge Too Difficult by Far". MarketWatch. Retrieved November 2, 2012.
  26. ^ "Canada, Michigan announce new Detroit-Windsor bridge". Reuters. June 15, 2012. Archived from the original on July 24, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
  27. ^ "$1B Windsor–Detroit Bridge Deal Struck". CBC News. June 15, 2012. Archived from the original on August 23, 2013. Retrieved June 15, 2012.
  28. ^ "Community Benefits". Gordie Howe International Bridge. Archived from the original on August 17, 2023. Retrieved August 17, 2023.
  29. ^ Battagello, Dave (April 12, 2013). "Michigan Governor Snyder Confirms Permit for DRIC Approved". Windsor Star. Archived from the original on November 14, 2013. Retrieved April 12, 2013.
  30. ^ "New Windsor–Detroit bridge gets Obama's OK". CBC News. April 12, 2013. Archived from the original on August 28, 2013. Retrieved April 12, 2013.
  31. ^ a b "Issuance of Presidential Permit for New International Trade Crossing" (Press release). United States Department of State. April 12, 2013. 2013/0402. Retrieved April 12, 2013.
  32. ^ "DRIC bridge executive teams loaded with financial expertise, but nobody local". Windsor Star. Archived from the original on July 2, 2015.
  33. ^ Battagello, Dave (May 22, 2013). "Canada to start buying property in Delray for DRIC bridge". Windsor Star. Archived from the original on April 12, 2014. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
  34. ^ "$250M U.S. customs plaza to be paid for by Canada". CBC News. Archived from the original on February 24, 2015. Retrieved May 14, 2015.
  35. ^ "Deal for new customs plaza in Detroit announced". Detroit Free Press. February 18, 2015. Archived from the original on December 1, 2020. Retrieved May 14, 2015.
  36. ^ a b "Gordie Howe International Bridge to connect Windsor and Detroit". CBC News. May 14, 2015. Archived from the original on February 13, 2021. Retrieved May 14, 2015.
  37. ^ "Gordie Howe bridge costs skyrocketing thanks to tumbling loonie". Windsor Star. The Canadian Press. January 4, 2016. Archived from the original on July 16, 2018. Retrieved October 4, 2018.
  38. ^ "Gordie Howe Bridge Authority ready to take on Moroun over land needed for crossing". CBC News. April 28, 2017. Archived from the original on July 24, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
  39. ^ "Gordie Howe bridge faces delays on both sides of border". CBC News. July 10, 2016. Archived from the original on August 24, 2016. Retrieved August 24, 2016.
  40. ^ Kurth, Joel (May 3, 2018). "A new bridge is dawning in Detroit. Matty Moroun isn't the only one unhappy". Michigan Radio. Archived from the original on November 17, 2019. Retrieved December 13, 2019.
  41. ^ "Canada should consider buying Ambassador Bridge, Ottawa told". CBC News. July 28, 2016. Archived from the original on August 20, 2016. Retrieved August 24, 2016.
  42. ^ Battagello, Dave (February 13, 2017). "Howe bridge highlighted during Trudeau-Trump meeting". Windsor Star. Archived from the original on September 21, 2021. Retrieved November 19, 2021.
  43. ^ "Trump makes $137bn list of "emergency" infrastructure schemes, all needing private finance". Global Construction Review. January 30, 2018. Archived from the original on May 13, 2019. Retrieved February 10, 2019.
  44. ^ a b Runyan, Robin (June 23, 2017). "City sells land in Delray for Gordie Howe International Bridge". Curbed Detroit. Archived from the original on June 27, 2018. Retrieved June 27, 2018.
  45. ^ a b "Appeal to stop Gordie Howe Bridge project fails in Michigan court". CBC News. May 10, 2018. Archived from the original on June 28, 2018. Retrieved June 27, 2018.
  46. ^ Chen, Dalsen (July 5, 2018). "Bridging North America will build Gordie Howe International Bridge". Windsor Star. Archived from the original on October 22, 2021. Retrieved November 19, 2021.
  47. ^ "Bridging North America". Gordie Howe International Bridge. Archived from the original on August 7, 2020. Retrieved March 4, 2020.
  48. ^ "Gordie Howe bridge will be the longest cable-stayed bridge in North America". CBC News. July 5, 2018. Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2018.
  49. ^ a b "Gordie Howe International Bridge to cost $5.7B, create 2,500 jobs". CTV News Windsor. September 27, 2018. Archived from the original on March 6, 2022. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
  50. ^ Fraser, Kaitie (July 17, 2018). "Canada's infrastructure minister, Mich. governor break ground on Gordie Howe International Bridge". CBC News. Archived from the original on July 24, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
  51. ^ Gallagher, John (July 17, 2018). "Gov. Snyder on Gordie Howe bridge start today: 'We need this bridge'". Detroit Free Press. Archived from the original on June 1, 2021. Retrieved July 28, 2018.
