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DeForest Kelley

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DeForest Kelley
Publicity photo of DeForest Kelley as Dr. McCoy from the television program Star Trek
Born
Jackson DeForest Kelley

(1920-01-20)January 20, 1920
Toccoa, Georgia, U.S.
DiedJune 11, 1999(1999-06-11) (aged 79)
Los Angeles, California
OccupationActor
Years active1940–1998
Spouse
Carolyn Dowling
​
(m. 1945)​

Jackson DeForest Kelley (January 20, 1920 – June 11, 1999) was an American actor, screenwriter, poet, and singer. He was known for his roles in Westerns and achieved international fame as Dr. Leonard "Bones" McCoy of the USS Enterprise in the television and film series Star Trek (1966–1991).

Early life

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Kelley was born in Atlanta, Georgia. His mother was Clora (née Casey) and his father was Ernest David Kelley, a Baptist minister of Irish ancestry.[1][2][3][4] Kelley was named after pioneering electronics engineer Lee de Forest. He later named his Star Trek character's father "David" after his own father. Kelley had an older brother, Ernest Casey Kelley.[5] Kelley was immersed in his father's mission at his father's church in Conyers, Georgia.[6]

Before the end of his first year at Conyers, Kelley was regularly putting to use his musical talents, and often sang solo in morning church services.[7] Kelley wanted to become a doctor like his uncle, but his family could not afford to send him to medical school. He began singing on local radio shows,[1] including an appearance on WSB AM in Atlanta. As a result of Kelley's radio work, he won an engagement with Lou Forbes and his orchestra at the Paramount Theater.[8]

In 1934, the family left Conyers for Decatur, Georgia. He attended the Decatur Boys High School, where he played on the Decatur Bantams baseball team. Kelley also played football and other sports. Before his graduation in 1938, Kelley got a job as a drugstore car hop. He spent his weekends working in the local theaters.[8]

He made his film debut in the chorus of New Moon (1940), and nearly secured the lead role in This Gun for Hire (1942), but Alan Ladd was chosen instead.[9]

During World War II, Kelley served as an enlisted man in the United States Army Air Forces from March 10, 1943, to January 28, 1946, assigned to the First Motion Picture Unit with the rank of private first class. After an extended stay in Long Beach, California, Kelley decided to pursue an acting career and relocate to Southern California permanently, living for a time with his uncle Casey. He worked as an usher in a local theater to earn enough money for the move. Kelley's mother encouraged her son in his new career goal, but his father disliked the idea. While in California, Kelley was spotted by a Paramount Pictures scout while appearing in a United States Navy training film.[10]

In 1945, Kelley married Carolyn Charlotte Meagher Dowling.[11]

Career

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Early roles

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Ann Doran and Kelley in Fear in the Night in 1947

Kelley's acting career began with the feature film Fear in the Night in 1947.[12] The low-budget movie was a hit, bringing him to the attention of a national audience and giving Kelley reason to believe he would soon become a star. His next role, in Variety Girl, established him as a leading actor and resulted in the founding of his first fan club. Kelley did not become a leading man, however, and his wife Carolyn and he decided to move to New York City. He found work on stage and on live television, but after three years in New York, the Kelleys returned to Hollywood.[13]

In California, he received a role in an installment of You Are There, anchored by Walter Cronkite.[14] He played ranch owner Bob Kitteridge in the 1949 episode "Legion of Old Timers" of the television series The Lone Ranger. This led to an appearance in Gunfight at the O.K. Corral as Morgan Earp (brother to Burt Lancaster's Wyatt Earp),[15] which in turn led to three movie offers, including Warlock with Henry Fonda and Anthony Quinn.[16]

DeForest Kelley appeared in three episodes of the television series Science Fiction Theatre. In 1957, he had a small role as a Southern officer in Raintree County, a Civil War film directed by Edward Dmytryk, alongside Elizabeth Taylor, Montgomery Clift, and Lee Marvin.[17][18] He also appeared in leading roles as a U.S. Navy submarine captain in the World War II-set television series, The Silent Service. He appeared in season one, episode five, "The Spearfish Delivers", as Commander Dempsey, and in the first episode of season two, "The Archerfish Spits Straight", as Lieutenant Commander Enright. His future Star Trek co-star Leonard Nimoy also appeared in two different episodes of the series around the same time.[19]

