Pennsylvania

State symbols of Pennsylvania
List of state symbols
	Flag of Pennsylvania
	Seal of Pennsylvania
	Emblem of Pennsylvania
	Coat of arms of Pennsylvania
Living insignia
Amphibian	Eastern Hellbender
Bird	Ruffed grouse
Dog breed	Great Dane
Fish	Brook trout
Flower	Mountain laurel
Insect	Firefly (Colloquially "Lightning Bug") (Photuris pensylvanica)
Mammal	White-tailed deer
Tree	Eastern hemlock
Inanimate insignia
Beverage	Milk
Dance	None
Food	None
Fossil	Trilobite
Soil	Hazleton
State route marker
State quarter
	Released in 1999
	Lists of United States state symbols

Pennsylvania

*Pennsilfaani* (Pennsylvania Dutch)
Pennsylvania Pennsilfaani (Pennsylvania Dutch)
State
	Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
	Flag Seal
	Nicknames: Keystone State; Quaker State
	Motto(s): Virtue, Liberty and Independence
	Anthem: "Pennsylvania";
	Map of the United States with Pennsylvania highlighted
Country	United States
Before statehood	Province of Pennsylvania
Admitted to the Union	December 12, 1787 (2nd)
Capital	Harrisburg
Largest city	Philadelphia
Largest county or equivalent	Philadelphia
Largest metro and urban areas	Delaware Valley
Government
• Governor	Josh Shapiro (D)
• Lieutenant governor	Austin Davis (D)
Legislature	General Assembly
• Upper house	State Senate
• Lower house	House of Representatives
Judiciary	Supreme Court of Pennsylvania
U.S. senators	Bob Casey Jr. (D); John Fetterman (D)
U.S. House delegation	9 Democrats; 8 Republicans; (list)
Area
• Total	46,055 sq mi (119,283 km2)
• Land	44,816.61 sq mi (116,074 km2)
• Water	1,239 sq mi (3,208 km2) 2.7%
• Rank	33rd
Dimensions
• Length	170 mi (273 km)
• Width	283 mi (455 km)
Elevation	1,100 ft (340 m)
Highest elevation (Mount Davis)	3,213 ft (979 m)
Lowest elevation (Delaware River at Delaware border)	0 ft (0 m)
Population (2020)
• Total	13,002,700
• Rank	5th
• Density	290/sq mi (112/km2)
• Rank	9th
• Median household income	$68,957
• Income rank	21st
Demonyms	Pennsylvanian; Pennamite; Pennsylvanier (Pennsylvania Dutch)
Language
• Official language	None
• Spoken language	English 90.15%; Spanish 4.09%; German (including Pennsylvania Dutch) 0.87%; Chinese 0.47%; Italian 0.43%
Time zone	UTC−05:00 (Eastern)
• Summer (DST)	UTC−04:00 (EDT)
USPS abbreviation	PA
ISO 3166 code	US-PA
Traditional abbreviation	Pa., Penn., Penna.
Latitude	39°43′ to 42°16′ N
Longitude	74°41′ to 80°31′ W
Website	pa.gov

Pennsylvania (/ˌpɛnsɪlˈveɪniə/ ^ⓘ PEN-sil-VAY-nee-ə, lit. 'Penn's forest country'), officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania^[b] (Pennsylvania Dutch: Pennsilfaani),^[7] is a U.S. state spanning the Mid-Atlantic, Northeastern, Appalachian, and Great Lakes regions of the United States. It borders Delaware to its southeast, Maryland to its south, West Virginia to its southwest, Ohio and the Ohio River to its west, Lake Erie and New York to its north, the Delaware River and New Jersey to its east, and the Canadian province of Ontario to its northwest via Lake Erie.

Pennsylvania was founded in 1681 through a royal land grant to William Penn, the son of the state's namesake. Prior to that, between 1638 and 1655, a southeast portion of the state was part of New Sweden, a Swedish Empire colony. Established as a haven for religious and political tolerance, the colonial-era Province of Pennsylvania was known for its relatively peaceful relations with native tribes, innovative government system, and religious pluralism.

Pennsylvania played a vital and historic role in the American Revolution and the ultimately successful quest for independence from the British Empire, hosting the First and Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia, which formed the Continental Army and appointed George Washington as its commander in 1775, and unanimously adopted the Declaration of Independence the following year.^[8] On December 12, 1787, Pennsylvania was the second state to ratify the U.S. Constitution.^[9]

In July 1863, the Battle of Gettysburg, fought over three days in and around Gettysburg, was the bloodiest and most decisive battle of the American Civil War, claiming over 50,000 Union and Confederate fatalities and repelling Robert E. Lee's invasion of the North, leading to the Union's preservation. Throughout the late 19th and 20th centuries, the state's manufacturing-based economy contributed to the development of much of the nation's early infrastructure, including key bridges, skyscrapers, and military hardware used in U.S.-led victories in World War I, World War II, and the Cold War.

Pennsylvania's geography is highly diverse. The Appalachian Mountains run through the center of the state; the Allegheny and Pocono mountains span much of Northeastern Pennsylvania; close to 60% of the state is forested. While it has no ocean shoreline, it has 140 miles (225 km) of waterfront along Lake Erie and the tidal Delaware River.^[10]

Pennsylvania is the fifth-most populous state in the United States, with over 13 million residents as of the 2020 United States census.^[4] The state is the 33rd-largest by area and has the ninth-highest population density among all states. The largest metropolitan statistical area is the southeastern Delaware Valley, which includes and surrounds Philadelphia, the state's largest and nation's sixth-most populous city. The second-largest metropolitan area, Greater Pittsburgh, is centered in and around Pittsburgh, the state's second-largest city. The state's subsequent five most populous cities are Allentown, Reading, Erie, Scranton, and Bethlehem.^[11]

History

Indigenous settlement

Pennsylvania's history of human habitation extends thousands of years before the foundation of the colonial Province of Pennsylvania in 1681. Archaeologists believe the first settlement of the Americas occurred at least 15,000 years ago, during the Last Glacial Period, though it is unclear when humans first inhabited present-day Pennsylvania. Between 10,000 and 16,000 years ago, Native Americans crossed the two continents, arriving in North America.^[12] Meadowcroft Rockshelter in Jefferson Township includes the earliest known signs of human activity in Pennsylvania and perhaps all of North America,^[13] including the remains of a civilization that existed over 10,000 years ago and possibly pre-dated the Clovis culture.^[14]^[13] By 1000 CE, in contrast to their nomadic hunter-gatherer ancestors, the native population of Pennsylvania had developed agricultural techniques and a mixed food economy.^[15]

By the time European colonization of the Americas began, at least two major Native American tribes inhabited Pennsylvania.^[14] The first, the Lenape, spoke an Algonquian language and inhabited the eastern region of the state, then known as Lenapehoking. It included most of present-day New Jersey and the Lehigh Valley and Delaware Valley regions in eastern and southeastern Pennsylvania. The Lenape's territory ended somewhere between the Delaware River in the east and the Susquehanna River in central Pennsylvania. The second tribe, the Susquehannock, spoke an Iroquoian language and were based in Western Pennsylvania from New York state in the north to West Virginia in the southwest, including the Susquehanna, Allegheny, and Monongahela rivers near present-day Pittsburgh.^[16] European disease and constant warfare with several neighboring tribes and groups of Europeans weakened these two tribes, and they were grossly outpaced financially as the Hurons and Iroquois blocked them from proceeding west into Ohio during the Beaver Wars. As they lost numbers and land, the Hurons abandoned much of their western territory and moved closer to the Susquehanna River, and the Iroquois and Mohawk tribes moved further north. Northwest of the Allegheny River was the Iroquoian Petun,^[17]^[18] who were fragmented into three groups during the Beaver Wars: the Petun of New York, the Wyandot of Ohio, and the Tiontatecaga of the Kanawha River in southern West Virginia. South of the Allegheny River was a nation known as Calicua,^[19] which may have been part of the Monongahela culture.

17th century

In the 17th century, the Dutch and the English each claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their colonial lands in America.^[20]^[21]^[22] The Dutch were the first to take possession.^[22] By June 3, 1631, the Dutch began settling the Delmarva Peninsula by establishing the Zwaanendael Colony on the site of present-day Lewes, Delaware.^[23] In 1638, Sweden established the New Sweden Colony in the region of Fort Christina on the site of present-day Wilmington, Delaware. New Sweden claimed and, for the most part, controlled the lower Delaware River region, including parts of present-day Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, but settled few colonists there.^[24]^[25]

On March 12, 1664, King Charles II of England gave James, Duke of York a grant that incorporated all lands included in the original Virginia Company of Plymouth Grant and other lands. This grant was in conflict with the Dutch claim for New Netherland, which included parts of today's Pennsylvania.^[26]

On June 24, 1664, the Duke of York sold the portion of his large grant that included present-day New Jersey to John Berkeley and George Carteret for a proprietary colony. The land was not yet in British possession, but the sale boxed in the portion of New Netherland on the West side of the Delaware River. The British conquest of New Netherland began on August 29, 1664, when New Amsterdam was coerced to surrender while facing cannons on British ships in New York Harbor.^[27]^[28] The conquest was completed in October 1664, when the British captured Fort Casimir in what today is New Castle, Delaware. The Treaty of Breda between England, France, and the Netherlands confirmed the English conquest on July 21, 1667,^[29]^[30] although there were temporary reversions.

On September 12, 1672, during the Third Anglo-Dutch War, the Dutch reconquered New York Colony/New Amsterdam, establishing three County Courts, which went on to become original Counties in present-day Delaware and Pennsylvania. The one that later transferred to Pennsylvania was Upland.^[31] This was partially reversed on February 9, 1674, when the Treaty of Westminster ended the Third Anglo-Dutch War and reverted all political situations to the status quo ante bellum. The British retained the Dutch Counties with their Dutch names.^[32] By June 11, 1674, New York reasserted control over the outlying colonies, including Upland, and the names started to be changed to British names by November 11, 1674.^[33] Upland was partitioned on November 12, 1674, producing the general outline of the current border between Pennsylvania and Delaware.^[34]

On February 28, 1681, Charles II granted a land charter^[35] to Quaker leader William Penn to repay a debt of £16,000^[36] (around £2,100,000 in 2008, adjusting for retail inflation)^[37] owed to William's father. The transaction represents one of the largest land grants to an individual in history.^[38]^[39] Penn proposed that the land be called New Wales, but there were objections to that name, so he recommended Sylvania (from the Latin silva: "forest, woods"). The King named it Pennsylvania (literally "Penn's Woods") in honor of Admiral Penn. The younger Penn was embarrassed at this name, fearing that people would think he had named it after himself, but King Charles would not rename the grant.^[40] Penn established a government with two innovations, the county commission and freedom of religion, which were subsequently replicated in many of the Thirteen Colonies.^[39]

What had been Upland on the Pennsylvania side of the Pennsylvania-Delaware border was renamed Chester County when Pennsylvania instituted its colonial governments on March 4, 1681.^[41]^[42] Penn signed a peace treaty with Tamanend, leader of the Lenape, which began a long period of friendly relations between the Quakers and the Indians.^[43] Additional treaties between Quakers and other tribes followed. The Treaty of Shackamaxon of William Penn was never violated.^[44]^[45]^[46]

18th century

Between 1730 and when the Pennsylvania Colony was shut down by Parliament with the Currency Act in 1764, the Pennsylvania Colony made its own paper money to account for the shortage of actual gold and silver. The paper money was called Colonial Scrip.

The Colony issued bills of credit, which were as good as gold or silver coins because of their legal tender status. Since they were issued by the government and not a banking institution, they were interest-free, largely defraying the expense of the government and therefore taxation of the people. It also promoted general employment and prosperity, since the government used discretion and did not issue excessive amounts that inflated the currency. Benjamin Franklin had a hand in creating this currency, whose utility, he said, was never to be disputed. The currency also met with "cautious approval" by Adam Smith.^[48]

In 1740, Franklin also founded the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. The university, one of nine colonial colleges, was the first college established in Pennsylvania and one of the first in the nation. Today, it is an Ivy League university, which is routinely ranked among the world's best universities.^[49] Dickinson College in Carlisle, founded by Benjamin Rush and named after John Dickinson, was the first college founded after Revolutionary War and the unification of the states.^[49] Established in 1773, it was ratified on September 9, 1783, five days after the Treaty of Paris.

James Smith wrote that in 1763, "the Indians again commenced hostilities, and were busily engaged in killing and scalping the frontier inhabitants in various parts of Pennsylvania. This state was then a Quaker government, and at the first of this war the frontiers received no assistance from the state."^[50] The ensuing hostilities became known as Pontiac's War.

After the Stamp Act Congress of 1765, delegate John Dickinson of Philadelphia wrote the Declaration of Rights and Grievances. The Congress was the first meeting of the Thirteen Colonies, which convened at the request of the Massachusetts assembly; nine of the 13 colonies sent delegates.^[51] Dickinson then wrote Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, To the Inhabitants of the British Colonies, which were published in the Pennsylvania Chronicle between December 2, 1767, and February 15, 1768.

When the Founding Fathers convened in Philadelphia in 1774, 12 colonies sent representatives to the First Continental Congress.^[52] The Second Continental Congress, which began in May 1775, authored and signed the Declaration of Independence in Philadelphia,^[53] but when Philadelphia fell to the British in the Philadelphia campaign, the Continental Congress moved west, where it met at the Lancaster courthouse on Saturday, September 27, 1777, and then to York. In York, the Second Continental Congress adopted the Articles of Confederation, largely authored by Pennsylvania delegate John Dickinson, that formed 13 independent States^[c] into a new union. Later, the Constitution was written, and Philadelphia was once again chosen to be cradle to the new nation.^[54] The Constitution was drafted and signed at the Pennsylvania State House in Philadelphia, now known as Independence Hall, the same building where the Declaration of Independence was previously adopted and signed in 1776.^[55]

On December 12, 1787, Pennsylvania was the second state to ratify the U.S. Constitution,^[56] five days after Delaware became the first. At the time, Pennsylvania was the most ethnically and religiously diverse of the thirteen colonies. Because a third of Pennsylvania's population spoke German, the Constitution was presented in German so those citizens could participate in the discussion about it. Reverend Frederick Muhlenberg, a Lutheran minister and the first Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives, acted as chairman of Pennsylvania's ratifying convention.^[57]

For half a century, the Pennsylvania General Assembly met at various places in the Philadelphia area before it began meeting regularly in Independence Hall in Philadelphia for 63 years.^[58] However, events such as the Paxton Boys massacres of 1763 had made the legislature aware of the need for a central capital. In 1799, the General Assembly moved to the Lancaster Courthouse.^[58]

19th century

On November 19, 1863, President Abraham Lincoln (center, facing camera) arrived in Gettysburg and delivered the Gettysburg Address, considered one of the best-known speeches in American history.^[59]^[60]

The Pennsylvania General Assembly met in the old Dauphin County Court House until December 1821^[58] when the Federal-style Hills Capitol, named for Lancaster architect Stephen Hills, was constructed on a hilltop land grant of four acres set aside for a seat of state government in Harrisburg by the son and namesake of John Harris, Sr., a Yorkshire native who founded a trading post and ferry on the east shore of the Susquehanna River in 1705.^[61] The Hills Capitol burned down on February 2, 1897, during a heavy snowstorm, presumably because of a faulty flue.^[58]

The General Assembly met at a nearby Methodist Church until a new capitol could be built. Following an architectural selection contest, Chicago architect Henry Ives Cobb was asked to design and build a replacement building. However, the legislature had little money to allocate to the project. When they dubbed the roughly finished, somewhat industrial Cobb Capitol building complete, the General Assembly refused to occupy the building. In 1901, political and popular indignation prompted a second contest that was restricted to Pennsylvania architects; Joseph Miller Huston of Philadelphia was chosen to design the present Pennsylvania State Capitol that incorporated Cobb's building into a magnificent public work, finished and dedicated in 1907.^[58]

James Buchanan, a Franklin County native, served as the 15th U.S. president and was the first president to be born in Pennsylvania.^[62] The Battle of Gettysburg, the major turning point of the American Civil War, took place near Gettysburg in July 1863.^[63] An estimated 350,000 Pennsylvanians served in the Union Army forces, including 8,600 African American military volunteers.

The politics of Pennsylvania were for decades dominated by the financially conservative Republican-aligned Cameron machine, established by U.S. Senator Simon Cameron,^[64] later the Secretary of War under President Abraham Lincoln. Control of the machine was subsequently passed on to Cameron's son J. Donald Cameron, whose ineffectiveness resulted in a transfer of power to the more shrewd Matthew Quay and finally to Boies Penrose.