  52. ^ a b "$3.8B to build Gordie Howe bridge, complete by end of 2024". CBC News. September 28, 2018. Archived from the original on October 10, 2021. Retrieved September 29, 2018.
  53. ^ "WDBA says land on Michigan side of Gordie Howe bridge is contaminated". CTV News Windsor. April 15, 2019. Archived from the original on July 24, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
  54. ^ "Republicans reverse earlier proposal to stop Michigan spending on Gordie Howe Bridge". CBC News. June 13, 2019. Retrieved November 3, 2023.
  55. ^ a b "$20M in community benefits for Windsor, Detroit announced as part of Gordie Howe Bridge Project". CTV News Windsor. June 14, 2019. Archived from the original on July 24, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
  56. ^ Jr, Dave Bartkowiak (January 9, 2020). "Gordie Howe International Bridge project includes 5 new pedestrian bridges". WDIV. Archived from the original on July 24, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
  57. ^ a b Chernos, Saul (August 12, 2020). "Spanning the border: COVID-19 may be a game-changer, but hasn't halted progress at Gordie Howe bridge". On-Site Magazine. Retrieved November 3, 2023.
  58. ^ Borrelli, Melanie (September 28, 2020). "'We have not slowed down': Gordie Howe bridge project progresses during pandemic". CTV News Windsor. Retrieved November 3, 2023.
  59. ^ Garton, Rich (January 4, 2021). "Banner year expected as tower construction begins on Gordie Howe Bridge". CTV News Windsor. Archived from the original on July 24, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
  60. ^ "Gordie Howe Bridge reaches construction milestone, as officials announce details for Sandwich Street improvements". CTV News Windsor. March 9, 2022. Archived from the original on July 24, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
  61. ^ "Gordie Howe Bridge completion date likely in 2025, later than initial estimates: officials". CBC News. November 30, 2022. Archived from the original on March 30, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
  62. ^ Battagello, Dave (May 10, 2023). "Support cables going up as Gordie Howe bridge work progresses". Windsor Star. Archived from the original on May 10, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
  63. ^ a b c Battagello, Dave (August 30, 2023). "Completion of Gordie Howe bridge reaches another milestone". Windsor Star. Retrieved August 31, 2023.
  64. ^ Maluske, Michelle (December 9, 2023). "Gordie Howe International Bridge construction reaches 'significant' milestone". CTV News Windsor. Retrieved December 19, 2023.
  65. ^ a b Vicci, Gino (October 19, 2023). "Gordie Howe International Bridge on schedule for completion - CBS Detroit". CBS Detroit. Retrieved November 1, 2023.
  66. ^ a b "New bridge connecting Detroit to Canada won't open until fall 2025". CTV News. January 4, 2024. Retrieved January 17, 2024.
  67. ^ "Crews complete final edge girder installation connecting both halves of Gordie Howe International Bridge". WXYZ 7 News Detroit. June 14, 2024. Retrieved June 15, 2024.
  68. ^ Cardi, Julia. "Gordie Howe International Bridge on track to finish by fall 2025". The Detroit News. Retrieved June 20, 2024.
  69. ^ Welch, Adrian (January 15, 2019). "Gordie Howe International Bridge". e-architect. Archived from the original on August 7, 2020. Retrieved March 4, 2020.
  70. ^ "AECOM to build the longest cable-stayed bridge in North America". Designboom. January 14, 2019. Archived from the original on July 29, 2020. Retrieved March 4, 2020.
  71. ^ a b c d Hakimian, Rob (October 24, 2023). "Future of Bridges | Detroit-Windsor cable stay bridge boosts US-Canada transport links". New Civil Engineer. Retrieved November 1, 2023.
  72. ^ "Backgrounder" (PDF). Windsor-Detroit Bridge Authority. July 5, 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 5, 2018. Retrieved July 5, 2018.
  73. ^ a b c "Project Overview". Gordie Howe International Bridge. Archived from the original on July 11, 2021. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
  74. ^ a b "Michigan Interchange". Gordie Howe International Bridge. Archived from the original on May 2, 2023. Retrieved May 8, 2023.
  75. ^ a b c d Waddell, Dave (September 9, 2022). "Binational trail system planned to be linked by Gordie Howe bridge". Windsor Star. Archived from the original on September 9, 2022. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
  76. ^ Report to the Legislature of the State of Michigan Responding to Public Act 116 of 2009, Section 384 (PDF) (Report). Michigan Department of Transportation. May 1, 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 15, 2011. Retrieved October 12, 2010.