Kelley appeared three times in various portrayals of the gunfight at the O.K. Corral; the first was in 1955, as Ike Clanton in the television series You Are There. Two years later, in the 1957 film Gunfight at the O.K. Corral, he played Morgan Earp.[9] His third appearance was in a third-season Star Trek episode (broadcast originally on October 25, 1968), titled "Spectre of the Gun", this time portraying Tom McLaury.[20]

Kelley, known to colleagues as "Dee",[21] also appeared in episodes of The Donna Reed Show, Perry Mason, Tales of Wells Fargo, Wanted: Dead or Alive, Boots and Saddles, Dick Powell's Zane Grey Theatre, Death Valley Days, Riverboat, The Fugitive, Lawman, Bat Masterson, Gunsmoke, Have Gun – Will Travel, The Millionaire, Rawhide, and Laredo.[22] He appeared in the 1962 episode of Route 66, "1800 Days to Justice" and "The Clover Throne" as Willis. He had a small role in the movie The View from Pompey's Head.[22]

For nine years, Kelley primarily played villains.[23] He built up an extensive list of credits, alternating between television and motion pictures. He was afraid of typecasting,[24] though, so he broke away from villains by starring in Where Love Has Gone[25] and a television pilot called 333 Montgomery.[26] The pilot was written by an ex-policeman named Gene Roddenberry, and a few years later, Kelley appeared in another Roddenberry pilot, Police Story (1967), that was again not developed into a series.[27]

Kelley also appeared in at least one radio drama, the 1957 episode of Suspense entitled "Flesh Peddler", in which series producer William M. Robson introduced him as "a bright new luminary in the Hollywood firmament".[28]

Star Trek

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In 1956, nine years before being cast as Dr. McCoy, Kelley played a small supporting role as a medic in The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit, in which he utters the diagnosis "This man's dead, Captain" and "That man is dead" to Gregory Peck.[29] Kelley appeared as Lieutenant Commander James Dempsey in two episodes of the syndicated military drama The Silent Service, based on actual stories of the submarine service of the United States Navy. In 1962, he appeared in the Bonanza episode titled "The Decision", as a doctor sentenced to hang for the murder of a journalist.[30] The judge in this episode was portrayed by John Hoyt, who later portrayed Dr. Phillip John Boyce, one of Leonard McCoy's predecessors, on the Star Trek pilot "The Cage". In 1963, he appeared in The Virginian episode "Man of Violence" as a "drinking" cavalry doctor with Leonard Nimoy as his patient (Nimoy's character did not survive).[31] Perhaps not coincidentally, the episode was written by John D. F. Black, who went on to become a writer-producer on Star Trek. Just before Star Trek began filming, Kelley appeared as a doctor again, in the Laredo episode "The Sound of Terror".[22]

Kelley visiting NASA Dryden with the Star Trek cast and crew in 1967

After refusing Roddenberry's 1964 offer to play Spock,[32] Kelley played Dr. Leonard "Bones" McCoy from 1966 to 1969 in Star Trek. He reprised the character in a voice-over role in the animated Star Trek series (1973–74), and the first six Star Trek motion pictures (1979 to 1991). In 1987, he also had a cameo in "Encounter at Farpoint", the first episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation, as Admiral Leonard McCoy, Starfleet Surgeon General Emeritus.[33] Several aspects of Kelley's background became part of McCoy's characterization, including his pronunciation of "nuclear" as "nucular".[34]

Kelley became a good friend of Star Trek castmates William Shatner and Leonard Nimoy, from their first meeting in 1964. During Trek's first season, Kelley's name was listed in the end credits along with the rest of the cast. Only Shatner and Nimoy were listed in the opening credits. As Kelley's role grew in importance during the first season, he received a pay raise to about $2,500 per episode and received third billing starting in the second season after Nimoy.[35] Despite the show's recognition of Kelley as one of its stars, he was frustrated by the greater attention that Shatner received as its lead actor and that Nimoy received because of "Spockamania" among fans.[36]

Kelley at Star Trek convention in 1988

Shy by his own admission, Kelley was the only cast member of the original Star Trek series program never to have written or published an autobiography; the authorized biography From Sawdust to Stardust (2005) was written posthumously by Terry Lee Rioux of Lamar University in Beaumont, Texas.[37] Kelley regarded "The Empath" as his favorite Star Trek television episode.[38]