The post-Civil War era, known as the Gilded Age, saw the continued rise of industry in Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania was home to some of the largest steel companies in the world. Andrew Carnegie founded the Carnegie Steel Company in Pittsburgh and Charles M. Schwab founded Bethlehem Steel in Bethlehem. Other titans of industry, including John D. Rockefeller and Jay Gould, also operated in Pennsylvania. In the latter half of the 19th century, the U.S. oil industry was born in Western Pennsylvania, which supplied the vast majority of kerosene for years thereafter. As the Pennsylvania oil rush developed, Pennsylvania's oil boom towns, such as Titusville, rose and later fell. Coal mining, primarily in the state's Coal Region in the northeast region of the state, also was a major industry for much of the 19th and 20th centuries. In 1903, Milton S. Hershey began construction on a chocolate factory in Hershey, Pennsylvania; The Hershey Company grew to become the largest chocolate manufacturer in North America. Heinz Company was also founded during this period. These huge companies exercised a large influence on the politics of Pennsylvania; as Henry Demarest Lloyd put it, oil baron John D. Rockefeller "had done everything with the Pennsylvania legislature except refine it".^[65] Pennsylvania created a Department of Highways and engaged in a vast program of road-building, while railroads continued to see heavy usage.^{[citation needed]}

The growth of industry eventually provided middle class incomes to working-class households after the development of labor unions helped them gain living wages. However, the rise of unions also led to a rise of union busting with several private police forces springing up.^[65] Pennsylvania was the location of the first documented organized strike in North America, and Pennsylvania was the location of two hugely prominent strikes, the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 and the Coal Strike of 1902. The eight-hour day was eventually adopted, and the coal and iron police were banned.^[66]

20th century

At the beginning of the 20th century, Pennsylvania's economy centered on steel production, logging, coal mining, textile production, and other forms of industrial manufacturing. A surge in immigration to the U.S. during the late 19th and early 20th centuries provided a steady flow of cheap labor for these industries, which often employed children and people who could not speak English from Southern and Eastern Europe.^{[citation needed]} Thousands of Pennsylvanians volunteered during the Spanish–American War. Pennsylvania was an important industrial center in World War I, and the state provided over 300,000 soldiers for the military. On May 31, 1918, the Pittsburgh Agreement was signed in Pittsburgh to declare the formation of the independent state of Czechoslovakia with future Czechoslovak president Tomáš Masaryk.

In 1922, 310,000 Pennsylvania miners joined the UMW General coal strike, which lasted 163 days and shut down most coal mines within the state.^[67]^[68]

In 1923, President Calvin Coolidge established the Allegheny National Forest under the authority of the Weeks Act of 1911.^[69] The forest is located in the northwest part of the state in Elk, Forest, McKean, and Warren Counties for the purposes of timber production and watershed protection in the Allegheny River basin. The Allegheny is the state's only national forest.^[70]

Pennsylvania manufactured 6.6 percent of total U.S. military armaments produced during World War II, ranking sixth among the 48 states.^[71] The Philadelphia Naval Shipyard served as an important naval base, and Pennsylvania produced important military leaders, including George C. Marshall, Hap Arnold, Jacob Devers, and Carl Spaatz. During the war, over a million Pennsylvanians served in the armed forces, and more Medals of Honor were awarded to Pennsylvanians than to individuals from any other state.^{[citation needed]}

The Three Mile Island accident was the most significant nuclear accident in U.S. commercial nuclear power plant history.^[72]^[73] The state was hard-hit by the decline and restructuring of the steel industry and other heavy industries during the late 20th century. With job losses came heavy population losses, especially in the state's largest cities. Pittsburgh lost its place among the top ten most populous cities in the United States by 1950, and Philadelphia dropped to the fifth and currently the sixth-largest city after decades of being among the top three.

After 1990, as information-based industries became more important in the economy, state and local governments put more resources into the old, well-established public library system. Some localities, however, used new state funding to cut local taxes.^[74] New ethnic groups, especially Hispanics and Latinos, began entering the state to fill low-skill jobs in agriculture and service industries. For example, in Chester County, Mexican immigrants brought the Spanish language, increased Catholicism, high birth rates, and cuisine when they were hired as agricultural laborers; in some rural localities, they made up half or more of the population.^[75]

Stateside Puerto Ricans built a large community in the state's third-largest city, Allentown, where they comprise over 40% of the city's population as of 2000.^[76]

In the 20th century, as Pennsylvania's historical national and even global leadership in mining largely ceased and its steelmaking and other heavy manufacturing sectors slowed, the state sought to grow its service and other industries to replace the jobs and economic productivity lost from the downturn of these industries. Pittsburgh's concentration of universities has enabled it to be a leader in technology and healthcare. Similarly, Philadelphia has a concentration of university expertise. Healthcare, retail, transportation, and tourism are some of the state's growing industries of the postindustrial era. As in the rest of the nation, most residential population growth has occurred in suburban rather than central city areas, although both major cities have had significant revitalization in their downtown areas.^[77] Philadelphia anchors the seventh-largest metropolitan area in the country and one of the largest metropolitan areas in the world, and Pittsburgh is the center of the nation's 27th-largest metropolitan areas. As of 2020, the Lehigh Valley in eastern Pennsylvania is the nation's 69th-largest metropolitan area.^[78] Pennsylvania also has six additional metropolitan areas that rank among the nation's 200-most populous metropolitan areas. Philadelphia forms part of the Northeast megalopolis and is associated with the Northeastern United States. Pittsburgh is part of the Great Lakes megalopolis and is often associated with the Rust Belt.

21st century

The Stonycreek Township crash site of Flight 93, one of four planes hijacked in the September 11 attacks; the site is now a national memorial. Flight 93 passengers wrestled with al-Qaeda terrorist hijackers for control of the plane, preventing it from being flown into the White House or U.S. Capitol.^[79]

During the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the United States, the small town of Shanksville, Pennsylvania, received worldwide attention after United Airlines Flight 93 crashed into a field in Stonycreek Township, located 1.75 miles (2.82 km) north of the town. All 40 civilians and 4 Al-Qaeda hijackers on board were killed. The hijackers had intended to crash the plane into either the United States Capitol or The White House.^[79] After learning from family members via air phone of the earlier attacks on the World Trade Center, however, Flight 93's passengers revolted against the hijackers and fought for control of the plane, causing it to crash. It was the only one of the four aircraft hijacked that day that never reached its intended target and the heroism of the passengers has been commemorated.^[80]

Since 2003, the Tekko anime convention has been held annually in Pittsburgh.^[81]

In October 2018, the Tree of Life – Or L'Simcha Congregation, a conservative Jewish synagogue, experienced the Pittsburgh synagogue shooting, which resulted in 11 fatalities.^[82] On July 13, 2024, near Butler, Pennsylvania, an assassination attempt on the 45th President of the United States Donald Trump occurred.

Geography

Pennsylvania is 170 miles (274 km) north to south and 283 miles (455 km) east to west.^[83] Of a total 46,055 square miles (119,282 km²), 44,817 square miles (116,075 km²) are land, 490 square miles (1,269 km²) are inland waters, and 749 square miles (1,940 km²) are waters in Lake Erie.^[84] It is the 33rd-largest state in the United States.^[85] Pennsylvania has 51 miles (82 km)^[86] of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles (92 km)^[10] of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Of the original Thirteen Colonies, Pennsylvania is the only state that does not border the Atlantic Ocean.

The boundaries of the state are the Mason–Dixon line (39°43' N) to the south, Twelve-Mile Circle on the Pennsylvania-Delaware border, the Delaware River to the east, 80°31' W to the west, and the 42° N to the north, except for a short segment on the western end where a triangle extends north to Lake Erie. The state has five geographical regions: Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and Erie Plain.

Climate

Pennsylvania's diverse topography produces a variety of climates, though the entire state experiences cold winters and humid summers. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, except for the southeastern corner, has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb). The southern portion of the state has a humid subtropical climate. The largest city, Philadelphia, has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa).

Summers are generally hot and humid. Moving toward the mountainous interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increases, and snowfall amounts are greater. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over 100 inches (250 cm) of snowfall annually, and the entire state receives plentiful precipitation throughout the year. The state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into autumn. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, such as 30 recorded tornadoes in 2011; generally speaking, these tornadoes do not cause significant damage.^[87]

City	Jan.	Feb.	Mar.	Apr.	May	Jun.	Jul.	Aug.	Sep.	Oct.	Nov.	Dec.
Monthly Average High and Low Temperatures For Various Pennsylvania Cities (in °F)
Allentown	36/20	40/22	49/29	61/39	72/48	80/58	84/63	82/61	75/53	64/41	52/33	40/24
Erie	34/21	36/21	44/27	56/38	67/48	76/58	80/63	79/62	72/56	61/45	50/37	38/27
Harrisburg	37/23	41/25	50/33	62/42	72/52	81/62	85/66	83/64	76/56	64/45	53/35	41/27
Philadelphia	40/26	44/28	53/34	64/44	74/54	83/64	87/69	85/68	78/60	67/48	56/39	45/30
Pittsburgh	36/21	39/23	49/30	62/40	71/49	79/58	83/63	81/62	74/54	63/43	51/35	39/25
Scranton	33/19	37/21	46/28	59/38	70/48	78/56	82/61	80/60	72/52	61/41	49/33	38/24
Sources:^[88]^[89]^[90]^[91]^[92]

Municipalities

Cities in Pennsylvania include Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon, and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, and the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, and Easton in the central east, known as the Lehigh Valley. The northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining cities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pittston, Nanticoke, and Hazleton. Erie is located in the northwest. State College is located in the central region. Williamsport is in the north-central region with York, Carlisle, and the state capital Harrisburg on the Susquehanna River in the east-central region of the state. Altoona and Johnstown are in the state's west-central region.

The state's three-most populated cities, in order of size, are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, and Allentown.

Largest municipalities in Pennsylvania Source:^[11]
	Rank	Name	County	Pop.	Rank	Name	County	Pop.
Philadelphia Pittsburgh	1	Philadelphia	Philadelphia	1,603,797	11	Lancaster	Lancaster	58,039	Allentown Reading
	2	Pittsburgh	Allegheny	302,971	12	Millcreek Township	Erie	54,073
	3	Allentown	Lehigh	125,845	13	Lower Paxton Township	Dauphin	53,501
	4	Reading	Berks	95,112	14	Haverford Township	Delaware	50,431
	5	Erie	Erie	94,831	15	Harrisburg	Dauphin	50,099
	6	Upper Darby	Delaware	85,681	16	York	York	44,800
	7	Scranton	Lackawanna	76,328	17	Wilkes-Barre	Luzerne	44,328
	8	Bethlehem	Northampton	75,781	18	Altoona	Blair	43,963
	9	Lower Merion Township	Montgomery	63,633	19	Hempfield Township	Westmoreland	41,466
	10	Bensalem Township	Bucks	62,707	20	Penn Hills	Allegheny	41,059

Adjacent states and province

Ontario (Province of Canada) (Northwest)
New York (North and Northeast)
New Jersey (East and Southeast)
Delaware (Extreme Southeast)
Maryland (South)
West Virginia (Southwest)
Ohio (West)

Demographics

Historical population
Census	Pop.	%±
1790	434,373	—
1800	602,365	38.7%
1810	810,091	34.5%
1820	1,049,458	29.5%
1830	1,348,233	28.5%
1840	1,724,033	27.9%
1850	2,311,786	34.1%
1860	2,906,215	25.7%
1870	3,521,951	21.2%
1880	4,282,891	21.6%
1890	5,258,113	22.8%
1900	6,302,115	19.9%
1910	7,665,111	21.6%
1920	8,720,017	13.8%
1930	9,631,350	10.5%
1940	9,900,180	2.8%
1950	10,498,012	6.0%
1960	11,319,366	7.8%
1970	11,793,909	4.2%
1980	11,863,895	0.6%
1990	11,881,643	0.1%
2000	12,281,054	3.4%
2010	12,702,379	3.4%
2020	13,002,700	2.4%
2023 (est.)	12,961,683	−0.3%
Source: 1910–2020^[93]

As of the 2020 U.S. census, Pennsylvania had a population of 13,011,844, up from 12,702,379 in 2010. Pennsylvania is the fifth-most populated state in the U.S. after California, Texas, Florida, and New York.^[94] In 2019, net migration to other states resulted in a decrease of 27,718, and immigration from other countries resulted in an increase of 127,007. Net migration to Pennsylvania was 98,289. Migration of native Pennsylvanians resulted in a decrease of 100,000 people. 7.2% of the population was foreign-born as of 2021.^[95]^[96] Pennsylvania's center of population is in Duncannon in Perry County.^[97]

According to the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development's 2022 Annual Homeless Assessment Report, there were an estimated 12,691 homeless people in Pennsylvania.^[98]^[99]

Place of origin

Among Pennsylvania residents, as of 2020, nearly three out of four, 74.5%, are native to the state and were born in Pennsylvania, 18.4% were born in a different U.S. state, 1.5% were born in Puerto Rico, U.S. Island areas, or born abroad to American parent(s), and 5.6% were foreign born.^[100] Foreign-born Pennsylvanians are largely from Asia (36.0%), Europe (35.9%), and Latin America (30.6%) with the remainder from Africa (5%), North America (3.1%), and Oceania (0.4%). The state's largest ancestry groups, expressed as a percentage of total people who responded with a particular ancestry for the 2010 census, were German 28.5%, Irish 18.2%, Italian 12.8%, African Americans 9.6%, English 8.5%, Polish 7.2%, and French 4.2%.^[101]^[102] As of 2018, the top countries of origin for Pennsylvania's immigrants were India, the Dominican Republic, China, Mexico, and Vietnam.^[103]

Race and ethnicity

The vast majority of Pennsylvania's population is made up of whites, blacks and Hispanics, with the latter two being minorities and having significant populations. Non-Hispanic Whites make up the majority of Pennsylvania; they are mostly descended from German, Irish, Scottish, Welsh, Italian, and English immigrants. Rural portions of South Central Pennsylvania are recognized nationally for their Amish communities. Wyoming Valley, including Scranton and Wilkes-Barre, has the highest percentage of white residents of any metropolitan area with a population of 500,000 or above in the U.S.; in Wyoming Valley, 96.2% of the population claim to be white with no Hispanic background. The state's Hispanic or Latino American population grew by 82.6% between 2000 and 2010, marking one of the largest increases in a state's Hispanic population. The significant growth of the Hispanic or Latino population is due to migration to the state mainly from Puerto Rico, a U.S. territory, and to a lesser extent immigration from countries such as the Dominican Republic, Mexico, and various Central and South American nations and a wave of Hispanic and Latinos leaving New York City and New Jersey for safer and more affordable living.^{[citation needed]}

The majority of Hispanic or Latino Americans in Pennsylvania are of Puerto Rican descent.^[104]^[105] Most of the remaining Hispanic or Latino population is made up of Mexicans and Dominicans, and the majority of Hispanics and Latinos are concentrated in Philadelphia, the Lehigh Valley, and South Central Pennsylvania.^[106] The Hispanic or Latino population is greatest in Bethlehem, Allentown, Reading, Lancaster, York, and around Philadelphia. As of 2010, the vast majority of Hispanics and Latino Americans in Pennsylvania, about 85%, live within a 150-mile (240 km) radius of Philadelphia, and about 20% live in the city itself.

