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David E. Pritchard

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David Edward Pritchard
Born (1941-10-15) October 15, 1941 (age 83)
New York, U.S.
Alma materCalifornia Institute of Technology (MA)
Harvard University (PhD)
Scientific career
FieldsAtomic physics
InstitutionsMassachusetts Institute of Technology
Thesis Differential Spin Exchange Scattering: Sodium on Cesium.[1]  (1968)
Doctoral advisorDaniel Kleppner
Doctoral studentsEric Cornell
Other notable studentsJerome Apt (Astronaut)
Websiteweb.mit.edu/physics/people/faculty/pritchard_david.html

David Edward Pritchard (born October 15, 1941)[2] is a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) who specializes in atomic physics and educational research.

Career

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Early work

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Pritchard completed his PhD in 1968 at Harvard University under the supervision of Daniel Kleppner. His thesis involved building the first atomic scattering machine with polarized atoms to study differential spin exchange scattering, a process by which the 21 cm hydrogen line manifests.[1]

Pritchard was an early adopter of tunable lasers in physics and chemistry, demonstrating high-resolution spectroscopy through the simultaneous absorption of two laser photons. He employed both laser and radio-frequency spectroscopy to study weakly bound van der Waals molecules, such as NaNe[3] and KAr,[4] in cold supersonic molecular beams.

Atom optics, atom traps, and atom interferometers

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Pritchard made use of tunable lasers' ability to transfer momentum to atoms, leading to demonstrations of the diffraction of atoms from a standing wave of light (denoted Kapitza-Dirac or Raman-Nath regimes) and Bragg scattering[5] of atoms from light gratings, founding the field of coherent atom optics.[6] This led to the creation of the first atom interferometer,[7] where matter waves would propagate on both sides of a metal foil before recombining, so that different interactions on the two sides would result in a fringe shift of the atomic interference pattern.[8] This allowed for precise measurements of atomic polarizability, the refractive index of gaseous matter waves, and fundamental testing of quantum decoherence, as well as the first demonstration of the ability of atom interferometers to measure angular velocity like a gyroscope and to work for complex particles like Na2 molecules in the gaseous phase.[9]

A singularly important development from atom optics is Pritchard's invention of the magneto-optical trap[10] which captures and cools atoms to sub-millikelvin temperatures and of the Dark SPOT MOT, in which atoms are confined in a way such that they do not interact with trapping light.[11] Together with a magnetic atom trap, it can compress ~ 1010 cold atoms into the same small volume (This is sometimes called the Ioffe-Pritchard trap to honor its plasma physics origin). These traps are commonly used in the field of cold atom research and are the foundational tools for the MIT-Harvard Center for Ultracold Atoms.

In 1990, Pritchard brought Wolfgang Ketterle to MIT as a postdoctoral researcher to work on atom cooling. To encourage Ketterle to stay at MIT, in 1993 Ketterle was given his own experimental cold atom program (with two students and two grants) while Pritchard himself stepped aside from the field to allow Ketterle to be appointed to the faculty. Ketterle pursued atom cooling to achieve Bose–Einstein condensation in 1995, a discovery for which Ketterle was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2001, alongside Pritchard's former graduate student, Eric Allin Cornell, and Carl Wieman, who was an informal Pritchard mentee while an undergraduate at MIT.[12]

Ketterle and Pritchard then partnered to study atom optics and interferometry with Bose condensates, demonstrating coherent amplification of matter waves, superradiant Rayleigh scattering, and the power of Bragg spectroscopy to probe the condensate and used laser light to establish coherence between two condensates that never touch. Pritchard received the 2004 Max Born Award, "For creative application of light to new forms of spectroscopy, to manipulation and trapping of atoms, and for pioneering the new fields of atom optics and atom interferometry".[13]

Precise measurements of atomic masses

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Pritchard is a pioneer in the precise measurement of atomic and molecular masses using ion traps, an advance enabled by his group's developing highly sensitive radio-frequency detectors based on SQUIDs (superconducting quantum interference devices) and techniques to coherently cross-couple the motion of different modes of an ion's oscillation in the trap. These advances culminated in an ion balance in which one each of two different ions were simultaneously confined while their cyclotron frequencies were inter-compared to better than one part in 1011.[14] This led to the discovery of a new type of systematic shift of the cyclotron frequency due to the polarizability of the ion, providing the most accurate measurement of ionic molecule polarizability. It also resulted in a fifty-fold improvement of experimental tests of Albert Einstein's mass–energy equivalence that (where E is the energy, m is the mass and c the speed of light) – now at ½ part per million.[15]

Precise measurements of the masses of rubidium and caesium (Cesium) atoms made with the MIT apparatus have been combined with others' high-precision atom interferometric measurements of h/m (the Planck constant divided by the atom mass) to give the most accurate value of the fine structure constant at 0.2 ppb (parts per billion), differing by ~ 2.5 combined errors from measurement based on quantum electrodynamics. This is the most precise comparison of measurements made using entirely different theoretical bases.