Later career

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Hollywood Walk of Fame

After Star Trek was canceled in 1969, Kelley found himself a victim of the very typecasting he had so feared. In 1972, he was cast in the horror film Night of the Lepus. After that, Kelley made occasional appearances on television and in film, but essentially went into de facto retirement, other than playing McCoy in the Star Trek film series.[39] By 1978, he was earning up to $50,000 ($234,000 today) annually from appearances at Star Trek conventions.[40] Like other Star Trek actors, Kelley received little of the enormous profits that the franchise generated for Paramount, until Nimoy, as executive producer, helped arrange for Kelley to be paid $1 million for Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country (1991), which was his final live-action film appearance. In 1987, he appeared in the first Star Trek: The Next Generation episode, "Encounter at Farpoint", in which he portrayed a 137-year-old Dr. McCoy.[33] For his final film, Kelley provided the voice of Viking 1 in The Brave Little Toaster Goes to Mars.[41] Later in life, Kelley developed an interest in poetry, eventually publishing the first of two books in an unfinished series, The Big Bird's Dream and The Dream Goes On.[42]

In 1971, he appeared in Room 222 as Matt Silverton, a student's father.

In a TLC interview done in the late 1990s, Kelley joked that one of his biggest fears was that the words etched on his gravestone would be "He's dead, Jim". Kelley's obituary in Newsweek began: "We're not even going to try to resist: He's dead, Jim".[43] He stated the year before his death that his legacy would be the many people McCoy had inspired to become doctors; "That's something that very few people can say they've done. I'm proud to say that I have".[1] In 1991, Kelley received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.[44][45] In 1999, shortly before he died, he was awarded a Golden Boot award for his contribution to the genre of Western television and movies.[46]

Personal life

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Kelley married former actress Carolyn Charlotte Meagher Dowling in 1945, exchanging two 25-cent Indian rings. They met in 1942 when both were actors in a play and remained married for nearly 55 years until Kelley's death, living in a humble one-story ranch house in Sherman Oaks, California. The couple, who had no children, "...were the most loving couple you’ve ever seen in your life," said Star Trek's Majel Barrett.[47]

Health and death

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Kelley was diagnosed with stomach cancer in 1997,[48] from which he died on June 11, 1999, aged 79, attended by his wife at the Motion Picture and Television Country House and Hospital in Woodland Hills, Los Angeles.[47] His remains were cremated and the ashes were spread over the Pacific Ocean.[49]

Filmography

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Film

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Year Title Role Notes
1940 New Moon Chorus
1945 Time to Kill Peter Short film
1947 Fear in the Night Vince Grayson
Variety Girl Bob Kirby
Beyond Our Own Bob Rogers
1948 Gypsy Holiday Carl Romano Short film
Canon City Smalley
1949 Duke of Chicago 'Ace' Martin
Malaya Lt. Glenson Uncredited
Life of St. Paul Series Aram
1950 The Men Dr. Sherman Uncredited
1953 Taxi Fred
1954 Duffy of San Quentin Eddie Lee – Police Detective
1955 House of Bamboo Charlie
Illegal Edward Clary
The View from Pompey's Head Jim Foster – Hotel Clerk Uncredited
1956 The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit Medic
Tension at Table Rock Jim Breck
1957 Gunfight at the O.K. Corral Morgan Earp
Raintree County Southern Officer
1958 The Law and Jake Wade Wexler
1959 Warlock Curley Burne
1961 Tales of Wells Fargo Cole Scoville
1963 Gunfight at Comanche Creek Amos Troop
1964 Where Love Has Gone Sam Corwin
1965 Black Spurs Sheriff Dal Nemo
Town Tamer Guy Tavenner
Marriage on the Rocks Mr. Turner
Apache Uprising Toby Jack Saunders
1966 Johnny Reno Uncredited
Waco Bill Rile
1972 Night of the Lepus Elgin Clark
1979 Star Trek: The Motion Picture Dr. Leonard McCoy
1982 Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan
1984 Star Trek III: The Search for Spock
1986 Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home
1989 Star Trek V: The Final Frontier
1991 Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country
Star Trek Adventure Short film
1998 The Brave Little Toaster Goes to Mars Viking 1 (voice) Direct-to-video