The Asian population swelled by almost 60%, mostly Indian, Vietnamese, and Chinese immigrants, and many Asians moving to Philadelphia from New York City. The rapid growth of this community has given Pennsylvania one of the largest Asian populations in the nation. The African American population grew by 13%, which was the largest increase in that population among the state's peers of New York, New Jersey, Ohio, Illinois, and Michigan.^[107] Pennsylvania has a high in-migration of black and Hispanic people from other nearby states with the eastern and south-central portions of the state seeing the bulk of the increases.^[108]^[109]

Among the state's black population, the vast majority in the state are African American. There are also a growing number of black residents of West Indian, recent African, and Hispanic or Latino origins.^[110] Most Blacks live in the Philadelphia area, Pittsburgh, or South Central Pennsylvania.^{[citation needed]} Additionally, in 2020, 31,052 identified as being Native American alone, and 158,112 did in combination with one or more other races.^[111]

Racial and ethnic composition as of the 2020 census
Race and ethnicity^[111]	Alone		Total
White (non-Hispanic)	73.4%	73.4	76.6%	76.6
African American (non-Hispanic)	10.5%	10.5	11.8%	11.8
Hispanic or Latino^[d]	—		8.1%	8.1
Asian	3.9%	3.9	4.5%	4.5
Native American	0.1%	0.1	1.1%	1.1
Pacific Islander	0.02%	0.02	0.1%	0.1
Other	0.4%	0.4	1.3%	1.3

**Historical racial and ethnic composition to 2020**
Racial and ethnic composition	1990^[112]	2000^[113]	2010^[114]	2020^[115]
White	88.5%	85.4%	81.9%	75.0%
Black	9.2%	10.0%	10.9%	10.9%
Asian	1.2%	1.8%	2.8%	3.9%
Native	0.1%	0.1%	0.2%	0.2%
Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders	–	–	–	–
Other race	1.0%	1.5%	2.4%	3.9%
Two or more races	–	1.2%	1.9%	6.0%

Birth data

Note: data for births of White Hispanic origin have not been collected, but included in one Hispanic group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

Live Births by Single Race/Ethnicity of Mother
Race	2013^[116]	2014^[117]	2015^[118]	2016^[119]	2017^[120]	2018^[121]	2019^[122]	2020^[123]	2021^[124]	2022^[125]
White	109,007 (77.3%)	110,809 (77.9%)	109,595 (77.7%)	...	...	...	...	...	...	...
> Non-Hispanic White	98,751 (70.0%)	99,306 (69.8%)	97,845 (69.4%)	94,520 (67.8%)	92,297 (67.0%)	90,862 (67.0%)	88,710 (66.1%)	85,956 (65.8%)	88,168 (66.5%)	85,031 (65.3%)
Black	24,770 (17.6%)	24,024 (16.9%)	24,100 (17.1%)	18,338 (13.1%)	18,400 (13.4%)	17,779 (13.1%)	17,585 (13.1%)	17,118 (13.1%)	16,748 (12.6%)	16,616 (12.8%)
Asian	6,721 (4.7%)	7,067 (5.0%)	6,961 (4.9%)	6,466 (4.6%)	6,401 (4.6%)	6,207 (4.6%)	6,214 (4.6%)	6,074 (4.6%)	5,980 (4.5%)	6,212 (4.8%)
American Indian	423 (0.3%)	368 (0.3%)	390 (0.3%)	86 (0.1%)	135 (0.1%)	128 (0.1%)	119 (0.1%)	83 (>0.1%)	88 (>0.1%)	202 (0.2%)
Hispanic (of any race)	14,163 (10.1%)	14,496 (10.2%)	14,950 (10.6%)	15,348 (11.0%)	15,840 (11.5%)	15,826 (11.7%)	16,718 (12.5%)	16,741 (12.8%)	17,163 (12.9%)	18,118 (13.9%)
Total Pennsylvania	140,921 (100%)	142,268 (100%)	141,047 (100%)	139,409 (100%)	137,745 (100%)	135,673 (100%)	134,230 (100%)	130,693 (100%)	132,622 (100%)	130,252 (100%)

Age and poverty

As of the 2010 census, Pennsylvania had the fourth-highest proportion of elderly (65+) citizens in the nation at 15.4%, compared to a national average of 13.0%.^[126] According to U.S. Census Bureau estimates, the state's poverty rate was 12.5% in 2017 compared to 13.4% for the U.S. as a whole.^[127]

Languages

As of 2010, 90.2% (10,710,239) of Pennsylvania residents age five and older spoke English at home as a primary language while 4.1% (486,058) spoke Spanish, 0.9% (103,502) spoke German including Pennsylvania Dutch, and 0.5% (56,052) spoke Chinese, which includes Mandarin of the population over the age of five. In total, 9.9% (1,170,628) of Pennsylvania's population age 5 and older spoke a mother tongue other than English.^[128]

Pennsylvania Dutch language

Pennsylvania Dutch is a descendant of the West Central German dialect family and is closest to Palatine German. Pennsylvania Dutch is still very vigorous as a first language among Old Order Amish and Old Order Mennonites, principally in the Lancaster County and Berks County areas; it is almost extinct as an everyday language outside the plain communities, though a few words have passed into English usage.

Religion

Religious self-identification in Pennsylvania (April 2023 Franklin & Marshall College poll)^[129]

Unaffiliated (32%)

Protestantism (29%)

Catholicism (24%)

Other (14%)

Of the original Thirteen Colonies, Pennsylvania and Rhode Island had the most religious freedom.^[130] Voltaire, writing of William Penn in 1733, observed: "The new sovereign also enacted several wise and wholesome laws for his colony, which have remained invariably the same to this day. The chief is, to ill-treat no person on account of religion, and to consider as brethren all those who believe in one God."^[131] One result of this uncommon freedom was a wide religious diversity, which continues to the present.

Pennsylvania's population in 2010 was 12,702,379; of these, 6,838,440 (53.8%) were estimated to belong to some sort of organized religion. According to the Association of Religion Data Archives (ARDA) at Pennsylvania State University, the largest religious bodies in Pennsylvania by adherents were the Catholic Church with 3,503,028 adherents, the United Methodist Church with 591,734 members, and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America with 501,974 members. Since 2014, among the state's religious population, 73% were Christian, according to Pew Research Center.^[132] In 2020, the Public Religion Research Institute estimated 68% of the population identified with Christianity.^[133] As of 2014, 47% of all Pennsylvanians identified as Protestants, making Protestantism far and away the most prominent religious affiliation among Pennsylvanians. Among all self-identified Christians in the state, however, 24% identified as Catholics, the most of any Christian religious affiliation. In April 2023, a Franklin & Marshall College poll found that a plurality of Pennsylvania residents were unaffiliated, with the rest predominately being Protestant or Catholic.^[129]

Pennsylvania, especially the Greater Pittsburgh area, has one of the largest communities of Presbyterians in the nation, the third-highest by percentage of population and the largest outright in membership as Protestant Christians.^[134] The American Presbyterian Church, with about 250,000 members and 1,011 congregations, is the largest Presbyterian denomination, and the Presbyterian Church in America is also significant, with 112 congregations and approximately 23,000 adherents; the EPC has around 50 congregations, including the ECO, according to 2010 estimates. The fourth-largest Protestant denomination, the United Church of Christ, has 180,000 members and 627 congregations in the state. The American Baptist Churches USA, also referred to as the Northern Baptist Convention is based in King of Prussia.

Pennsylvania was the center state of the German Reformed denomination from the 1700s.^[135] Bethlehem is one of the headquarters of the Moravian Church in the U.S. Pennsylvania also has a very large Amish population, second only to Ohio among U.S. states.^[136] As of 2000, there was a total Amish population of 47,860 in Pennsylvania and an additional 146,416 Mennonites and 91,200 Brethren. The total Anabapist population including Bruderhof was 232,631, about two percent of the population.^[137] While Pennsylvania owes its existence to Quakers, and much of the historic character of Pennsylvania is ideologically rooted in the teachings of the Religious Society of Friends (as they are officially known), practicing Quakers are a small minority of about 10,000 adherents as of 2010.^[138]

Economy

As of 2024, Pennsylvania's gross state product (GSP) of $1.017 trillion is the sixth-largest among all U.S. states behind California, Texas, New York, Florida, and Illinois. ^[139] If Pennsylvania were an independent country, its economy, as of 2023, would rank as the 20th-largest in the world.^[140] On a per capita basis, Pennsylvania's 2021 per capita income of $68,957 ranks 21st among the 50 states.^[141] As of 2016, there were 5,354,964 people in employment in Pennsylvania with 301,484 total employer establishments. As of January 2024, the state's unemployment rate is 3.4%.^[142]

The state has five manufacturing centers: Philadelphia in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, Erie in the northwest, Scranton-Wilkes-Barre in the northeast, and the Lehigh Valley in the east.^[143]

Pennsylvania is home to 23 of the nation's 500 largest companies that comprise the Fortune 500, including two that rank in the top 100, Cencora (formerly AmeriSource Bergen) in Conshohocken, which is the nation's 11th-largest company, and Comcast in Philadelphia, which is the 29th-largest.^[144] Philadelphia is home to six of the Fortune 500 companies,^[145] with more located in suburbs like King of Prussia; it is a leader in the financial^[146] and insurance industries. Pittsburgh is home to eight Fortune 500 companies, including U.S. Steel, PPG Industries, Heinz, and GE Transportation.^[145] Hershey is home to The Hershey Company, one of the world's largest chocolate manufacturers. In eastern Pennsylvania, the Lehigh Valley has become an epicenter for the growth of the U.S. logistics industry, including warehousing and the intermodal transport of goods.^[147]

Like many U.S. states, Walmart is the largest private employer in Pennsylvania. The state's second-largest employer is the University of Pennsylvania, an Ivy League private research university in Philadelphia.^[148] Pennsylvania is home to the oldest investor-owned utility company in the U.S., The York Water Company.

As of 2018, Pennsylvania ranks first in the nation in a few economic sectors and niches, including barrels of beer produced annually (3.9 million), farmers' markets (over 6,000), food processing companies (2,300), hardwood lumber production (a billion board feet annually), mushroom farms (68), natural gas production, potato chip manufacturing (24 facilities manufacturing one-fourth of the nation's total), and pretzel manufacturing (80 percent of the nation's total).^[149]

Agriculture

Pennsylvania ranks 19th overall among all states in agricultural production.^[150] Its leading agricultural products are mushrooms, apples, Christmas trees, layer chickens, nursery, sod, milk, corn for silage, grapes (including juice grapes), and horses production. Pennsylvania ranks eighth in the nation in winemaking.

The Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture worked with private companies to establish "PA Preferred" as a way to brand agricultural products grown or made in the state.^[151] The financial impact of agriculture in Pennsylvania^[152] includes employment of more than 66,800 people employed by the food manufacturing industry and over $1.7 billion in food product export as of 2011.

Banking

The first nationally chartered bank in the U.S., the Bank of North America, was founded in 1781 in Philadelphia. After a series of mergers, the Bank of North America is now part of Wells Fargo. Pennsylvania is home to the first nationally-chartered bank under the 1863 National Banking Act. That year, the Pittsburgh Savings & Trust Company received a national charter and renamed itself the First National Bank of Pittsburgh as part of the National Banking Act. That bank is still in existence today as PNC and remains based in Pittsburgh. PNC is currently the state's largest and the nation's sixth-largest bank.

Film

The Pennsylvania Film Production Tax Credit began in 2004 and stimulated the development of a film industry in the state.^[153]

Gambling

Rivers Casino, located in the Chateau section of Pittsburgh on the Ohio River, one of Pennsylvania's 16 casinos

Casino gambling was legalized in Pennsylvania in 2004. As of 2010, there are 16 casinos in the state.^[154] Table games such as poker, roulette, blackjack, and craps were approved by the state legislature and signed into law in January 2010. Sports betting saw approval in 2018. Five years in, the state and local governments collected over $500 million in sportsbook tax revenue.^[155]

Governance

Pennsylvania has had five constitutions during its statehood:^[156] 1776, 1790, 1838, 1874, and 1968. Before that the province of Pennsylvania was governed for a century by a Frame of Government, of which there were four versions: 1682, 1683, 1696, and 1701.^[156] The capital of Pennsylvania is Harrisburg. The legislature meets there in the State Capitol.

In a 2020 study, Pennsylvania was ranked as the 19th hardest state for citizens to vote.^[157]

Executive

The current Governor is Josh Shapiro. The other elected officials composing the executive branch are the Lieutenant Governor Austin Davis, Attorney General Michelle Henry, Auditor General Timothy DeFoor, and Pennsylvania Treasurer Stacy Garrity. The Governor and Lieutenant Governor run as a ticket in the general election and are up for re-election every four years during the midterm elections. The elections for Attorney General, Auditor General, and Treasurer are held every four years coinciding with a Presidential election.^[158]

Legislative

Pennsylvania has a bicameral legislature that was established in the Pennsylvania Constitution, which was ratified in 1790. The original Frame of Government of William Penn had a unicameral legislature.^[159] The General Assembly includes 50 senators and 203 representatives. Kim L. Ward is currently president pro tempore of the State Senate, Joe Pittman the majority leader, and Jay Costa the minority leader.^[160] Joanna McClinton is speaker of the House of Representatives, with Matthew Bradford as majority leader and Bryan Cutler as minority leader.^[161] As of 2023, the Republicans hold the majority in the State Senate (28-22) and the Democrats in the State House (102-101). Pennsylvania is one of only two states that currently have divided party control of the state legislature.^[162]

Judiciary

Pennsylvania is divided into 60 judicial districts.^[163] With the exception of Philadelphia County, most have district justices and justices of the peace who preside over most preliminary hearings in felony and misdemeanor offenses, all minor (summary) criminal offenses, and small civil claims.^[163] Most criminal and civil cases originate in the Courts of Common Pleas, which also serve as appellate court.^[163] The Superior Court hears all appeals from the Courts of Common Pleas not expressly designated to the Commonwealth Court or Supreme Court. The Superior Court also has original jurisdiction to review probable cause governmental requests for warrants in wiretap surveillance.^[163] The Commonwealth Court is limited to appeals from final orders of certain state agencies and certain designated cases from the Courts of Common Pleas.^[163] The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania is the state's final appellate court. All judges in Pennsylvania are elected, and the chief justice of the state's Supreme Court is determined by seniority.^[163]

Local government

Pennsylvania is divided into 67 counties.^[164] Counties are further subdivided into municipalities that are either incorporated as cities, boroughs, or townships.^[165] The most populous county in Pennsylvania and 24th-most populous county in the United States is Philadelphia County, which includes the city of Philadelphia, with a 2020 population of 1,603,797; the state's least populous county is Cameron with a population of 4,547.^[108]

There are a total of 56 cities in Pennsylvania, which are classified by population as either first-class, second-class, or third-class cities.^[164]^[166] Philadelphia, the state's largest city with a population exceeding 1.6 million, is Pennsylvania's only first-class city.^[165] Pittsburgh (303,000) and Scranton (76,000) are second-class and second-class 'A' cities, respectively.^[165] All of the state's remaining cities including Allentown, the state's third-largest city, and Reading, its fourth-largest, to Parker, the state's smallest city with a population of only 820, are designated as third-class cities.^[167] First- and second-class cities are governed by a "strong mayor" form of mayor–council government, whereas third-class cities are governed by either a "weak mayor" form of government or a council–manager government.^[165]

Pennsylvania boroughs are generally smaller in population than the state's cities, and most of the state's cities were incorporated as boroughs prior to being designated cities.^[165] There are 958 boroughs in Pennsylvania, all of which are governed by the "weak mayor" form of mayor-council government.^[164]^[165] The largest borough in Pennsylvania is State College (40,501) and the smallest is Centralia.

Townships are the third type of municipality in Pennsylvania and are classified as either first-class or second-class townships. There are 1,454 second-class townships and 93 first-class townships.^[168] Second-class townships can become first-class townships if they have a population density greater than 300 inhabitants per square mile (120/km²) and a referendum is passed supporting the change.^[168] Pennsylvania's largest township is Upper Darby Township (85,681), and the smallest is East Keating Township.

There is one exception to the types of municipalities in Pennsylvania: Bloomsburg was incorporated as a town in 1870 and is, officially, the only town in the state.^[169] In 1975, McCandless Township adopted a home-rule charter under the name of "Town of McCandless", but is, legally, still a first-class township.^[170] The state has 56 cities, 958 boroughs, 93 first-class townships, 1,454 second-class townships, and one town (Bloomsburg) for a total of 2,562 municipalities.

Taxation

Pennsylvania had the 15th-highest state and local tax burden in the nation as of 2012, according to the Tax Foundation.^[171] Residents paid a total of $83.7 billion in state and local taxes with a per capita average of $4,589 annually. Residents share 76% of the total tax burden. Many state politicians have tried to increase the share of taxes paid by out-of-state sources. Suggested revenue sources include taxing natural gas drilling as Pennsylvania is the only state without such a tax on gas drilling.^[172] Additional revenue prospects include trying to place tolls on interstate highways; specifically Interstate 80, which is used heavily by out of state commuters with high maintenance costs.^[173]

Sales taxes provide 39% of Pennsylvania's state revenue; personal income taxes 34%; motor vehicle taxes about 12%, and taxes on cigarettes and alcoholic beverages 5%.^[174] The personal income tax is a flat 3.07%. An individual's taxable income is based on the following eight types of income: compensation (salary); interest; dividends; net profits from the operation of a business, profession or farm; net gains or income from the dispositions of property; net gains or income from rents, royalties, patents and copyrights; income derived through estates or trusts; and gambling and lottery winnings (other than Pennsylvania Lottery winnings).^[175]

Counties, municipalities, and school districts levy taxes on real estate. In addition, some local bodies assess a wage tax on personal income. Generally, the total wage tax rate is capped at 1% of income but some municipalities with home rule charters may charge more than 1%. Thirty-two of Pennsylvania's sixty-seven counties levy a personal property tax on stocks, bonds, and similar holdings. With the exception of the city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, municipalities and school districts are allowed to enact a local earned income tax within the purview of Act 32. Residents of these municipalities and school districts are required to file a local income tax return in addition to federal and state returns. This local return is filed with the local income tax collector, a private collection agency appointed by a particular county to collect the local earned income and local services tax (the latter a flat fee deducted from salaried employees working within a particular municipality or school district).^[176]

Philadelphia has its own local income taxation system. Philadelphia-based employers are required to withhold the Philadelphia wage tax from the salaries of their employees. Residents of Philadelphia working for an employer are not required to file a local return as long as their Philadelphia wage tax is fully withheld by their employer. If their employer does not withhold the Philadelphia wage tax, residents are required to register with the Revenue Department and file an Earnings Tax return. Residents of Philadelphia with self-employment income are required to file a Net Profits Tax (NPT) return, while those with business income from Philadelphia sources are required to obtain a Commercial Activity License (CAL) and pay the Business Income and Receipts Tax (BIRT) and the NPT. Residents with unearned income except interest from checking and savings accounts are required to file and pay the School Income-tax (SIT).^[177]

The complexity of Pennsylvania's local tax filing system has been criticized by experts, who note that the outsourcing of collections to private entities is akin to tax farming and that many new residents are caught off guard and end up facing failure to file penalties even if they did not owe any tax. Attempts to transfer local income tax collections to the state level by having a separate local section on the state income tax return, currently the method used to collect local income taxes in New York, Maryland, Indiana, and Iowa, have been unsuccessful.^[178]

State law enforcement

The Pennsylvania State Police is the chief law enforcement agency in the Pennsylvania.