  77. ^ Fraser, Kaitie (November 28, 2020). "Indigenous art set to soar on Gordie Howe International Bridge project". CBC News. Archived from the original on July 24, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
  78. ^ a b "Bridge Tower Artwork". Gordie Howe International Bridge. Archived from the original on July 24, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
  79. ^ "Artist shares vision with the world on Gordie Howe International Bridge". CBC News. February 15, 2023. Archived from the original on July 24, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
  80. ^ Battagello, Dave (June 18, 2023). "Indigenous artist commissioned for Gordie Howe bridge project". Windsor Star. Archived from the original on June 19, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
  81. ^ Otterbein, Kate (October 10, 2024). "Indigenous artwork to be incorporated into Gordie Howe International Bridge project". CTV News Windsor. Retrieved October 24, 2024.
  82. ^ "Gordie Howe Bridge to feature art that commemorates the Underground Railroad". CBC News. March 9, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
  83. ^ "Make a Joyful Noise: Commemorative Art Concept on Gordie Howe International Bridge Project Unveiled". Gordie Howe International Bridge. June 20, 2024. Retrieved June 20, 2024.
  84. ^ Craggs, Samantha (October 24, 2024). "This iconic Canadian artist and author is creating a light show on Canada's new border crossing". CBC News. Retrieved October 27, 2024.
  85. ^ "Renowned Canadian Artist Selected to Create Aesthetic Bridge Lighting Commission for the Gordie Howe International Bridge". Gordie Howe International Bridge. October 24, 2024. Retrieved October 27, 2024.
  86. ^ Detroit River International Crossing Study Team (May 1, 2008). "Parkway Map" (PDF). URS Corporation. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 6, 2011. Retrieved February 26, 2010.
  87. ^ Battagello, Dave (December 27, 2015). "New parkway trails to open amid much fanfare". Windsor Star. Retrieved August 27, 2023.
  88. ^ Pomerleau, Jason. "Herb Gray Parkway Trail". Tourism Windsor Essex Pelee Island. Retrieved August 27, 2023.
  89. ^ Puzic, Sonja (May 7, 2011). "Parkway Work To Start in August, MPP Says". Windsor Star. Archived from the original on August 11, 2011. Retrieved May 10, 2011.
  90. ^ "Herb Gray Parkway construction work is all done, Transportation Minister says". CBC News. November 20, 2015. Archived from the original on December 13, 2015. Retrieved August 24, 2016.
  91. ^ "The Windsor-Essex Parkway" (PDF). Infrastructureontario.ca. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 27, 2016.
  92. ^ "Snake in path of parkway". Windsor Star. January 7, 2010. Archived from the original on August 8, 2015.
  93. ^ Vander Doelen, Chris (August 31, 2012). "Windsor-Essex Parkway One Year Later". Windsor Star. Archived from the original on November 20, 2021. Retrieved November 19, 2021.
  94. ^ "US Port of Entry and Michigan Interchange Ramp Construction". Gordie Howe International Bridge. Archived from the original on August 17, 2023. Retrieved August 17, 2023.
  95. ^ "I-75 Noise Walls". Gordie Howe International Bridge. 2022. Archived from the original on August 17, 2023. Retrieved August 17, 2023.
  96. ^ Ellison, Garret (September 13, 2022). "Bike, pedestrian path to Canada coming to new international bridge". mlive. Retrieved November 3, 2023.
  97. ^ Kentner, Melanie (February 9, 2024). "Gordie Howe International Bridge joins Trans Canada Trail". CTV Windsor. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
  98. ^ Campbell, Taylor (February 9, 2024). "Gordie Howe becomes first international bridge to join Trans Canada Trail". Windsor Star. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
  99. ^ a b c "Community Benefits". Gordie Howe International Bridge. Retrieved November 1, 2023.
  100. ^ "Gordie Howe Bridge donates another $50,000 to Detroit and Delray groups". FOX 2 Detroit. June 16, 2021. Retrieved November 3, 2023.
  101. ^ Campbell, Taylor (November 2, 2023). "Gordie Howe bridge team unveils Malden Park observation area". Windsor Star. Retrieved November 3, 2023.
  102. ^ Maru, Sanjay (March 9, 2022). "Gordie Howe Bridge reaches construction milestone, as officials announce details for Sandwich Street improvements". CTV News Windsor. Retrieved November 3, 2023.
  103. ^ Mann, Priya (July 27, 2023). "Delray residents impacted by Detroit bridge construction can get home repairs for free -- here's how". WDIV. Retrieved November 3, 2023.
  104. ^ "Ambassador Bridge Boss Sues Canada, U.S". CBC News. March 26, 2010. Archived from the original on December 16, 2010. Retrieved April 20, 2011.
  105. ^ Bell, Dawson (April 25, 2011). "Tax-Free Fuel Sales Are Bonanza for Ambassador Bridge Owners". Detroit Free Press. Archived from the original on January 28, 2016. Retrieved April 25, 2011.