Television

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Year Title Role Notes
1947 Public Prosecutor Danny Watson Episode: "The Case of the Man Who Wasn't There"
1949–1953 The Lone Ranger Doctor Barnes / Sheriff / Bob Kittredge 3 episodes
1950 Studio One Bob Philo Episode: "The Last Cruise"
1952 Armstrong Circle Theatre Episode: "Breakaway"
Your Jeweler's Showcase Episode: "The Hand of St. Pierre"
1953 The Revlon Mirror Theater Bert Dexter Episode: "Dreams Never Lie"
The Pepsi-Cola Playhouse Jeff Episode: "Frozen Escape"
1953–1954 Your Favorite Story John Ainslee 3 episodes
1953–1954 City Detective Hartfield / Benjamin 2 episodes
1953–1956 You Are There Soldier / Al Hammill / Maj. Bremen / Ike Clanton / Lt. Col. Everton Conger 9 episodes
1954 Waterfront Bob Vogelin / Lloyd Allen 2 episodes
The Lone Wolf Nick Kohler / Ted Hopkins 2 episodes
Public Defender Mr. Sanders Episode: "The Murder Photo"
Cavalcade of America Episode: "A Medal for Miss Walker"
1954–1955 Mayor of the Town Nash / Tracey 3 episodes
Studio 57 Alfred / Ted Lance 2 episodes
1955 The Loretta Young Show Pilot Episode: "Decision"
The Millionaire Dr. Michael Wells Episode: "The Iris Millar Story"
1955–1956 Science Fiction Theatre Dr. Milo Barton / Matt Brander / Captain Hall, M.D. 3 episodes
Matinee Theatre Alan Brecker / Frank Lawson 2 episodes
1956 Gunsmoke Will Bailey Episode: "Indian Scout"
Strange Stories Harvey Harris Episode: "Such a Nice Little Girl"
1956–1960 Dick Powell's Zane Grey Theatre Swain / Logan Wheeler / Sherm Pickard / Les Porter 4 episodes
1957 Navy Log Captain Smithwick / Corporal 2 episodes
The O. Henry Playhouse 2 episodes
The Adventures of Jim Bowie Dr. Robert Taber Episode: "An Eye for an Eye"
Code 3 Deputy Don Reason Episode: "Oil Well Incident"
Schlitz Playhouse of Stars Jordan Haig Episode: "Hands of the Enemy"
The Web Detective Lt. Johnny Wright Episode: "Kill and Run"
Boots and Saddles Merriweather Episode: "The Marquis of Donnybrook"
1957–1958 The Silent Service Lt. Comm. Enright / Ferrara / Commander Dempsey Episode: "The Archerfish Spits Straight" 3 episodes
M Squad Police Sgt. Miller / Detective 3 episodes
Playhouse 90 Lambert 2 episodes
1957–1959 Trackdown Tom Dooley / Ed Crow / Brock Childers / Perry Grimes 4 episodes
1958 Steve Canyon Radar Major Season1/Episode 5: "Operation Jettison"
The Rough Riders Lance Episode: "The Nightbinders"
1958–1960 Alcoa Theatre Jake Brittin / Marshal 2 episodes
1959 The Californians Joe Girard Episode: "The Painted Lady"
26 Men Ed Lacy Episode: "Trail of Revenge"
Special Agent 7 Martin Episode: "Border Masquerade"
Northwest Passage David Cooper Episode: "Death Rides the Wind"
Wanted Dead or Alive Ollie Tate / Sheriff Steve Pax 2 episodes
Rawhide Slate Prell Episode: "Incident at Barker Springs"
Mackenzie's Raiders Charles Barron / El Halcon Episode: "Son of the Hawk"
State Trooper Graham Jones Episode: "The Patient Skeleton"