Politics

Voter registration totals as of October 28, 2024^[179]
Party		Registered voters	Percentage
	Democratic	3,991,381	43.56%
	Republican	3,710,290	40.50%
	Unaffiliated	1,113,092	12.15%
	Other/minor parties	347,215	3.79%
Total		9,161,978	100.00%

Since the latter half of the 20th century, Pennsylvania has been perceived as a powerful swing state, and winning Pennsylvania has since been deemed as essential to U.S. presidential candidates. Only thrice between 1932 and 1988 (1932, 1948, and 1968, with Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman, and Richard Nixon, respectively) has a presidential candidate been able to win the White House while losing Pennsylvania.

Between 1992 and 2016, Pennsylvania trended Democratic in presidential elections; Bill Clinton won the state twice by large margins and Al Gore won it by a slightly closer margin in 2000. In the 2004 presidential election, John F. Kerry beat President George W. Bush in Pennsylvania, 2,938,095 (51%) to 2,793,847 (48%). In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama defeated Republican John McCain in Pennsylvania, 3,276,363 (54%) to 2,655,885 (44%).

In the 2016 United States presidential election, however, Republican Donald Trump broke the Democratic streak in the state, winning by 2,970,733 (48%) votes to 2,926,441 (47%) votes.^[180] The state returned to the Democratic column in 2020 by voting for Joe Biden over Trump, 3,458,229 (50%) to 3,377,674 (49%). The state holds 19 electoral votes.^[181]

Despite voting for the Democratic ticket for president in every election between 1992 and 2012, Pennsylvania has a history of electing Republican U.S. senators. From 2009 to 2011, the state was represented by two Democratic senators for the first time since 1947 after Republican Senator Arlen Specter switched party affiliation. In 2010, Republicans recaptured a U.S. Senate seat and a majority of the state's congressional seats, control of both chambers of the state legislature, and the governorship. Democrats won back the governorship, however, four years later in the 2014 election. It was the first time since a governor became eligible for reelection that an incumbent governor had been defeated in a reelection bid.

Historically, Democratic strength was concentrated in Philadelphia in the southeast, the Pittsburgh, and Johnstown areas in the southwest, and Scranton and Wilkes-Barre in the northeast. Republican strength was concentrated in the Philadelphia suburbs and the more rural areas in the state's central, northeastern, and western portions, some of which have long been considered among the nation's most conservative areas. Since 1992, however, the Philadelphia suburbs have swung Democratic; the brand of Republicanism there was traditionally moderate. In the 21st century, however, Pittsburgh suburbs, which historically had been Democratic strongholds, have swung more Republican.

Democratic political consultant James Carville once pejoratively described Pennsylvania as "Philadelphia in the east, Pittsburgh in the west, and Alabama in the middle", suggesting that political power in the state was based in its two largest cities, which have been reliably Democratic, offset by the state's large rural power base, which has proven equally reliably Republican. Political analysts and editorials refer to central Pennsylvania as the "T" in statewide elections. The state's three valleys (Delaware, Lehigh, and Wyoming Valleys) and Greater Pittsburgh generally vote Democratic, while the majority of the counties in the central part of the state vote Republican. As a result, maps showing the results of statewide elections invariably form a shape that resembles a "T".

Pennsylvania retains the death penalty, although there is currently a gubernatorial hold on executions.^[182]

Federal representation

Pennsylvania's two U.S. senators are Bob Casey Jr. and John Fetterman, both of whom are Democrats. Casey lost reelection in 2024 to David McCormick, a Republican, who will take office on January 3, 2025.

Pennsylvania has 17 seats in the U.S. House of Representatives as of 2023.^[183]

Education

Pennsylvania has 500 public school districts, thousands of private schools, publicly funded colleges and universities, and over 100 private institutions of higher education.

Primary and secondary education

Under state law, school attendance in Pennsylvania is mandatory for children between ages eight and 17, or until graduation from an accredited high school, whichever is earlier, unless students are homeschooled.^[184] As of 2005, 83.8% of Pennsylvania residents age 18 to 24 are high school graduates; Among residents age 25 and over, 86.7% have graduated from high school.

The following are the four-year graduation rates for students completing high school in 2016:^[185]

Cohort	All Students	Male	Female	White	Hispanic	Black	Asian	Special Education
% graduating	86.09	84.14	88.13	90.48	72.83	73.22	91.21	74.06

Among Pennsylvania high school graduates as of 2009, 27.5% of them went on to obtain a bachelor's degree or higher degree.^[186] State students consistently do well in standardized testing. In 2007, Pennsylvania ranked 14th in the nation in mathematics, 12th in reading, and 10th in writing for eighth grade students.^[187] In 1988, the Pennsylvania General Assembly passed Act 169, which allows parents or guardians to homeschool their children as an alternative to compulsory school attendance. The law specifies varying geographic requirements and responsibilities on the part of parents and school districts.^[188]

Higher education

"Pennsylvania has the fourth most higher education institutions of any state," according to Inside Higher Ed, with 250 universities and colleges.^[190] The state is ranked 2nd among the nation’s top destinations for freshman out-of-state college students, according to NPR/PBS affiliate WHYY, citing a study by the Association of Independent Colleges and Universities of Pennsylvania (AICUP).^[191] Pennsylvania is 3rd in the nation for the quantity of "Best Colleges" according to the Wall Street Journal.^[192]

The Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education (PASSHE), which includes 14 state-owned universities and colleges, is Pennsylvania's public university system. West Chester University is by far the largest of the 14 with nearly 15,000 students. The Commonwealth System of Higher Education is the organizing body of Pennsylvania's four state-related schools, which include Pennsylvania State University, Lincoln University, the University of Pittsburgh, and Temple University. There are 15 publicly funded two-year community colleges and technical schools in Pennsylvania that are separate from the PASSHE system, and many private two- and four-year technical schools, colleges, and universities.

Carnegie Mellon University, Pennsylvania State University, the University of Pennsylvania, and the University of Pittsburgh are members of the Association of American Universities, an invitation-only organization of leading research universities. Lehigh University is a private research university located in Bethlehem. The Pennsylvania State University is Pennsylvania's land-grant university, Sea Grant College and, Space Grant College. The University of Pennsylvania, located in Philadelphia, is considered the first university in the United States and established the country's first medical school.

The University of Pennsylvania, founded in Philadelphia in 1740 by Benjamin Franklin, is Pennsylvania's only Ivy League university, and is the geographically most southern of the nation's eight Ivy League universities. The Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine (LECOM) is a private graduate school of medicine, dentistry, and pharmacy with a main campus in Erie, a branch campus located in Greensburg, and two additional campuses outside Pennsylvania. It is the largest medical school in the United States.^[193] The Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts is the first and oldest art school in the United States.^[194] Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, now a part of University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, was the first pharmacy school in the United States.^[195]

Recreation

Pennsylvania is home to the nation's first zoo, the Philadelphia Zoo.^[197] Other long-accredited AZA zoos include the Erie Zoo and the Pittsburgh Zoo & PPG Aquarium. The Lehigh Valley Zoo and ZooAmerica are other notable zoos.

Pennsylvania is home to some of the most notable museums in the nation, including the Allentown Art Museum in Allentown, Carnegie Museums in Pittsburgh, the Philadelphia Museum of Art in Philadelphia, and several others. One unique museum is the Houdini Museum in Scranton, the only building in the world devoted to the legendary magician.^[198] Pennsylvania is also home to the National Aviary, located in Pittsburgh.

All 121 state parks in Pennsylvania feature free admission.

Pennsylvania's notable amusement parks include Conneaut Lake Park, Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom, Dutch Wonderland, DelGrosso's Amusement Park, Great Wolf Lodge, Hersheypark, Idlewild Park, Kalahari Resorts Poconos, Kennywood, Knoebels, Lakemont Park, Sandcastle Waterpark, Sesame Place Philadelphia, and Waldameer Park. The largest indoor waterpark resort on the U.S. East Coast is Splash Lagoon in Erie.

The state's notable music festivals include Musikfest, the nation's largest free music festival held annually each August in Bethlehem,^[199] the Philadelphia Folk Festival, Creation Festival, and Purple Door. The Great Allentown Fair, held annually at the Allentown Fairgrounds since the 19th century, is one of the nation's longest-running annual fairs.

There are nearly one million licensed hunters in Pennsylvania. White-tail deer, black bear, cottontail rabbit, squirrel, turkey, and grouse are common game species. Pennsylvania is considered one of the finest wild turkey hunting states in the nation, alongside Texas and Alabama. Sport hunting in Pennsylvania provides a massive boost for the state's economy. A report from The Center for Rural Pennsylvania, a legislative agency of the Pennsylvania General Assembly, reported that hunting, fishing, and furtaking generated a total of $9.6 billion statewide.

The Boone and Crockett Club reports that five of the ten largest black bear entries came from the state.^[200] The state also has a tied record for the largest hunter shot black bear in the Boone and Crockett record books at 733 lb (332 kg) and a skull of 23 3/16, tied with a bear shot in California in 1993.^[200] As of 2007, Pennsylvania has the second highest number of Boone and Crockett-recorded record black bears at 183, behind Wisconsin's 299.^[200]

Transportation

The Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, abbreviated as PennDOT, is responsible for transport issues in Pennsylvania.

Air

Pennsylvania has seven major airports: Philadelphia International, Pittsburgh International, Lehigh Valley International, Harrisburg International, Wilkes-Barre/Scranton International, Erie International, and University Park Airport. A total of 134 public-use airports are located in the state.^[201]

Bus and coach

Intercity bus service is provided between cities in Pennsylvania and other major points in the Northeast by Bolt Bus, Fullington Trailways, Greyhound Lines, Martz Trailways, Megabus, OurBus, Trans-Bridge Lines, and various Chinatown bus companies. In 2018, OurBus began offering service from West Chester, Malvern, King of Prussia, and Fort Washington to New York City.

Highways and roads

PennDOT owns 39,861 miles (64,150 km) of the 121,770 miles (195,970 km) of roadway in the state, making it the fifth-largest state highway system in the United States.^[202] The Pennsylvania Turnpike system is 535 miles (861 km) long, with the mainline portion stretching from Ohio to Philadelphia and New Jersey.^[202] It is overseen by the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission. Another major east–west route is Interstate 80, which runs primarily in the northern tier of the state from Ohio to New Jersey at the Delaware Water Gap. Interstate 90 travels the relatively short distance between Ohio and New York through Erie County, in the extreme northwestern part of the state.

Primary north–south highways are Interstate 79 from its terminus in Erie through Pittsburgh to West Virginia, Interstate 81 from New York state through Scranton, Lackawanna County and Harrisburg to Maryland and Interstate 476, which begins 7 miles (11 km) north of the Delaware border, in Chester, Delaware County and travels 132 miles (212 km) to Clarks Summit, where it joins I-81. All but 20 miles (32 km) of I-476 is the Northeast Extension of the Pennsylvania Turnpike. The highway south of the Pennsylvania Turnpike is officially called the "Veterans Memorial Highway", but is commonly referred to colloquially as the "Blue Route".

Rail

SEPTA is the sixth-largest transit agency in the United States and operates the commuter, heavy and light rail transit, and transit bus service in the Philadelphia metropolitan area. Pittsburgh Regional Transit is the 25th-largest transit agency and provides transit bus and light rail service in and around Pittsburgh.^[203]

Intercity passenger rail transit is provided by Amtrak, with the majority of traffic occurring on the Keystone Service in the high-speed Keystone Corridor between Harrisburg and Philadelphia's 30th Street Station before heading north to New York City, and the Northeast Regional, which provides regular high-speed service up and down the Northeast Corridor. The Pennsylvanian follows the same route from New York City to Harrisburg, but extends out to Pittsburgh. The Capitol Limited also passes through Pittsburgh, as well as Connellsville, on its way from Chicago to Washington, D.C.^[201] Traveling between Chicago and New York City, the Lake Shore Limited passes through Erie once in each direction.^[201] There are 67 short-line, freight railroads operating in Pennsylvania, the highest number in any U.S. state.^[201] With more than four million inter-city rail passengers in 2018, Philadelphia's 30th Street Station is Amtrak's third-busiest train station in the nation after Penn Station in Manhattan and Union Station in Washington, D.C.,^[204] and North America's 12th-busiest train station overall.

Water

The Port of Pittsburgh is the second-largest inland port in the United States and the 18th-largest port overall; the Port of Philadelphia is the 24th-largest port in the United States.^[205] Pennsylvania's only port on the Great Lakes is located in Erie. The Allegheny River Lock and Dam Two is the most-used lock operated by the United States Army Corps of Engineers of its 255 nationwide.^[206] The dam impounds the Allegheny River near Downtown Pittsburgh.

Culture

Food

Pat's King of Steaks in South Philadelphia is widely credited with inventing the cheesesteak in 1933^[207]

In 2008, author Sharon Hernes Silverman wrote in the Pittsburgh Tribune-Review that Pennsylvania was the snack food capital of the world.^[208] It leads all other states in the manufacture of pretzels and potato chips. In 1861, as the Civil War was beginning, Sturgis Pretzel House in Lititz was first to introduce the pretzel to American consumers. Two other Pennsylvania-based companies, Immergut Hand-Rolled Soft Pretzels in Intercourse and Snyder's of Hanover in Hanover, are leading national pretzel manufacturers. Two of the nation's three leading potato chip companies are based in Pennsylvania: Utz Brands, which started making chips in Hanover in 1921, and Wise Foods, which started making chips in Berwick the same year; the third, Frito-Lay is owned by Plano, Texas-based PepsiCo. Additional Pennsylvania-based companies, including Herr's Snacks in Nottingham, Martin's Potato Chips in Thomasville, are popular chip manufacturers.

The Hershey Company in Hershey is a nearly $9 billion a year company and one of the world's leading manufacturers of chocolate; the company was founded in Hershey by Milton S. Hershey in 1894.^[209] Gertrude Hawk Chocolates is headquartered in Dunmore. Other notable companies include Just Born in Bethlehem, makers of Hot Tamales, Mike and Ikes, the Easter favorite marshmallow Peeps, and Boyer Brothers of Altoona, which manufacturers Mallo Cups. The pretzel company Auntie Anne's began as a market-stand in Downingtown, and now has corporate headquarters in Lancaster.^[210] Traditional Pennsylvania Dutch foods include chicken pot pie, ham pot pie, schnitz un knepp (dried apples, ham, and dumplings), fasnachts (raised doughnuts), scrapple, pretzels, bologna, chow-chow, and Shoofly pie. Martin's Famous Pastry Shoppe, headquartered in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, specializes in potato bread, another traditional Pennsylvania Dutch food. D.G. Yuengling & Son, America's oldest brewery, has been brewing beer in Pottsville since 1829.

Among the regional foods associated with Philadelphia are cheesesteaks, hoagies, soft pretzels, Italian water ice, Irish potato candy, scrapple, Tastykake, and strombolis. In Pittsburgh, tomato ketchup was improved by Henry John Heinz from 1876 to the early 20th century. Famous to a lesser extent than Heinz ketchup is the Pittsburgh's Primanti Brothers Restaurant sandwiches, pierogies, and city chicken. In northeastern Pennsylvania, Italian heritage has popularized a variety of pizza styles. Outside of Scranton, in Old Forge, there are dozens of Italian restaurants specializing in pizza made with thick, light crust, and American cheese. New York–style pizza is popular in Wilkes-Barre. Erie also has its share of foods, including Greek sauce and sponge candy. Sauerkraut along with pork and mashed potatoes is a traditional meal on New Year's Day in Pennsylvania; its tradition began with the Pennsylvania Dutch who believe the meal leads to good luck in the new year to come.

Sports

Professional sports

Pennsylvania is home to eight major league professional sports teams: the Philadelphia Phillies and Pittsburgh Pirates of Major League Baseball, the Philadelphia 76ers of the NBA, the Philadelphia Eagles and Pittsburgh Steelers of the NFL, the Philadelphia Flyers and Pittsburgh Penguins of the NHL, and the Philadelphia Union of Major League Soccer. Among them, these teams have accumulated seven World Series championships (with the Pirates winning five and Phillies winning two), 16 National League pennants (with the Pirates winning nine and Phillies winning seven), three pre-Super Bowl era NFL championships (all won by the Eagles), seven Super Bowl championships (with the Steelers winning six and the Eagles one), two NBA championships (both won by the 76ers), and seven Stanley Cup championships (with the Penguins winning five and Flyers winning two).