Teaching and education software

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In 1998, David Pritchard and his son Alex developed an online Socratic tutor, mycybertutor.com, which provides specific critiques of incorrect symbolic answers, hints upon request, and follow-up comments and questions. This tool has been shown to significantly improve students' ability to answer traditional MIT examination problems, increasing their performance by approximately 2 standard deviations.[16] The software is now marketed as Mastering Physics, Mastering Chemistry, and Mastering Astronomy by Pearson Education. It has become a widely used homework tutor in Science and Engineering, with approximately 2.5 million.

Pritchard's education research group, RELATE[17] was started in 2000 with the goal to "Apply the principles and techniques of science and engineering to study and improve learning, especially of expertise". They conduct research using all components in the acronym RELATE - Research in Learning, Assessing, and Tutoring Effectively. They showed that copying online homework is by far the best predictor of a low final exam grade in MIT residential physics,[16] and is the dominant contributor to ~ 5% of the certificates given by edX. They explored new types of instruction (e.g. deliberate practice of critical problem-solving skills) or variations in instruction (adding a diagram, replacing multiple choice questions with more interactive drag and drop questions, etc.) compared with traditional instruction (the control).[18][19]

These experiments, along with other relevant research, indicated an important principle that students were struggling with – strategic thinking – the ability to determine which concepts and procedures are helpful in solving an unfamiliar problem. For this purpose, RELATE developed a Mechanics Reasoning Inventory[20] that measures strategic ability; it served as a benchmark of progress for their new pedagogy: Modeling Approach to Problem-Solving. This pedagogy was shown to greatly improve students' attitudes towards learning science, raise their scores on the Physics 1 final exam retake,[21] and subsequently help them improve their Physics 2 grade by ~ ⁠1/2⁠ standard deviation relative to students who didn't benefit from this intervention.[22]