The Lineup Episode: "The Chloroform Murder Case"
Richard Diamond, Private Detective Kenneth Porter / Sheriff 2 episodes
Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer Eddie Robbins / Philip Conroy 2 episodes
21 Beacon Street George Manning Episode: "The Hostage"
Walt Disney Presents Silas Morgan Episode: "Elfego Baca: Mustang Man, Mustang Maid"
Black Saddle Sam King Episode: "Apache Trail"
1960 Johnny Midnight David Lawton Episode: "The Inner Eye"
Markham Danny Standish Episode: "Counterpoint"
Two Faces West Vern Cleary Episode: "Fallen Gun"
1960–1961 Lawman Bent Carr / Sam White 2 episodes
Coronado 9 Shep Harlow / Frank Briggs 2 episodes
1961 Riverboat Alex Jeffords Episode: "Listen to the Nightingale"
Tales of Wells Fargo Captain Cole Scofield Episode: "Captain Scofield"
Assignment: Underwater Barney Episode: "Affair in Tokyo"
Stagecoach West Lt. Clarke / Clay Henchard 2 episodes
The Deputy Farley Styles Episode: "The Means and the End"
Bat Masterson Brock Martin Episode: "No Amnesty for Death"
Shannon Carlyle Episode: "The Pickup"
Cain's Hundred Bob Tully Episode: "The Fixer"
Perry Mason Peter Thorpe Episode: "The Case of the Unwelcome Bride"
1961–1962 Route 66 Bob Harcourt Jr. / H. Norbert Willis 2 episodes
1961–1966 Bonanza Tully / Dr. Michael Jons / Captain Moss Johnson 4 episodes
1962 Have Gun – Will Travel Deakin Episode: "The Treasure"
1962–1963 Laramie Jack / Bart Collins 2 episodes
Death Valley Days Elliott Webster / Martin - Prisoner / Clint Rogers / Shad Cullen 4 episodes
1963 The Virginian Lt. Beldon / Ben Tully 2 episodes
The Gallant Men Col. Davenport Episode: "A Taste of Peace"
The Dakotas Martin Volet Episode: "Reformation at Big Nose Butte"
77 Sunset Strip Phil Wingate Episode: "88 Bars"
1964 Slattery's People Gregg Wilson Episode: "Question: Which One Has the Privilege?"
1965 The Fugitive Charlie Episode: "Three Cheers for Little Boy Blue"
The Donna Reed Show Williams Episode: "Uncle Jeff Needs You"
1966 A Man Called Shenandoah Egan Episode: "The Riley Brand"
Laredo Dr. David Ingram Episode: "Sound of Terror"
1966–1969 Star Trek Dr. Leonard McCoy 76 episodes
1967 Police Story Lab Chief Greene Television film
1970 Ironside Mr. Fowler Episode: "Warrior's Return"
The Silent Force Curston Episode: "The Judge"
The Bold Ones: The New Doctors Parrish Episode: "Giants Never Kneel"
1971 Owen Marshall, Counselor at Law Frank Slater Episode: "Make No Mistake"
Room 222 Matt Silverton Episode: "The Sins of the Fathers"
1972 The Bull of the West Ben Tully Television film
1973 The ABC Afternoon Playbreak Dr. Goldstone Episode: "I Never Said Goodbye"
1973–1974 Star Trek: The Animated Series Dr. McCoy (voice) 22 episodes
1974 The Cowboys Jack Potter Episode: "David Done It"
1981 The Littlest Hobo Prof. Hal Schaffer Episode: "Runaway"
1987 Star Trek: The Next Generation Admiral Leonard McCoy Episode: "Encounter at Farpoint"