With five professional sports teams and some of the most passionate sports fans in the nation, Philadelphia is often described as the “nation's best sports city.”^[211]^[212]

In addition to its two Major League Baseball franchises, Pennsylvania is home to two Triple-A-level teams, the highest level of Minor League Baseball play. The Lehigh Valley IronPigs, affiliated with the Philadelphia Phillies, are based in Allentown, where they play at Coca-Cola Park. The Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders, affiliated with the New York Yankees, are based in Moosic, where they play at PNC Field.

Pennsylvania is home to four Double-A level baseball teams: the Altoona Curve, Erie SeaWolves, Harrisburg Senators, and Reading Fightin Phils. Pennsylvania has two collegiate summer baseball teams affiliated with the MLB Draft League: the State College Spikes and Williamsport Crosscutters. In independent baseball, the state has three teams, the Lancaster Stormers, Washington Wild Things, and York Revolution.

In addition to its two National Hockey League teams, Pennsylvania has three American Hockey League ice hockey teams: the Hershey Bears affiliated with the Washington Capitals, the Lehigh Valley Phantoms affiliated with the Philadelphia Flyers, and the Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins affiliated with the Pittsburgh Penguins. It also has an ECHL-level ice hockey team, the Reading Royals, and an Arena Football League team, the Philadelphia Soul. These Pennsylvania-based developmental-level professional teams have accumulated 12 Triple-A and Double-A baseball league titles (Altoona Curve (1) Reading Fightin Phils (4), and Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Senators (6)), 3 ArenaBowl championships (Soul), and 11 Calder Cups (Bears).

In addition to the Philadelphia Union of Major League Soccer, Pennsylvania has two lower level professional soccer teams: Philadelphia Union II of MLS Next Pro and the Pittsburgh Riverhounds SC of the USL Championship.^[213]

Since 1959, the Little League World Series has been held annually in August in South Williamsport near where Little League Baseball was founded in Williamsport.^[214]

In professional golf, Arnold Palmer, one of the 20th century's most accomplished professional golfers, comes from Latrobe, and Jim Furyk, a current PGA player grew up near in Lancaster. PGA tournaments in Pennsylvania include the 84 Lumber Classic played at Nemacolin Woodlands Resort in Farmington and the Northeast Pennsylvania Classic played at Glenmaura National Golf Club in Moosi.

Philadelphia is home to LOVE Park across from City Hall, a popular skateboard location that hosted ESPN's X Games in 2001 and 2002.^[215]

Motorsports

In motorsports, the Mario Andretti dynasty of race drivers hails from Nazareth in the Lehigh Valley. Pennsylvania racetracks include Jennerstown Speedway in Jennerstown, Lake Erie Speedway in North East, Lernerville Speedway in Sarver, and Pocono Raceway in Long Pond, which is home to two NASCAR Cup Series races and an IndyCar Series race. The state is also home to Maple Grove Raceway, near Reading, which hosts major National Hot Rod Association-sanctioned drag racing events each year.

There are also two motocross race tracks that host a round of the AMA Toyota Motocross Championships in Pennsylvania. High Point Raceway is located in Mount Morris, Pennsylvania, and Steel City is located in Delmont, Pennsylvania.

Horse racing tracks in Pennsylvania include The Meadows in North Strabane Township, Mohegan Pennsylvania in Wilkes-Barre, Penn National in Grantville, Presque Isle Downs in Summit Township, and Parx Racing, Harrah's Philadelphia in Chester, which was the home course of Smarty Jones, winner of the 2004 Kentucky Derby and 2004 Preakness Stakes. Harrah's Philadelphia also hosts harness racing and Presque Isle Downs also hosts thoroughbred racing.

College sports

In college football, three Pennsylvania universities compete in NCAA Division I, the highest level of sanctioned collegiate play in the sport: Penn State in the Big Ten Conference, Pitt in the Atlantic Coast Conference, and Temple in the American Athletic Conference.

Over their respective college football histories, Penn State claims two national championships (1982 and 1986) and seven undefeated seasons (1887, 1912, 1968, 1969, 1973, 1986, and 1994) and Pitt has won nine national championships (1915, 1916, 1918, 1929, 1931, 1934, 1936, 1937, and 1976) and had eight undefeated seasons (1904, 1910, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1920, 1937, and 1976).^[216] Penn State plays its home games at Beaver Stadium, a 106,572-capacity stadium that is the second-largest stadium in the nation; the team is coached by James Franklin. Pitt plays its home games at Acrisure Stadium, a 68,400-capacity stadium it shares with the Pittsburgh Steelers; the team is coached by Pat Narduzzi. Over their respective histories, four additional Pennsylvania universities and colleges have won national college football championships: Lafayette in Easton (1896), Villanova in Villanova (2009), Penn in Philadelphia (1895, 1897, 1904, and 1908),^[217] and Washington & Jefferson in Washington (1921).

In college basketball, five Philadelphia and Philadelphia-area universities, collectively known as the Big Five, have a tradition in NCAA Division I basketball. National titles in college basketball have been won by La Salle (1954), Temple (1938), Penn (1920 and 1921), Pitt (1928 and 1930), and Villanova (1985, 2016, and 2018).

Pennsylvania has several universities and colleges known as national leaders in college wrestling. Penn State, coached by Cael Sanderson, has won ten NCAA Division I Wrestling Championships in its history, second most among all universities and colleges after Oklahoma State. Lehigh in Bethlehem has had 28 NCAA Division I individual champions over its history.

Nicknames

Since 1802, Pennsylvania has been known as the Keystone State, which remains the state's most popular and widely-used nickname.^[218] The nickname "Keystone State" originates with the agricultural and architectural term "keystone", and is based on the central role that Pennsylvania played geographically and functionally among the original Thirteen Colonies from which the nation was established, the important founding documents, including the Declaration of Independence and U.S. Constitution, that were signed and ratified in Pennsylvania, and the central role that Pennsylvania played in the nation's early manufacturing and agricultural development.^[219]^[220]

Less often, Pennsylvania is referred to as the Coal State, the Oil State, and the Steel State, in recognition of the important role these respective industries played in the state in the 19th and 20th centuries.^[221] The State of Independence appears on several current day road signs entering Pennsylvania from bordering states.

Pennsylvania residents and those of surrounding states sometimes refer to Pennsylvania by the state's abbreviation, PA.^[222]

Pennsylvania was historically referred to by the nickname Quaker State during the colonial era^[223] based on the influential role that William Penn and other Quakers played in establishing the first frame of government constitution for the Province of Pennsylvania that guaranteed liberty of conscience, which was a reflection of Penn's knowledge of the hostility Quakers confronted when they opposed religious rituals, taking oaths, violence, war, and military service, and what they viewed as ostentatious frippery.^[224]^[225]^[226]

Notable people

Sister regions

Matanzas Province, Cuba^[227]
Rhône-Alpes, France
Kedah, Malaysia

Notes

^ Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.
^ Pennsylvania is one of only four U.S. states to use the term "Commonwealth" in its official name, along with Massachusetts, Virginia, and Kentucky.
^ At the time, Vermont had not yet seceded from New York State.
^ Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin are not distinguished between total and partial ancestry.