References

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  1. ^ a b "Harvard Physics PhD Theses, 1954-1970" (PDF). Harvard University Department of Physics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 May 2014. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
  2. ^ "Biography on APS". Archived from the original on 2016-03-07. Retrieved 2012-07-14.
  3. ^ Ahmad-Bitar, Riad; Lapatovich, Walter P.; Pritchard, David E.; Renhorn, Ingemar (1977-12-26). "Laser Spectroscopy of Bound NaNe Molecules". Physical Review Letters. 39 (26): 1657–1660. Bibcode:1977PhRvL..39.1657A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.39.1657. ISSN 0031-9007.
  4. ^ Mattison, Edward M.; Pritchard, David E.; Kleppner, Daniel (1974-03-11). "Spin-Rotation Coupling in the Alkali---Rare-Gas Van der Waals Molecule KAr". Physical Review Letters. 32 (10): 507–509. Bibcode:1974PhRvL..32..507M. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.32.507.
  5. ^ Martin, Peter J.; Oldaker, Bruce G.; Miklich, Andrew H.; Pritchard, David E. (1988-02-08). "Bragg scattering of atoms from a standing light wave". Physical Review Letters. 60 (6): 515–518. Bibcode:1988PhRvL..60..515M. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.60.515. PMID 10038570.
  6. ^ Wieman, Carl E.; Pritchard, David E.; Wineland, David J. (1999-03-01). "Atom cooling, trapping, and quantum manipulation". Reviews of Modern Physics. 71 (2): S253–S262. Bibcode:1999RvMPS..71..253W. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.71.S253.
  7. ^ Keith, David W.; Ekstrom, Christopher R.; Turchette, Quentin A.; Pritchard, David E. (1991-05-27). "An interferometer for atoms". Physical Review Letters. 66 (21): 2693–2696. Bibcode:1991PhRvL..66.2693K. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.66.2693. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 10043592.
  8. ^ Ekstrom, Christopher R.; Schmiedmayer, Jörg; Chapman, Michael S.; Hammond, Troy D.; Pritchard, David E. (1995-05-01). "Measurement of the electric polarizability of sodium with an atom interferometer". Physical Review A. 51 (5): 3883–3888. Bibcode:1995PhRvA..51.3883E. doi:10.1103/physreva.51.3883. ISSN 1050-2947. PMID 9912059.
  9. ^ Cronin, Alexander D.; Schmiedmayer, Jörg; Pritchard, David E. (2009-07-28). "Optics and interferometry with atoms and molecules". Reviews of Modern Physics. 81 (3): 1051–1129. arXiv:0712.3703. Bibcode:2009RvMP...81.1051C. doi:10.1103/revmodphys.81.1051. hdl:1721.1/52372. ISSN 0034-6861. S2CID 28009912.
  10. ^ Pritchard, D. E.; Raab, E. L.; Bagnato, V.; Wieman, C. E.; Watts, R. N. (1986-07-21). "Light Traps Using Spontaneous Forces". Physical Review Letters. 57 (3): 310–313. Bibcode:1986PhRvL..57..310P. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.57.310. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 10034027. S2CID 42773639.
  11. ^ Ketterle, Wolfgang; Davis, Kendall B.; Joffe, Michael A.; Martin, Alex; Pritchard, David E. (1993-04-12). "High densities of cold atoms in adarkspontaneous-force optical trap". Physical Review Letters. 70 (15): 2253–2256. Bibcode:1993PhRvL..70.2253K. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.70.2253. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 10053514.
  12. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2001". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2024-02-03.
  13. ^ "Awards and Honors". MIT News | Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 2004-06-02. Retrieved 2024-09-18.
  14. ^ Rainville, Simon; Thompson, James K.; Pritchard, David E. (2004-01-16). "An Ion Balance for Ultra-High-Precision Atomic Mass Measurements". Science. 303 (5656): 334–338. Bibcode:2004Sci...303..334R. doi:10.1126/science.1092320. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 14671311. S2CID 10927619.
  15. ^ Rainville, Simon; Thompson, James K.; Myers, Edmund G.; Brown, John M.; Dewey, Maynard S.; Kessler, Ernest G.; Deslattes, Richard D.; Börner, Hans G.; Jentschel, Michael; Mutti, Paolo; Pritchard, David E. (2005). "A direct test of E=mc2". Nature. 438 (7071): 1096–1097. doi:10.1038/4381096a. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 16371997. S2CID 4426118.
  16. ^ a b Morote, Elsa-Sofia; Pritchard, David E. (2009-08-01). "What course elements correlate with improvement on tests in introductory Newtonian mechanics?". American Journal of Physics. 77 (8): 746–753. Bibcode:2009AmJPh..77..746M. doi:10.1119/1.3139533. hdl:1721.1/51717. ISSN 0002-9505.
  17. ^ "Relate | Research in Learning, Assessing and Tutoring Effectively". Retrieved 2023-08-03.
  18. ^ Chen, Zhongzhou; Chudzicki, Christopher; Palumbo, Daniel; Alexandron, Giora; Choi, Youn-Jeng; Zhou, Qian; Pritchard, David E. (2016). "Researching for better instructional methods using AB experiments in MOOCs: results and challenges". Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning. 11 (1): 9. doi:10.1186/s41039-016-0034-4. ISSN 1793-7078. PMC 6302917. PMID 30613242.
  19. ^ Chudzicki, Christopher; Pritchard, David E.; Chen, Zhongzhou (2015-03-14). "Learning Experiments Using AB Testing at Scale". Proceedings of the Second (2015) ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale. New York, NY, USA: ACM. pp. 405–408. doi:10.1145/2724660.2728703. hdl:1721.1/99202. ISBN 9781450334112. S2CID 42124185.
  20. ^ Pawl, Andrew; Barrantes, Analia; Cardamone, Carolin; Rayyan, Saif; Pritchard, David E.; Rebello, N. Sanjay; Engelhardt, Paula V.; Singh, Chandralekha (2012). "Development of a mechanics reasoning inventory". AIP Conference Proceedings. 1413 (1). AIP: 287–290. Bibcode:2012AIPC.1413..287P. doi:10.1063/1.3680051. hdl:1721.1/78556.
  21. ^ Pawl, Andrew; Barrantes, Analia; Pritchard, David E.; Sabella, Mel; Henderson, Charles; Singh, Chandralekha (2009). "Modeling Applied to Problem Solving". AIP Conference Proceedings. 1179 (1). AIP: 51–54. Bibcode:2009AIPC.1179...51P. doi:10.1063/1.3266752. hdl:1721.1/76354.
  22. ^ Rayyan, Saif; Pawl, Andrew; Barrantes, Analia; Teodorescu, Raluca; Pritchard, David E.; Singh, Chandralekha; Sabella, Mel; Rebello, Sanjay (2010). "Improved Student Performance In Electricity And Magnetism Following Prior MAPS Instruction In Mechanics". AIP Conference Proceedings. 1289 (1). AIP: 273–276. Bibcode:2010AIPC.1289..273R. doi:10.1063/1.3515221. hdl:1721.1/63094.
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