Video games

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Year Title Role Notes
1994 Star Trek: 25th Anniversary Dr. Leonard 'Bones' McCoy CD-ROM version
1995 Star Trek: Judgment Rites
1999 Star Trek: Secret of Vulcan Fury Canceled

References

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  1. ^ a b c Andrew Jacobs (June 12, 1999). "DeForest Kelley, 79, Creator Of Dr. McCoy on 'Star Trek' - The New York Times". The New York Times. p. A13. Retrieved October 26, 2019.
  2. ^ "DeForest Kelley". georgiaencyclopedia.org. New Georgia Encyclopedia by Georgia Humanities, University of Georgia Press. Retrieved March 17, 2023.
  3. ^ "Obituary: DeForest Kelley". independent.co.uk. The Independent. June 13, 1999. Retrieved March 17, 2023.
  4. ^ "DeForest Kelley". tcm.com. Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved March 17, 2023.
  5. ^ Rioux 2005, p. 4.
  6. ^ Rioux 2005, p. 5.
  7. ^ "DeForest Kelley". pathcom.com. Archived from the original on June 9, 2008. Retrieved June 14, 2014.
  8. ^ a b Rioux 2005, p. 12.
  9. ^ a b "Obituary: DeForest Kelley". The Independent. June 14, 1999. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
  10. ^ Rioux 2005, p. 62.
  11. ^ "Carolyn Kelley Tribute". creationent.com. Creation Entertainment. Retrieved June 25, 2022.
  12. ^ Woo, Elaine (June 12, 1999). "DeForest Kelley, Actor Beloved as Dr. McCoy on 'Star Trek,' Dies at 79". Los Angeles Times. p. 30.
  13. ^ Rioux 2005, p. 75.
  14. ^ Rioux 2005, p. 97.
  15. ^ Rioux 2005, p. 102.
  16. ^ Rioux 2005, p. 112.
  17. ^ Rioux 2005, p. 106.
  18. ^ Crowther, Bosley (December 21, 1957). "Screen: M-G-M's 'Raintree County'; Film of Lockridge Book Has 2-Theatre Debut". The New York Times. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
  19. ^ Hook, Jim (March 10, 2015). "Veteran of nuclear sub maintains vintage torpedo". The Washington Times. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
  20. ^ Rowan, Terry (2013). The American Western A Complete Film Guide. Lulu.com. p. 268. ISBN 978-1-300-41858-0.
  21. ^ Shatner, William; Fisher, David (2016). Leonard. St. Martin's Press. p. 108ff. ISBN 9781250083319.
  22. ^ a b c Lentz III, Harris M. (2008). Obituaries in the Performing Arts, 1999. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. p. 117. ISBN 9780786452040.
  23. ^ Rioux 2005, p. 100.
  24. ^ Rioux 2005, p. 139.
  25. ^ Rioux 2005, p. 131.
  26. ^ Rioux 2005, p. 121.
  27. ^ Rioux 2005, p. 137.
  28. ^ "Radio Drama: Before He Was Dr. McCoy, DeForest Kelly was Radio's 'Flesh Peddler'". WHAV. January 5, 2019. Retrieved January 5, 2019.
  29. ^ "Excerpt The Man in the Grey Flannel Suit". YouTube. April 22, 2008. Retrieved June 14, 2014.
  30. ^ Rioux 2005, p. 127.
  31. ^ Rioux 2005, p. 135.
  32. ^ StarTrek.com, staff (July 25, 2023). "Star Trek Remembering DeForest Kelley". startrek.com. CBS Entertainment. Retrieved August 26, 2014.
  33. ^ a b Rioux 2005, p. 277.
  34. ^ Rioux 2005, p. 167.
  35. ^ Rioux 2005, pp. 158–159.
  36. ^ Rioux 2005, p. 174.
  37. ^ Rioux 2005, p. ii.
  38. ^ Clark, Mark (2012). Star Trek FAQ: Everything Left to Know About the First Voyages of the Starship Enterprise. Applause Theatre & Cinema. p. 120. ISBN 9781557839633.
  39. ^ Marriott, Michael (September 15, 1991). "TV View; the 'Star Trek' Curse: a Lifetime Starfleet Commission". The New York Times. Retrieved May 3, 2011.
  40. ^ Michaels, Marguerite (December 10, 1978). "A Visit to Star Trek's Movie Launch". Parade. Retrieved May 2, 2011.[permanent dead link‍]
  41. ^ Wilkins, Brian (January 20, 2014). "Remembering DeForest Kelley, On His 94th Birthday". TrekNews.net. Retrieved January 20, 2014.
  42. ^ Rioux 2005, pp. 223, 361.
  43. ^ Newsweek, July 20, 1999.
  44. ^ "DeForest Kelley | Hollywood Walk of Fame". Hollywood Walk of Fame. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
  45. ^ Woo, Elaine (June 12, 1999). "DeForest Kelley". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
  46. ^ "BUT FIRST, PLEASE TAKE OFF THE SPURS". Sun-Sentinel. July 16, 1999. Retrieved December 20, 2018.
  47. ^ a b Gliatto, Tom (June 28, 1999). "Doctor to the Stars". People. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
  48. ^ Rioux 2005, p. 325.
  49. ^ "DeForest Kelley: Dr. McCoy of the Enterprise". Legacy.com. June 11, 2014. Retrieved May 15, 2021.

Further reading

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  • Rioux, Terry Lee (2005). From Sawdust to Stardust: The Biography of DeForest Kelley, Star Trek's Dr. McCoy. Pocket Books. ISBN 978-0-7434-5762-0.
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