References

Citations

^ "Symbols of Pennsylvania". Portal.state.pa.us. Archived from the original on October 14, 2007. Retrieved May 4, 2014.
^ ^a ^b "Elevations and Distances in the United States". United States Geological Survey. 2001. Archived from the original on October 15, 2011. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
^ "Median Annual Household Income". The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved December 9, 2016.
^ ^a ^b "QuickFacts: Pennsylvania". U.S. Census Bureau. July 1, 2022. Retrieved June 6, 2023.
^ "Most spoken languages in Pennsylvania in 2010". MLA Data Center. Archived from the original on May 27, 2013. Retrieved November 4, 2012.
^ "United States of Food: Official State Foods". November 13, 2019.
^ Der Deutsche Pionier: Erinnerungen aus dem Pionier-Leben der Deutschen in Amerika ..., Volumes 3 to 5. 1871. p. 88.
^ Ellis, Joseph (2007). American Creation: Triumphs and Tragedies at the Founding of the Republic. New York: Knopf. pp. 55–56. ISBN 978-0-307-26369-8.
^ U.S. News | Best States | Pennsylvania
^ ^a ^b "General Coastline and Shoreline Mileage of the United States" (PDF). NOAA Office of Coastal Management. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 25, 2016. Retrieved December 31, 2016.
^ ^a ^b "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved September 21, 2021.
^ "Paleoindian Period – 16,000 to 10,000 years ago". Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. Retrieved December 8, 2014.
^ ^a ^b Ancient PA Dwelling Still Dividing Archaeologists
^ ^a ^b "Pennsylvania on the Eve of Colonization". Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved November 30, 2014.
^ "Late Woodland Period in the Susquehanna and Delaware River Valleys". Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. Archived from the original on March 21, 2016. Retrieved December 8, 2014.
^ "On the Susquehannocks: Natives having used Baltimore County as hunting grounds - The Historical Society of Baltimore County". www.HSOBC.org. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
^ "Early Indian Migration". GenealogyTrails.com. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
^ Garrad, Charles "Petun and the Petuns"
^ Extrapolation from the 16th-century Spanish, 'Cali' ˈkali a rich agricultural area – geographical sunny climate. Also 1536, Cauca River. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. 'Cali', city, metropolis, urban center. Pearson Education 2006. "Calica", Yucatán place name called rock pit. Sp. root: "Cal", limestone. Also today, 'Calicuas', supporting cylinder or enclosing ring, or moveable prop as in holding a strut.
^ Paullin, Charles O. (1932). Wright, John K. (ed.). Atlas of the Historical Geography of the United States. New York and Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington and American Geographical Society. pp. Plate 42.
^ Swindler, William F., ed. (1973–1979). Sources and Documents of United States Constitutions. Vol. 10. Dobbs Ferry, New York: Oceana Publications. pp. 17–23.
^ ^a ^b Van Zandt, Franklin K. (1976). Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Papers. Vol. 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. pp. 74, 92.
^ Munroe, John A. (1978). Colonial Delaware: A History. Millwood, New York: KTO Press. pp. 9–12.
^ Munroe, John A. (1978). Colonial Delaware: A History. Millwood, New York: KTO Press. p. 16.
^ McCormick, Richard P. (1964). New Jersey from Colony to State, 1609–1789. New Jersey Historical Series, Volume 1. Princeton, New Jersey: D. Van Nostrand Company. p. 12.
^ Swindler, William F., ed. (1973–1979). Sources and Documents of United States Constitutions. Vol. 4. Dobbs Ferry, New York: Oceana Publications. pp. 278–280.
^ Van Zandt, Franklin K. (1976). Boundaries of the United States and the Several States; Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. p. 79.
^ Swindler, William F., ed. (1973–1979). Sources and Documents of United States Constitutions. Vol. 6. Dobbs Ferry, New York: Oceana Publications. pp. 375–377.
^ Farnham, Mary Frances (1901–1902). Farnham Papers (1603–1688). Volumes 7 and 8 of Documentary History of the State of Maine. Vol. 7. Portland, Maine: Collections of the Maine Historical Society, 2nd Series. pp. 311, 314.
^ Parry, Clive, ed. (1969–1981). Consolidated Treaty Series; 231 Volumes. Vol. 10. Dobbs Ferry, New York: Oceana Publications. p. 231.
^ Fernow, B., ed. (1853–1887). Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York; Volumes 12–15. Albany, New York: Weed, Parsons and Co. pp. 507–508. Archived from the original on April 7, 2016. Retrieved November 4, 2019.
^ Parry, Clive, ed. (1969–1981). Consolidated Treaty Series; 231 Volumes. Vol. 13. Dobbs Ferry, New York: Oceana Publications. p. 136.
^ Fernow, B., ed. (1853–1887). Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York; Volumes 12–15. Vol. 12. Albany, New York: Weed, Parsons and Co. p. 515.
^ Armstrong, Edward, ed. (1860). Record of the Court at Upland, in Pennsylvania, 1676 to 1681. Memoirs of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania Volume 7. pp. 119, 198.
^ Charter for the Province of Pennsylvania-1681 Archived April 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. This charter, granted by Charles II to William Penn, constituted him and his heirs proprietors of the province, which, in honor of his father, Admiral William Penn, whose cash advances and services were requited, was called Pennsylvania. On August 24, 1682, to perfect his title, William Penn purchased a quit-claim from the Duke of York to the lands west of the Delaware River embraced in his patent of 1664
^ Pennsylvania Society of Colonial Governors, ed. (1916). "Samuel Carpenter". Pennsylvania Society of Colonial Governors, Volume 1. pp. 180–181.
^ "Measuring Worth". Measuring Worth. Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
^ H. W. Brands, The First American: The Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin, Anchor Books (2002) 2002 ISBN 0-385-49328-2 p.37:'Penn became the proprietor of what may have been the largest single piece of real estate every legally held by someone other than a monarch.'
^ ^a ^b "Quakers and the political process". Pym.org. March 28, 2006. Archived from the original on May 24, 2008. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
^ "Wales on Britannia: Facts About Wales & the Welsh". Britannia.com. Archived from the original on February 22, 2015. Retrieved September 16, 2013. This day, my country was confirmed to me under the great seal of England, with privileges, by the name of Pennsylvania, a name the King would give it in honor of my father. I chose New Wales, being as this, a pretty, hilly country, but Penn being Welsh for head as in Penmanmoire (sic), in Wales, and Penrith, in Cumberland, and Penn, in Buckinghamshire . . . called this Pennsylvania, which is the high or head woodlands; for I proposed, when the secretary, a Welshman, refused to have it called New Wales, Sylvania and they added Penn to it, and though I opposed it and went to the King to have it struck out and altered he said it was past . . nor could twenty guineas move the under-secretary to vary the name
^ Armstrong, Edward, ed. (1860). Record of the Court at Upland, in Pennsylvania, 1676 to 1681. Vol. 7. Memoirs of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. p. 196.
^ Swindler, William F., ed. (1973–1979). Sources and Documents of United States Constitutions. 10 Volumes. Vol. 8. Dobbs Ferry, New York: Oceana Publications. p. 243.
^ Yount, David (2007). How the Quakers invented America. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-7425-5833-5. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015.
^ Fisher, Sydney G. (2009). The Quaker Colonies. Echo Library. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-4068-5110-6. Archived from the original on March 20, 2015.
^ "Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia | Treaty of Shackamaxon". philadelphiaencyclopedia.org.
^ "Respectfully Remembering the Affable One". Hidden City Philadelphia. May 7, 2014.
^ Shelter House official website, retrieved May 4, 2022
^ Hamilton, Alexander and Syrett, Harold C. The Papers of Alexander Hamilton. 1963, page 240.
^ ^a ^b "The Five Oldest Colleges in Pennsylvania". Classroom. Retrieved February 25, 2022.
^ "An account of the remarkable occurrences in the life and travels of Colonel James Smith (Late a citizen of Bourbon County, Kentucky) : during his captivity with the Indians, in the years 1755,'56, '57, '58, & '59". Internet Archive. Lexington: John Bradford. 1799. Archived from the original on January 31, 2015. Retrieved November 16, 2014.
^ "Library of Congress timeline 1764–1765". The Library of Congress. Archived from the original on July 26, 2010. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
^ "Library of Congress timeline 1773–1774". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on August 7, 2010. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
^ "Library of Congress: Primary documents—The Declaration of Independence". Library of Congress. July 20, 2010. Archived from the original on August 4, 2010. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
^ "Nine Capitals of the United States". Senate.gov. March 26, 2009. Archived from the original on March 20, 2016. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
^ "Constitution FAQs". National Constitution Center. Archived from the original on June 16, 2016. Retrieved June 19, 2016.
^ "Pennsylvania ratifies the Constitution of 1787". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on August 6, 2010. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
^ "Pennsylvania ratifies the Constitution". A&E Television Networks, LLC. Archived from the original on October 13, 2017. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Pennsylvania's Capitals". Legis.state.pa.us. Archived from the original on June 15, 2000. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
^ Conant, Sean (2015). The Gettysburg Address: Perspectives on Lincoln's Greatest Speech. New York: Oxford University Press. p. ix. ISBN 978-0-19-022745-6.
^ Holsinger, M. Paul (1999). War and American Popular Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. 102. ISBN 978-0-313-29908-7.
^ "History of John Harris". Mrs. Carlyle C. Browne (descendant of Sarah Ann Harris, fifth daughter of Alfred Bingham Harris, and granddaughter of Elisha John Harris of the Mansion, Harrisburg PA, USA). 2001. Archived from the original on April 8, 2011. Retrieved February 14, 2011.
^ "James Buchanan White House biography". whitehouse.gov. Archived from the original on August 3, 2010. Retrieved July 31, 2010 – via National Archives.
^ "Battle of Gettysburg". Archived from the original on January 14, 2009. Retrieved February 20, 2008.
^ Chapter One: 1. Pennsylvania's Bosses and Political Machines. ExplorePAHistory.com. Retrieved February 18, 2022.
^ ^a ^b "Chapter 2: Pennsylvania Under the Reign of Big Business". Explore PAHistory.com. WITF. Retrieved November 27, 2014.
^ "Overview: Labor's Struggle to Organize". Explore PAHistory.com. WITF. Retrieved November 27, 2014.
^ Humanities, National Endowment for the (August 5, 1922). "The labor world. [volume] (Duluth, Minn.) 1896-current, August 05, 1922, Image 1" – via chroniclingamerica.loc.gov.
^ Zimand. "Labor Age". pp. 4–7, 15–17. Retrieved March 2, 2023.
^ "About the Area". Archived from the original on March 14, 2012. Retrieved July 30, 2018.
^ "The National Forests of the United States" (PDF). Forest History Society. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 28, 2012. Retrieved June 16, 2018.
^ Peck, Merton J. & Scherer, Frederic M. The Weapons Acquisition Process: An Economic Analysis (1962) Harvard Business School p. 111
^ "Backgrounder on the Three Mile Island Accident". Nuclear Regulatory Commission. June 21, 2018. Archived from the original on August 24, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019.
^ King, Laura; Hall, Kenji; Magnier, Mark (March 18, 2011). "In Japan, workers struggling to hook up power to Fukushima reactor". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 22, 2011. Retrieved August 24, 2019.
^ William F. Stine, "Does State Aid Stimulate Public Library Expenditures? Evidence from Pennsylvania's Enhancement Aid Program" Library Quarterly (2006) 76#1 107-139.
^ Victor M. Garcia, "The Mushroom Industry And The Emergence Of Mexican Enclaves In Southern Chester County, Pennsylvania, 1960-1990" Journal of Latino-Latin American Studies (JOLLAS) (2005) 1#4 pp 67-88.
^ Gilbert Marzan, "Still Looking for that Elsewhere: Puerto Rican Poverty and Migration in the Northeast." Centro Journal (2009) 21#1 pp 100-117 online.
^ Ashok K. Dutt, and Baleshwar Thakur, City, Society, and Planning (Concept Publishing Company, 2007) pp. 55–56
^ Kraus, Scott. "No end in sight to Valley's population growth". Archived from the original on October 7, 2012. Retrieved December 1, 2014.
^ ^a ^b "Sources and detailed information", National Park Service website
^ Alexander Riley, Angel patriots: The crash of United Flight 93 and the myth of America (NYU Press, 2015) pp 1–34.
^ "Tekko 2019". About Tekko. Archived from the original on February 22, 2019. Retrieved February 21, 2019.
^ "'They showed his photo, and my stomach just dropped': Neighbors recall synagogue massacre suspect as a loner". Washington Post. October 28, 2018. Archived from the original on October 29, 2018. Retrieved February 21, 2019.
^ "Pennsylvania geography". Netstate.com. Archived from the original on May 27, 2010. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
^ 2006 Statistical Abstract: Geography & Environment: Land and Land Use^{[dead link‍]}
^ "Pennsylvania Time Zone". Timetemperature.com. Archived from the original on January 9, 2011. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
^ "National Park Service: Our Fourth Shore". Cr.nps.gov. December 22, 2003. Archived from the original on May 18, 2011. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
^ [1] Archived May 17, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
^ National Weather Service Corporate Image Web Team. "National Weather Service Climate". Archived from the original on March 5, 2012. Retrieved March 7, 2012.
^ National Weather Service Corporate Image Web Team. "National Weather Service Climate". Archived from the original on March 25, 2012. Retrieved March 7, 2012.
^ National Weather Service Corporate Image Web Team. "Climate Information—National Weather Service Central PA". Archived from the original on July 5, 2012. Retrieved March 7, 2012.
^ National Weather Service Corporate Image Web Team. "National Weather Service Climate". Archived from the original on July 5, 2012. Retrieved March 7, 2012.
^ National Weather Service Corporate Image Web Team. "National Weather Service Climate". Archived from the original on May 28, 2013. Retrieved March 7, 2012.
^ "Historical Population Change Data (1910–2020)". Census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on April 29, 2021. Retrieved May 1, 2021.
^ "Data". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 22, 2022.
^ "Pennsylvania United States Census Bureau". Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved June 1, 2012.
^ Pennsylvania QuickFacts. Accessed July 12, 2023
^ "Population and Population Centers by State—2000". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on September 18, 2008. Retrieved December 3, 2008.
^ "2007-2022 PIT Counts by State".
^ "The 2022 Annual Homelessness Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress" (PDF).
^ "American FactFinder—Results". Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved October 7, 2014.
^ American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau. "American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates". Factfinder.census.gov. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
^ "Puerto Ricans in Pennsylvania" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on January 27, 2018. Retrieved November 8, 2011.
^ "Immigrants in Pennsylvania" (PDF).
^ Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS). "American FactFinder—Results". census.gov. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
^ "The Daily Journal—Puerto Rico's population exodus is all about jobs". USA Today. Archived from the original on September 4, 2015. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
^ "Annual Estimates of the Population". Archived from the original on January 20, 2013. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
^ "2010 Census Data—2010 Census". 2010.census.gov. Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved July 7, 2011.
^ ^a ^b "Research Brief : The Commonwealth's Official Source for Population and Economic Statistics" (PDF). Pasdc.hbg.psu.edu. March 9, 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved June 26, 2016.
^ "Puerto Ricans Leave N.Y. Report Tells Where They Go—Centro de Estudios Puertorriqueños". cuny.edu. Archived from the original on July 22, 2015. Retrieved June 5, 2015.
^ Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS). "American FactFinder—Results". census.gov. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
^ ^a ^b "Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census".
^ "Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States". Census.gov. Archived from the original on July 25, 2008. Retrieved May 4, 2014.
^ "censusviewer.com". January 11, 2014. Archived from the original on January 11, 2014.
^ "2010 Census Data". Census.gov. Retrieved May 4, 2014.
^ "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2020 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): Pennsylvania". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 16, 2024.
^ "Statistics" (PDF). cdc.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 11, 2017. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
^ "Statistics" (PDF). cdc.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 14, 2017. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
^ "Statistics" (PDF). cdc.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 31, 2017. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
^ "National Vital Statistics Reports Volume 67, Number 1, January 31, 2018" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on June 3, 2018. Retrieved July 11, 2018.
^ "Births: Final Data for 2017" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on February 1, 2019. Retrieved February 21, 2019.
^ "Data" (PDF). www.cdc.gov. Retrieved December 21, 2019.
^ "Data" (PDF). www.cdc.gov. Retrieved April 1, 2021.
^ "Data" (PDF). www.cdc.gov. Retrieved February 20, 2022.
^ "Data" (PDF). www.cdc.gov. Retrieved February 3, 2022.
^ "Data" (PDF). www.cdc.gov. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
^ "Table 16: Resident Population by Age and State: 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on April 26, 2019. Retrieved April 26, 2019.
^ "Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 26, 2019.
^ "Pennsylvania". Modern Language Association. Archived from the original on June 19, 2006. Retrieved August 12, 2013.
^ ^a ^b Yost, Berwood (April 13, 2023). "Poll Release: April 2023". Franklin & Marshall College Poll. Retrieved April 13, 2023.
^ "Religious diversity in Pennsylvania". Archived from the original on February 20, 2007.
^ Arouet, François-Marie ("Voltaire") (1733). Philosophic Letters. Republished in: Morley, John; Fleming, William F.; Smollett, Tobias, eds. (1901). The Works of Voltaire: A Contemporary Version. Vol. XXXIX: Short Studies on English and American Topics. New York: E. R. DuMont. p. 209. Retrieved August 4, 2015.
^ "Religious composition of adults in Pennsylvania". Religious Landscape Study. The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. 2017. Archived from the original on October 5, 2017. Retrieved October 5, 2017.
^ "PRRI – American Values Atlas". ava.prri.org. Archived from the original on February 21, 2019. Retrieved February 7, 2022.
^ Association of Religion Data Archives (2010). "Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) States (2010)". Association of Statisticians of American Religious Bodies. Archived from the original on August 13, 2021. Retrieved February 4, 2021.
^ "The Association of Religion Data Archives | State Membership Report". www.thearda.com. Archived from the original on July 21, 2015. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
^ Webb Design Inc. "Amish Country | Ohio | Visitor Information". Visitamishcountry.com. Archived from the original on February 20, 2010. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
^ Donald B. Kraybill and C. Nelson Hostetter: Anabaptist World USA, Scottdale, PA and Waterloo, Ontario, 2001, pages 200–201.
^ "Friends General Conference States (2010)—QuickLists—The Association of Religion Data Archives". www.thearda.com. Archived from the original on October 29, 2016. Retrieved October 28, 2016.
^ "GDP by State". GDP by State | U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). Bureau of Economic Analysis. Retrieved April 10, 2022.
^ "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". www.imf.org. Archived from the original on January 31, 2018. Retrieved January 4, 2018.
^ "Regional Economic Accounts" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on May 1, 2019. Retrieved January 4, 2018.
^ "Pennsylvania’s Unemployment Rate At 3.4% In January As Total Nonfarm Jobs Sets New Record High For Sixth Straight Month", Pennsylvania Press Room, March 8, 2024
^ "Appeals court races wrap up with focus on voter mobilization". Archived from the original on January 13, 2005. Retrieved September 1, 2006.
^ "23 PA Companies Make Fortune 500 List For 2023", Patch, June 6, 2023.
^ ^a ^b "Fortune 500". CNN. April 30, 2007. Archived from the original on August 22, 2010. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
^ "Philadelphia stock exchange". Phlx.com. July 23, 2010. Archived from the original on June 3, 2009. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
^ "Eastern Pennsylvania: Epicenter of Growth". Inbound Logistics. September 20, 2016. Retrieved January 4, 2023.
^ "Pennsylvania Top 50 Employers" (PDF). Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. March 28, 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 7, 2011. Retrieved July 2, 2011.
^ "Pa. ranks No. 1 in many things. Not all are good.", PennLive, February 13, 2018
^ "Agricultural Census 2002" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 14, 2008.
^ "What is PA Preferred? Just a pretty logo or a way to build a brand?". The Patriot-News. January 8, 2014. Archived from the original on February 24, 2015. Retrieved February 23, 2015.
^ "Agribusiness". CIDEP—Investment Attraction & Business Leads Generation. Archived from the original on September 10, 2014. Retrieved October 7, 2014.
^ "Rendell signs film production tax credit law". Philadelphia Business Journal. July 21, 2004. Archived from the original on September 3, 2004. Retrieved January 30, 2016.
^ "Casino table games in budget debate? Rendell won't say no, but stresses revenue wouldn't make a dent in deficit". June 19, 2009.
^ Molter, Michael (November 20, 2023). "Taxes From Pennsylvania Sports Betting Crosses $500 Million". LegalSportsBetting.com. Retrieved November 20, 2023.
^ ^a ^b Jenkins Law Library. "23 Pennsylvania Law Weekly 324 (March 27, 2000)". Jenkinslaw.org. Archived from the original on January 13, 2010. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
^ J. Pomante II, Michael; Li, Quan (December 15, 2020). "Cost of Voting in the American States: 2020". Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy. 19 (4): 503–509. doi:10.1089/elj.2020.0666. ISSN 1533-1296. S2CID 225139517.
^ "Pennsylvania State Executive Offices Archived September 14, 2016, at the Wayback Machine", Ballotpedia, retrieved January 23, 2019.
^ "Pennsylvania State Archives". Phmc.state.pa.us. Archived from the original on September 14, 2010. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
^ Officers of the State Senate, PA State Senate. Retrieved June 7, 2023
^ Officers of the State House, PA State House of Representatives. Retrieved June 7, 2023
^ 2023 State and Legislative Partisan Competition, National Conference of State Legislatures
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Judicial districts". Aopc.org. Archived from the original on July 20, 2010. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
^ ^a ^b ^c The Pennsylvania Manual, p. 6-3.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Pennsylvania Manual, p. 6-5.
^ The Pennsylvania Manual, p. 6-46.
^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places in Pennsylvania". Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau. 2010. Archived from the original (XLS) on July 9, 2011. Retrieved July 4, 2010.
^ ^a ^b The Pennsylvania Manual, p. 6-6.
^ The Pennsylvania Manual, p. 6-22.
^ Title 302, Pennsylvania Code, Section 23.1–101.
^ "Pennsylvania Tax Rates & Rankings | PA State Taxes". Tax Foundation. Retrieved September 28, 2020.
^ "Shale tax comes up dry for 3d year". July 3, 2011. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved September 19, 2011.
^ "Gov Rendell says all of Pennsylvania's transit agencies will get I-80 toll $s". TOLLROADSnews. January 6, 2010. Archived from the original on April 5, 2012. Retrieved September 19, 2011.
^ "PA Department of Revenue Homepage". Pennsylvania Department of Revenue. Archived from the original on May 15, 2008.
^ "Personal Income Tax". Portal.state.pa.us. Archived from the original on November 25, 2009. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
^ "Local Income Tax Information". PA Department of Community & Economic Development. Archived from the original on December 1, 2016. Retrieved November 30, 2016.
^ "Department of Revenue". City of Philadelphia. Archived from the original on December 1, 2016. Retrieved November 30, 2016.
^ "Taking a Closer Look at Government: Pennsylvania's Local Taxation "System"". issuespa.org. Archived from the original on December 1, 2016. Retrieved November 30, 2016.
^ "Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Voter Registration Statistics — Official June 26, 2024". Pennsylvania Department of State.
^ "Donald Trump becomes 1st Republican to win Pennsylvania since 1988". LancasterOnline. Associated Press. Archived from the original on November 12, 2016. Retrieved November 13, 2016.
^ "List of State Electoral Votes For The 2024 Election". state.1keydata.com. Retrieved February 6, 2023.
^ "State by State". Death Penalty Information Center. Retrieved April 12, 2023.
^ "Pennsylvania's Members of Congress & Congressional District Map". Archived from the original on March 25, 2013. Retrieved February 11, 2013.
^ "Pennsylvania Department of Education (PDE)". Archived from the original on December 2, 2009. Retrieved December 4, 2009.
^ "Cohort Graduation Rate". Pennsylvania Department of Education. Archived from the original on February 1, 2016. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
^ "National Center for Education Statistics (NCES)". Archived from the original on January 16, 2011. Retrieved December 4, 2009.
^ 'NCES'.
^ Pennsylvania Department of Education: Home Education and Private Tutoring, Retrieved December 4, 2009. Archived November 5, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
^ "Best National University Rankings". U.S. News & World Report. January 1, 2022. Retrieved April 27, 2022.
^ Knox, Liam (July 12, 2023). "Fighting for Scraps in Pennsylvania". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved July 12, 2023.
^ Williams, Stephen (September 12, 2024). "Pa. ranked 2nd among nation's top destinations for freshman out-of-state college students, survey says". WHYY (NPR/PBS). Retrieved September 12, 2024.
^ King, Brendan (September 5, 2024). "Wall Street Journal ranks Pennsylvania colleges third in the nation". WPMT Fox43. Retrieved September 5, 2024.
^ "Quick Facts". Retrieved August 13, 2020.
^ "History of the School". pafa.org. Archived from the original on June 15, 2011. Retrieved April 8, 2011.
^ "About—University of the Sciences". usciences.edu. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved April 8, 2011.
^ "Rollercoaster Database: Steel Force (Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom)". Retrieved July 10, 2008.
^ "Philadelphia Zoo". Retrieved February 12, 2020.
^ "Houdini Harry Houdini attractions magic Scranton Poconos Pocono birthday party show seance School Assembly Programs birthday". Houdini.org. Archived from the original on July 24, 2010. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
^ "Largest 10 day free music festival". Musikfest. Retrieved May 26, 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c Reilly, P. (November 15, 2007). "Bear facts favor Pennsylvania State remains home to North America's biggest black bears". Intelligencer Journal. Archived from the original on November 16, 2007. Retrieved December 6, 2007.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Pennsylvania Department of Transportation Fact Book", p. 10.
^ ^a ^b "Pennsylvania Department of Transportation Fact Book", p. 7.
^ "2010 Public Transportation Fact Book", p. 8.
^ "FY 2018 Company Profile" (PDF). www.amtrak.com. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
^ Waterborne Commerce Statistics Center, p. 5-4.
^ Santoni, Matthew (September 14, 2010). "Corps shuts Highland Park lock for two weeks of repairs". Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. Trib Total Media. Archived from the original on September 8, 2012. Retrieved September 14, 2010.
^ "New York Times, "Harry Olivieri, 90, Co-Inventor of Cheese Steak in Philadelphia, Dies" July 22, 2006 retrieved July 25, 2006". The New York Times. July 22, 2006. Retrieved May 21, 2010.
^ "Pa. knack for snacks a Farm Show feature—Pittsburgh Tribune-Review". Pittsburghlive.com. January 11, 2008. Archived from the original on November 8, 2009. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
^ "Chocolate Bunnies". The Southeast Missourian. Associated Press. April 1, 1996. Archived from the original on April 20, 2020. Retrieved October 7, 2014.
^ "Company History: Auntie Anne's Pretzels". Auntie Anne's. Archived from the original on January 23, 2009. Retrieved February 6, 2009.
^ "Philly: the best sports city in America", The Stanford Daily, April 26, 2018
^ "JJ Redick calls Philly 'the greatest sports town in America", Philly Voice, July 13, 2022
^ Bratton, Chris (October 8, 2018). "Penn FC to go on hiatus in 2019, join new USL third division league in 2020". Brotherly Game. Archived from the original on November 30, 2018. Retrieved November 29, 2018.
^ "Little League Chronology". LittleLeague.org. Archived from the original on June 29, 2016. Retrieved August 10, 2016.
^ "X Games History—part 2". Skateboard.about.com. June 17, 2010. Archived from the original on July 7, 2011. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
^ "Panther History—Pitt Football 2006" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 25, 2011. Retrieved July 7, 2011.
^ "Recognized National Championships by Team". Cfbdatawarehouse.com. Archived from the original on September 20, 2010. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
^ "PHMC: State Symbols". Archived from the original on May 4, 2009. Retrieved August 16, 2006.
^ "Lancaster rifle". Archived from the original on April 3, 2015. Retrieved August 28, 2006.
^ "PHMC: Agriculture in Pennsylvania". Archived from the original on July 3, 2009. Retrieved August 28, 2006.
^ "The State of Pennsylvania—An Introduction the Keystone State". Netstate.Com. Archived from the original on March 23, 2016. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
^ URBAN, BOB. "Talking Pennsylvanian | Times News Online". www.tnonline.com. Retrieved August 13, 2023.
^ "The Quaker Province 1681-1776" (PDF). Department of General Services. Archived from the original on March 25, 2009.
^ "The Quaker Province 1681–1776". Archived from the original on June 1, 2009. Retrieved August 16, 2006.
^ Samuel, Bill. "William Penn, Quaker". Quakerinfo.com. Archived from the original on December 13, 2010. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
^ "Frame of Government". Yale.edu. Archived from the original on June 17, 2010. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
^ "Pennsylvania Matanzas". U.S.-Cuba Sister Cities Association. Archived from the original on October 17, 2007. Retrieved October 27, 2007.