  106. ^ Gallagher, John (June 7, 2011). "Conservative Group: Fake Eviction Notices Were 'Meant To Startle People'". Detroit Free Press. Archived from the original on June 10, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  107. ^ White, Joseph B. (October 10, 2011). "Is Span Plan a Bridge Too Far?". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on April 19, 2015. Retrieved April 19, 2015.
  108. ^ Christoff, Chris (September 16, 2011). "Detroit Span Owner Keeps Canada Crossing With Koch Aid". Bloomberg Business. Archived from the original on May 25, 2015. Retrieved April 19, 2015.
  109. ^ Avalon Consulting Professionals of Ontario (April 2011). "Appendix K: Windsor Official Plan". CEAA Environmental Impact Assessment (PDF) (Report). Canadian Transit Company. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 20, 2012. Retrieved December 16, 2011.
  110. ^ a b c LeBlanc, Daniel (July 20, 2011). "Are U.S. Opponents of Windsor Bridge Trying To Influence Election?". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved July 20, 2011.
  111. ^ Stamper, Dan (May 14, 2011). "Miscellaneous Notices: The Canadian Transit Company". Canada Gazette. 145 (20). Archived from the original on May 21, 2011. Retrieved August 3, 2011.
  112. ^ Bomey, Nathan; Snavely, Brent (October 12, 2012). "UAW, Moroun Said To Be Allies in Battle To Block New U.S.–Canada Bridge". Detroit Free Press. Archived from the original on October 15, 2012. Retrieved October 16, 2012.
  113. ^ Cwiek, Sarah (November 2, 2012). "In Michigan, A Contentious Battle Over A Bridge". Michigan Radio. Archived from the original on November 3, 2012. Retrieved November 2, 2012.
  114. ^ "Transport Minister Says 'Path Clear' for Detroit–Windsor Bridge". CBC News. November 7, 2012. Archived from the original on November 7, 2012. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
  115. ^ a b Spangler, Todd (June 21, 2016). "Judge voids last count in Moroun lawsuit against feds". Detroit Free Press. Archived from the original on August 11, 2023. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
  116. ^ "Billionaire Matty Moroun Largely Loses In International Bridge Dispute With State - CBS Detroit". www.cbsnews.com. September 30, 2015. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
  117. ^ Spangler, Todd (February 23, 2015). "Supreme Court turns down Moroun challenge to new bridge". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
  118. ^ Spangler, Todd (June 20, 2018). "Moroun TV ad asks Trump to pick America, reject Gordie Howe bridge". Detroit Free Press. Archived from the original on June 30, 2019. Retrieved September 29, 2018.
  119. ^ Mauger, Craig (January 2, 2020). "Gordie Howe bridge project scores $15 million in federal funds". The Detroit News. Archived from the original on November 26, 2021. Retrieved November 26, 2021.
  120. ^ Livengood, Chad (June 18, 2020). "Court of Appeals rejects Moroun challenges to Gordie Howe bridge project". Crains Detroit. Retrieved November 1, 2023.
  121. ^ Gallagher, John (July 14, 2020). "Manuel 'Matty' Moroun, controversial bridge owner and trucking magnate, dies at 93". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved November 1, 2023.
  122. ^ Macdonald, Christine; Mcmurtrie, Layla (August 18, 2022). "Moroun builds case for 'substantial' damages over his properties lost to competing bridge". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved November 1, 2023.
  123. ^ a b Wattrick, Jeff (February 3, 2011). "Forget the DRIC, How About the Gordie Howe International Bridge?". MLive. Detroit. Archived from the original on June 18, 2018. Retrieved February 5, 2011.
  124. ^ Supporting the New International Trade Crossing and Public Private Partnership Legislation (PDF). Detroit Free Press (Report). April 21, 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 6, 2012. Retrieved May 9, 2011.
  125. ^ Noble, Chris (February 8, 2011). "Gordie Howe Bridge Floated as New Span's Name". MarketWatch. Archived from the original on June 10, 2016. Retrieved November 2, 2012.
  126. ^ Gallagher, John (May 14, 2015). "'Mr. Hockey' gets his own bridge". Detroit Free Press. Archived from the original on July 11, 2021. Retrieved December 13, 2019.
  127. ^ "Snyder: Naming bridge after Gordie Howe a no-brainer". The Detroit News. Archived from the original on April 24, 2019. Retrieved November 16, 2018.
  128. ^ "Movement grows to rename arena Gordie Howe Arena". WJBK News. June 10, 2016. Archived from the original on January 20, 2017. Retrieved June 12, 2016.
  129. ^ "Gordie Howe exposé en chapelle ardente" [Gordie Howe Visitation in Emotional Chapel]. Le Journal de Montréal (in French). June 11, 2016. Archived from the original on June 11, 2016. Retrieved June 12, 2016.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gordie_Howe_International_Bridge&oldid=1256036473"