Sources

Web sources

"2010 Public Transportation Fact Book" (PDF). American Public Transportation Association. April 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 12, 2012. Retrieved July 5, 2010.
"Pennsylvania Department of Transportation Fact Book". Pennsylvania Department of Transportation. August 2009. Archived from the original on December 4, 2009. Retrieved July 4, 2010.
Waterborne Commerce Statistics Center (December 31, 2009). "Part 5: National Summaries" (PDF). Waterborne Commerce of the United States. United States Army Corps of Engineers. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 20, 2010. Retrieved July 5, 2010.

Books

Trostle, Sharon, ed. (2009). The Pennsylvania Manual. Vol. 119. Harrisburg, PA: Pennsylvania Department of General Services. ISBN 978-0-8182-0334-3.

External links

Official state government site
Official state tourism site
Pennsylvania: State Resource Guide, from the Library of Congress
Geographic data related to Pennsylvania at OpenStreetMap

Preceded by Delaware	List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union Ratified Constitution on December 12, 1787 (2nd)	Succeeded by New Jersey

41°N 78°W / 41°N 78°W / 41; -78 (Commonwealth of Pennsylvania)

[3] Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.

[8] Pennsylvania is one of only four U.S. states to use the term "Commonwealth" in its official name, along with Massachusetts, Virginia, and Kentucky.

[56] At the time, Vermont had not yet seceded from New York State.

[115] Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin are not distinguished between total and partial ancestry.

[1] "Symbols of Pennsylvania". Portal.state.pa.us. Archived from the original on October 14, 2007. Retrieved May 4, 2014.

[USGS-2] "Elevations and Distances in the United States". United States Geological Survey. 2001. Archived from the original on October 15, 2011. Retrieved October 24, 2011.

[4] "Median Annual Household Income". The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved December 9, 2016.

[Bureau_2021-5] "QuickFacts: Pennsylvania". U.S. Census Bureau. July 1, 2022. Retrieved June 6, 2023.

[6] "Most spoken languages in Pennsylvania in 2010". MLA Data Center. Archived from the original on May 27, 2013. Retrieved November 4, 2012.

[7] "United States of Food: Official State Foods". November 13, 2019.

[thegermanpioneer-9] Der Deutsche Pionier: Erinnerungen aus dem Pionier-Leben der Deutschen in Amerika ..., Volumes 3 to 5. 1871. p. 88.

[American_Creation-10] Ellis, Joseph (2007). American Creation: Triumphs and Tragedies at the Founding of the Republic. New York: Knopf. pp. 55–56. ISBN 978-0-307-26369-8.

[11] U.S. News | Best States | Pennsylvania

[Coastalmanagement.noaa.gov-12] "General Coastline and Shoreline Mileage of the United States" (PDF). NOAA Office of Coastal Management. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 25, 2016. Retrieved December 31, 2016.

[U.S._Census_Bureau_QuickFacts-13] "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved September 21, 2021.

[PHMC_Paleoindian2-14] "Paleoindian Period – 16,000 to 10,000 years ago". Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. Retrieved December 8, 2014.

[Meadow2-15] Ancient PA Dwelling Still Dividing Archaeologists

[PHMC12-16] "Pennsylvania on the Eve of Colonization". Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved November 30, 2014.

[PHMC_Late_Woodland2-17] "Late Woodland Period in the Susquehanna and Delaware River Valleys". Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. Archived from the original on March 21, 2016. Retrieved December 8, 2014.

[18] "On the Susquehannocks: Natives having used Baltimore County as hunting grounds - The Historical Society of Baltimore County". www.HSOBC.org. Retrieved August 17, 2017.

[19] "Early Indian Migration". GenealogyTrails.com. Retrieved August 17, 2017.

[20] Garrad, Charles "Petun and the Petuns"

[21] Extrapolation from the 16th-century Spanish, 'Cali' ˈkali a rich agricultural area – geographical sunny climate. Also 1536, Cauca River. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. 'Cali', city, metropolis, urban center. Pearson Education 2006. "Calica", Yucatán place name called rock pit. Sp. root: "Cal", limestone. Also today, 'Calicuas', supporting cylinder or enclosing ring, or moveable prop as in holding a strut.

[22] Paullin, Charles O. (1932). Wright, John K. (ed.). Atlas of the Historical Geography of the United States. New York and Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington and American Geographical Society. pp. Plate 42.

[23] Swindler, William F., ed. (1973–1979). Sources and Documents of United States Constitutions. Vol. 10. Dobbs Ferry, New York: Oceana Publications. pp. 17–23.

[Van_Zandt2-24] Van Zandt, Franklin K. (1976). Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Papers. Vol. 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. pp. 74, 92.

[25] Munroe, John A. (1978). Colonial Delaware: A History. Millwood, New York: KTO Press. pp. 9–12.

[26] Munroe, John A. (1978). Colonial Delaware: A History. Millwood, New York: KTO Press. p. 16.

[27] McCormick, Richard P. (1964). New Jersey from Colony to State, 1609–1789. New Jersey Historical Series, Volume 1. Princeton, New Jersey: D. Van Nostrand Company. p. 12.

[28] Swindler, William F., ed. (1973–1979). Sources and Documents of United States Constitutions. Vol. 4. Dobbs Ferry, New York: Oceana Publications. pp. 278–280.

[29] Van Zandt, Franklin K. (1976). Boundaries of the United States and the Several States; Geological Survey Professional Paper 909. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. p. 79.

[30] Swindler, William F., ed. (1973–1979). Sources and Documents of United States Constitutions. Vol. 6. Dobbs Ferry, New York: Oceana Publications. pp. 375–377.

[31] Farnham, Mary Frances (1901–1902). Farnham Papers (1603–1688). Volumes 7 and 8 of Documentary History of the State of Maine. Vol. 7. Portland, Maine: Collections of the Maine Historical Society, 2nd Series. pp. 311, 314.

[32] Parry, Clive, ed. (1969–1981). Consolidated Treaty Series; 231 Volumes. Vol. 10. Dobbs Ferry, New York: Oceana Publications. p. 231.

[33] Fernow, B., ed. (1853–1887). Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York; Volumes 12–15. Albany, New York: Weed, Parsons and Co. pp. 507–508. Archived from the original on April 7, 2016. Retrieved November 4, 2019.

[34] Parry, Clive, ed. (1969–1981). Consolidated Treaty Series; 231 Volumes. Vol. 13. Dobbs Ferry, New York: Oceana Publications. p. 136.

[35] Fernow, B., ed. (1853–1887). Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York; Volumes 12–15. Vol. 12. Albany, New York: Weed, Parsons and Co. p. 515.

[36] Armstrong, Edward, ed. (1860). Record of the Court at Upland, in Pennsylvania, 1676 to 1681. Memoirs of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania Volume 7. pp. 119, 198.

[37] Charter for the Province of Pennsylvania-1681 Archived April 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. This charter, granted by Charles II to William Penn, constituted him and his heirs proprietors of the province, which, in honor of his father, Admiral William Penn, whose cash advances and services were requited, was called Pennsylvania. On August 24, 1682, to perfect his title, William Penn purchased a quit-claim from the Duke of York to the lands west of the Delaware River embraced in his patent of 1664

[38] Pennsylvania Society of Colonial Governors, ed. (1916). "Samuel Carpenter". Pennsylvania Society of Colonial Governors, Volume 1. pp. 180–181.

[39] "Measuring Worth". Measuring Worth. Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved July 31, 2010.

[40] H. W. Brands, The First American: The Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin, Anchor Books (2002) 2002 ISBN 0-385-49328-2 p.37:'Penn became the proprietor of what may have been the largest single piece of real estate every legally held by someone other than a monarch.'

[quapoly2-41] "Quakers and the political process". Pym.org. March 28, 2006. Archived from the original on May 24, 2008. Retrieved July 31, 2010.

[42] "Wales on Britannia: Facts About Wales & the Welsh". Britannia.com. Archived from the original on February 22, 2015. Retrieved September 16, 2013. This day, my country was confirmed to me under the great seal of England, with privileges, by the name of Pennsylvania, a name the King would give it in honor of my father. I chose New Wales, being as this, a pretty, hilly country, but Penn being Welsh for head as in Penmanmoire (sic), in Wales, and Penrith, in Cumberland, and Penn, in Buckinghamshire . . . called this Pennsylvania, which is the high or head woodlands; for I proposed, when the secretary, a Welshman, refused to have it called New Wales, Sylvania and they added Penn to it, and though I opposed it and went to the King to have it struck out and altered he said it was past . . nor could twenty guineas move the under-secretary to vary the name

[43] Armstrong, Edward, ed. (1860). Record of the Court at Upland, in Pennsylvania, 1676 to 1681. Vol. 7. Memoirs of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. p. 196.

[44] Swindler, William F., ed. (1973–1979). Sources and Documents of United States Constitutions. 10 Volumes. Vol. 8. Dobbs Ferry, New York: Oceana Publications. p. 243.

[45] Yount, David (2007). How the Quakers invented America. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-7425-5833-5. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015.

[46] Fisher, Sydney G. (2009). The Quaker Colonies. Echo Library. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-4068-5110-6. Archived from the original on March 20, 2015.

[47] "Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia | Treaty of Shackamaxon". philadelphiaencyclopedia.org.

[48] "Respectfully Remembering the Affable One". Hidden City Philadelphia. May 7, 2014.

[49] Shelter House official website, retrieved May 4, 2022

[50] Hamilton, Alexander and Syrett, Harold C. The Papers of Alexander Hamilton. 1963, page 240.

[oldestcolleges2-51] "The Five Oldest Colleges in Pennsylvania". Classroom. Retrieved February 25, 2022.

[52] "An account of the remarkable occurrences in the life and travels of Colonel James Smith (Late a citizen of Bourbon County, Kentucky) : during his captivity with the Indians, in the years 1755,'56, '57, '58, & '59". Internet Archive. Lexington: John Bradford. 1799. Archived from the original on January 31, 2015. Retrieved November 16, 2014.

[53] "Library of Congress timeline 1764–1765". The Library of Congress. Archived from the original on July 26, 2010. Retrieved July 31, 2010.

[54] "Library of Congress timeline 1773–1774". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on August 7, 2010. Retrieved July 31, 2010.

[55] "Library of Congress: Primary documents—The Declaration of Independence". Library of Congress. July 20, 2010. Archived from the original on August 4, 2010. Retrieved July 31, 2010.

[57] "Nine Capitals of the United States". Senate.gov. March 26, 2009. Archived from the original on March 20, 2016. Retrieved July 31, 2010.

[58] "Constitution FAQs". National Constitution Center. Archived from the original on June 16, 2016. Retrieved June 19, 2016.

[59] "Pennsylvania ratifies the Constitution of 1787". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on August 6, 2010. Retrieved July 31, 2010.

[60] "Pennsylvania ratifies the Constitution". A&E Television Networks, LLC. Archived from the original on October 13, 2017. Retrieved September 18, 2017.

[legiscap2-61] "Pennsylvania's Capitals". Legis.state.pa.us. Archived from the original on June 15, 2000. Retrieved July 31, 2010.

[Conant_2015_ix2-62] Conant, Sean (2015). The Gettysburg Address: Perspectives on Lincoln's Greatest Speech. New York: Oxford University Press. p. ix. ISBN 978-0-19-022745-6.

[Holsinger_1999_1022-63] Holsinger, M. Paul (1999). War and American Popular Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. 102. ISBN 978-0-313-29908-7.

[64] "History of John Harris". Mrs. Carlyle C. Browne (descendant of Sarah Ann Harris, fifth daughter of Alfred Bingham Harris, and granddaughter of Elisha John Harris of the Mansion, Harrisburg PA, USA). 2001. Archived from the original on April 8, 2011. Retrieved February 14, 2011.

[jimbo2-65] "James Buchanan White House biography". whitehouse.gov. Archived from the original on August 3, 2010. Retrieved July 31, 2010 – via National Archives.

[66] "Battle of Gettysburg". Archived from the original on January 14, 2009. Retrieved February 20, 2008.

[chapter12-67] Chapter One: 1. Pennsylvania's Bosses and Political Machines. ExplorePAHistory.com. Retrieved February 18, 2022.

[NCBB2-68] "Chapter 2: Pennsylvania Under the Reign of Big Business". Explore PAHistory.com. WITF. Retrieved November 27, 2014.

[LSO2-69] "Overview: Labor's Struggle to Organize". Explore PAHistory.com. WITF. Retrieved November 27, 2014.

[70] Humanities, National Endowment for the (August 5, 1922). "The labor world. [volume] (Duluth, Minn.) 1896-current, August 05, 1922, Image 1" – via chroniclingamerica.loc.gov.

[71] Zimand. "Labor Age". pp. 4–7, 15–17. Retrieved March 2, 2023.

[72] "About the Area". Archived from the original on March 14, 2012. Retrieved July 30, 2018.

[73] "The National Forests of the United States" (PDF). Forest History Society. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 28, 2012. Retrieved June 16, 2018.

[74] Peck, Merton J. & Scherer, Frederic M. The Weapons Acquisition Process: An Economic Analysis (1962) Harvard Business School p. 111

[75] "Backgrounder on the Three Mile Island Accident". Nuclear Regulatory Commission. June 21, 2018. Archived from the original on August 24, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019.

[76] King, Laura; Hall, Kenji; Magnier, Mark (March 18, 2011). "In Japan, workers struggling to hook up power to Fukushima reactor". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 22, 2011. Retrieved August 24, 2019.

[77] William F. Stine, "Does State Aid Stimulate Public Library Expenditures? Evidence from Pennsylvania's Enhancement Aid Program" Library Quarterly (2006) 76#1 107-139.

[78] Victor M. Garcia, "The Mushroom Industry And The Emergence Of Mexican Enclaves In Southern Chester County, Pennsylvania, 1960-1990" Journal of Latino-Latin American Studies (JOLLAS) (2005) 1#4 pp 67-88.

[79] Gilbert Marzan, "Still Looking for that Elsewhere: Puerto Rican Poverty and Migration in the Northeast." Centro Journal (2009) 21#1 pp 100-117 online.

[80] Ashok K. Dutt, and Baleshwar Thakur, City, Society, and Planning (Concept Publishing Company, 2007) pp. 55–56

[Kraus2-81] Kraus, Scott. "No end in sight to Valley's population growth". Archived from the original on October 7, 2012. Retrieved December 1, 2014.

[Sources_and_detailed_information2-82] "Sources and detailed information", National Park Service website

[83] Alexander Riley, Angel patriots: The crash of United Flight 93 and the myth of America (NYU Press, 2015) pp 1–34.

[84] "Tekko 2019". About Tekko. Archived from the original on February 22, 2019. Retrieved February 21, 2019.

[85] "'They showed his photo, and my stomach just dropped': Neighbors recall synagogue massacre suspect as a loner". Washington Post. October 28, 2018. Archived from the original on October 29, 2018. Retrieved February 21, 2019.

[pageo-86] "Pennsylvania geography". Netstate.com. Archived from the original on May 27, 2010. Retrieved July 31, 2010.

[statabs-87] 2006 Statistical Abstract: Geography & Environment: Land and Land Use^{[dead link‍]}

[88] "Pennsylvania Time Zone". Timetemperature.com. Archived from the original on January 9, 2011. Retrieved July 31, 2010.

[Cr.nps.gov-89] "National Park Service: Our Fourth Shore". Cr.nps.gov. December 22, 2003. Archived from the original on May 18, 2011. Retrieved July 31, 2010.

[90] [1] Archived May 17, 2015, at the Wayback Machine

[91] National Weather Service Corporate Image Web Team. "National Weather Service Climate". Archived from the original on March 5, 2012. Retrieved March 7, 2012.

[92] National Weather Service Corporate Image Web Team. "National Weather Service Climate". Archived from the original on March 25, 2012. Retrieved March 7, 2012.

[93] National Weather Service Corporate Image Web Team. "Climate Information—National Weather Service Central PA". Archived from the original on July 5, 2012. Retrieved March 7, 2012.

[94] National Weather Service Corporate Image Web Team. "National Weather Service Climate". Archived from the original on July 5, 2012. Retrieved March 7, 2012.

[95] National Weather Service Corporate Image Web Team. "National Weather Service Climate". Archived from the original on May 28, 2013. Retrieved March 7, 2012.

[96] "Historical Population Change Data (1910–2020)". Census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on April 29, 2021. Retrieved May 1, 2021.

[97] "Data". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 22, 2022.

[98] "Pennsylvania United States Census Bureau". Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved June 1, 2012.

[99] Pennsylvania QuickFacts. Accessed July 12, 2023

[100] "Population and Population Centers by State—2000". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on September 18, 2008. Retrieved December 3, 2008.

[101] "2007-2022 PIT Counts by State".

[102] "The 2022 Annual Homelessness Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress" (PDF).

[103] "American FactFinder—Results". Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved October 7, 2014.

[104] American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau. "American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates". Factfinder.census.gov. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved July 31, 2010.

[census-105] "Puerto Ricans in Pennsylvania" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on January 27, 2018. Retrieved November 8, 2011.

[106] "Immigrants in Pennsylvania" (PDF).

[107] Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS). "American FactFinder—Results". census.gov. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved June 6, 2015.

[108] "The Daily Journal—Puerto Rico's population exodus is all about jobs". USA Today. Archived from the original on September 4, 2015. Retrieved June 6, 2015.

[annest-109] "Annual Estimates of the Population". Archived from the original on January 20, 2013. Retrieved July 31, 2010.

[110] "2010 Census Data—2010 Census". 2010.census.gov. Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved July 7, 2011.

[pasdc.hbg.psu.edu-111] "Research Brief : The Commonwealth's Official Source for Population and Economic Statistics" (PDF). Pasdc.hbg.psu.edu. March 9, 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved June 26, 2016.

[112] "Puerto Ricans Leave N.Y. Report Tells Where They Go—Centro de Estudios Puertorriqueños". cuny.edu. Archived from the original on July 22, 2015. Retrieved June 5, 2015.

[113] Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS). "American FactFinder—Results". census.gov. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved June 6, 2015.

[visualCensus-114] "Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census".

[116] "Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States". Census.gov. Archived from the original on July 25, 2008. Retrieved May 4, 2014.

[117] "censusviewer.com". January 11, 2014. Archived from the original on January 11, 2014.

[118] "2010 Census Data". Census.gov. Retrieved May 4, 2014.

[2020DP1-119] "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2020 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): Pennsylvania". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 16, 2024.

[120] "Statistics" (PDF). cdc.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 11, 2017. Retrieved June 15, 2017.

[121] "Statistics" (PDF). cdc.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 14, 2017. Retrieved June 15, 2017.

[122] "Statistics" (PDF). cdc.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 31, 2017. Retrieved June 15, 2017.

[123] "National Vital Statistics Reports Volume 67, Number 1, January 31, 2018" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on June 3, 2018. Retrieved July 11, 2018.

[124] "Births: Final Data for 2017" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on February 1, 2019. Retrieved February 21, 2019.

[125] "Data" (PDF). www.cdc.gov. Retrieved December 21, 2019.

[126] "Data" (PDF). www.cdc.gov. Retrieved April 1, 2021.

[127] "Data" (PDF). www.cdc.gov. Retrieved February 20, 2022.

[128] "Data" (PDF). www.cdc.gov. Retrieved February 3, 2022.

[129] "Data" (PDF). www.cdc.gov. Retrieved April 5, 2024.

[auto1-130] "Table 16: Resident Population by Age and State: 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on April 26, 2019. Retrieved April 26, 2019.

[131] "Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 26, 2019.

[MLA_Data-132] "Pennsylvania". Modern Language Association. Archived from the original on June 19, 2006. Retrieved August 12, 2013.

[religion-133] Yost, Berwood (April 13, 2023). "Poll Release: April 2023". Franklin & Marshall College Poll. Retrieved April 13, 2023.

[134] "Religious diversity in Pennsylvania". Archived from the original on February 20, 2007.

[135] Arouet, François-Marie ("Voltaire") (1733). Philosophic Letters. Republished in: Morley, John; Fleming, William F.; Smollett, Tobias, eds. (1901). The Works of Voltaire: A Contemporary Version. Vol. XXXIX: Short Studies on English and American Topics. New York: E. R. DuMont. p. 209. Retrieved August 4, 2015.

[Pew_Religion_and_Politics-136] "Religious composition of adults in Pennsylvania". Religious Landscape Study. The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. 2017. Archived from the original on October 5, 2017. Retrieved October 5, 2017.

[137] "PRRI – American Values Atlas". ava.prri.org. Archived from the original on February 21, 2019. Retrieved February 7, 2022.

[138] Association of Religion Data Archives (2010). "Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) States (2010)". Association of Statisticians of American Religious Bodies. Archived from the original on August 13, 2021. Retrieved February 4, 2021.

[www.thearda.com-139] "The Association of Religion Data Archives | State Membership Report". www.thearda.com. Archived from the original on July 21, 2015. Retrieved December 5, 2013.

[140] Webb Design Inc. "Amish Country | Ohio | Visitor Information". Visitamishcountry.com. Archived from the original on February 20, 2010. Retrieved July 31, 2010.

[141] Donald B. Kraybill and C. Nelson Hostetter: Anabaptist World USA, Scottdale, PA and Waterloo, Ontario, 2001, pages 200–201.

[142] "Friends General Conference States (2010)—QuickLists—The Association of Religion Data Archives". www.thearda.com. Archived from the original on October 29, 2016. Retrieved October 28, 2016.

[GDPByState-143] "GDP by State". GDP by State | U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). Bureau of Economic Analysis. Retrieved April 10, 2022.

[144] "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". www.imf.org. Archived from the original on January 31, 2018. Retrieved January 4, 2018.

[stategdp-145] "Regional Economic Accounts" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on May 1, 2019. Retrieved January 4, 2018.

[146] "Pennsylvania’s Unemployment Rate At 3.4% In January As Total Nonfarm Jobs Sets New Record High For Sixth Straight Month", Pennsylvania Press Room, March 8, 2024

[147] "Appeals court races wrap up with focus on voter mobilization". Archived from the original on January 13, 2005. Retrieved September 1, 2006.

[148] "23 PA Companies Make Fortune 500 List For 2023", Patch, June 6, 2023.

[F500-149] "Fortune 500". CNN. April 30, 2007. Archived from the original on August 22, 2010. Retrieved July 31, 2010.

[150] "Philadelphia stock exchange". Phlx.com. July 23, 2010. Archived from the original on June 3, 2009. Retrieved July 31, 2010.

[151] "Eastern Pennsylvania: Epicenter of Growth". Inbound Logistics. September 20, 2016. Retrieved January 4, 2023.

[152] "Pennsylvania Top 50 Employers" (PDF). Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. March 28, 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 7, 2011. Retrieved July 2, 2011.

[153] "Pa. ranks No. 1 in many things. Not all are good.", PennLive, February 13, 2018

[ag-154] "Agricultural Census 2002" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 14, 2008.

[155] "What is PA Preferred? Just a pretty logo or a way to build a brand?". The Patriot-News. January 8, 2014. Archived from the original on February 24, 2015. Retrieved February 23, 2015.

[156] "Agribusiness". CIDEP—Investment Attraction & Business Leads Generation. Archived from the original on September 10, 2014. Retrieved October 7, 2014.

[bizjournal-157] "Rendell signs film production tax credit law". Philadelphia Business Journal. July 21, 2004. Archived from the original on September 3, 2004. Retrieved January 30, 2016.

[158] "Casino table games in budget debate? Rendell won't say no, but stresses revenue wouldn't make a dent in deficit". June 19, 2009.

[159] Molter, Michael (November 20, 2023). "Taxes From Pennsylvania Sports Betting Crosses $500 Million". LegalSportsBetting.com. Retrieved November 20, 2023.

[jenkinslaw-160] Jenkins Law Library. "23 Pennsylvania Law Weekly 324 (March 27, 2000)". Jenkinslaw.org. Archived from the original on January 13, 2010. Retrieved July 31, 2010.

[161] J. Pomante II, Michael; Li, Quan (December 15, 2020). "Cost of Voting in the American States: 2020". Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy. 19 (4): 503–509. doi:10.1089/elj.2020.0666. ISSN 1533-1296. S2CID 225139517.

[162] "Pennsylvania State Executive Offices Archived September 14, 2016, at the Wayback Machine", Ballotpedia, retrieved January 23, 2019.

[163] "Pennsylvania State Archives". Phmc.state.pa.us. Archived from the original on September 14, 2010. Retrieved July 31, 2010.

[164] Officers of the State Senate, PA State Senate. Retrieved June 7, 2023

[165] Officers of the State House, PA State House of Representatives. Retrieved June 7, 2023

[166] 2023 State and Legislative Partisan Competition, National Conference of State Legislatures

[courts-167] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Judicial districts". Aopc.org. Archived from the original on July 20, 2010. Retrieved July 31, 2010.

[PA_Manual_6-3-168] The Pennsylvania Manual, p. 6-3.

[PA_Manual_6-5-169] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Pennsylvania Manual, p. 6-5.

[170] The Pennsylvania Manual, p. 6-46.

[171] "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places in Pennsylvania". Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau. 2010. Archived from the original (XLS) on July 9, 2011. Retrieved July 4, 2010.

[PA_Manual_6-6-172] The Pennsylvania Manual, p. 6-6.

[173] The Pennsylvania Manual, p. 6-22.

[174] Title 302, Pennsylvania Code, Section 23.1–101.

[Tax_Foundation-175] "Pennsylvania Tax Rates & Rankings | PA State Taxes". Tax Foundation. Retrieved September 28, 2020.

[176] "Shale tax comes up dry for 3d year". July 3, 2011. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved September 19, 2011.

[177] "Gov Rendell says all of Pennsylvania's transit agencies will get I-80 toll $s". TOLLROADSnews. January 6, 2010. Archived from the original on April 5, 2012. Retrieved September 19, 2011.

[178] "PA Department of Revenue Homepage". Pennsylvania Department of Revenue. Archived from the original on May 15, 2008.

[179] "Personal Income Tax". Portal.state.pa.us. Archived from the original on November 25, 2009. Retrieved July 31, 2010.

[180] "Local Income Tax Information". PA Department of Community & Economic Development. Archived from the original on December 1, 2016. Retrieved November 30, 2016.

[181] "Department of Revenue". City of Philadelphia. Archived from the original on December 1, 2016. Retrieved November 30, 2016.

[182] "Taking a Closer Look at Government: Pennsylvania's Local Taxation "System"". issuespa.org. Archived from the original on December 1, 2016. Retrieved November 30, 2016.

[183] "Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Voter Registration Statistics — Official June 26, 2024". Pennsylvania Department of State.

[184] "Donald Trump becomes 1st Republican to win Pennsylvania since 1988". LancasterOnline. Associated Press. Archived from the original on November 12, 2016. Retrieved November 13, 2016.

[185] "List of State Electoral Votes For The 2024 Election". state.1keydata.com. Retrieved February 6, 2023.

[186] "State by State". Death Penalty Information Center. Retrieved April 12, 2023.

[187] "Pennsylvania's Members of Congress & Congressional District Map". Archived from the original on March 25, 2013. Retrieved February 11, 2013.

[188] "Pennsylvania Department of Education (PDE)". Archived from the original on December 2, 2009. Retrieved December 4, 2009.

[189] "Cohort Graduation Rate". Pennsylvania Department of Education. Archived from the original on February 1, 2016. Retrieved October 6, 2016.

[190] "National Center for Education Statistics (NCES)". Archived from the original on January 16, 2011. Retrieved December 4, 2009.

[191] 'NCES'.

[192] Pennsylvania Department of Education: Home Education and Private Tutoring, Retrieved December 4, 2009. Archived November 5, 2009, at the Wayback Machine

[193] "Best National University Rankings". U.S. News & World Report. January 1, 2022. Retrieved April 27, 2022.

[194] Knox, Liam (July 12, 2023). "Fighting for Scraps in Pennsylvania". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved July 12, 2023.

[195] Williams, Stephen (September 12, 2024). "Pa. ranked 2nd among nation's top destinations for freshman out-of-state college students, survey says". WHYY (NPR/PBS). Retrieved September 12, 2024.

[196] King, Brendan (September 5, 2024). "Wall Street Journal ranks Pennsylvania colleges third in the nation". WPMT Fox43. Retrieved September 5, 2024.

[197] "Quick Facts". Retrieved August 13, 2020.

[pafa.org-198] "History of the School". pafa.org. Archived from the original on June 15, 2011. Retrieved April 8, 2011.

[usciences.edu-199] "About—University of the Sciences". usciences.edu. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved April 8, 2011.

[200] "Rollercoaster Database: Steel Force (Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom)". Retrieved July 10, 2008.

[201] "Philadelphia Zoo". Retrieved February 12, 2020.

[202] "Houdini Harry Houdini attractions magic Scranton Poconos Pocono birthday party show seance School Assembly Programs birthday". Houdini.org. Archived from the original on July 24, 2010. Retrieved July 31, 2010.

[203] "Largest 10 day free music festival". Musikfest. Retrieved May 26, 2012.

[blackbear-204] Reilly, P. (November 15, 2007). "Bear facts favor Pennsylvania State remains home to North America's biggest black bears". Intelligencer Journal. Archived from the original on November 16, 2007. Retrieved December 6, 2007.

[PennDOT_fact_10-205] "Pennsylvania Department of Transportation Fact Book", p. 10.

[PennDOT_fact_7-206] "Pennsylvania Department of Transportation Fact Book", p. 7.

[207] "2010 Public Transportation Fact Book", p. 8.

[PhiladelphiaAmtrak-208] "FY 2018 Company Profile" (PDF). www.amtrak.com. Retrieved April 18, 2019.

[209] Waterborne Commerce Statistics Center, p. 5-4.

[210] Santoni, Matthew (September 14, 2010). "Corps shuts Highland Park lock for two weeks of repairs". Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. Trib Total Media. Archived from the original on September 8, 2012. Retrieved September 14, 2010.

[Harry's_Obit-211] "New York Times, "Harry Olivieri, 90, Co-Inventor of Cheese Steak in Philadelphia, Dies" July 22, 2006 retrieved July 25, 2006". The New York Times. July 22, 2006. Retrieved May 21, 2010.

[212] "Pa. knack for snacks a Farm Show feature—Pittsburgh Tribune-Review". Pittsburghlive.com. January 11, 2008. Archived from the original on November 8, 2009. Retrieved July 31, 2010.

[213] "Chocolate Bunnies". The Southeast Missourian. Associated Press. April 1, 1996. Archived from the original on April 20, 2020. Retrieved October 7, 2014.

[214] "Company History: Auntie Anne's Pretzels". Auntie Anne's. Archived from the original on January 23, 2009. Retrieved February 6, 2009.

[215] "Philly: the best sports city in America", The Stanford Daily, April 26, 2018

[216] "JJ Redick calls Philly 'the greatest sports town in America", Philly Voice, July 13, 2022

[217] Bratton, Chris (October 8, 2018). "Penn FC to go on hiatus in 2019, join new USL third division league in 2020". Brotherly Game. Archived from the original on November 30, 2018. Retrieved November 29, 2018.

[LittleLeagueChronology-218] "Little League Chronology". LittleLeague.org. Archived from the original on June 29, 2016. Retrieved August 10, 2016.

[219] "X Games History—part 2". Skateboard.about.com. June 17, 2010. Archived from the original on July 7, 2011. Retrieved July 31, 2010.

[220] "Panther History—Pitt Football 2006" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 25, 2011. Retrieved July 7, 2011.

[221] "Recognized National Championships by Team". Cfbdatawarehouse.com. Archived from the original on September 20, 2010. Retrieved July 31, 2010.

[autogenerated1-222] "PHMC: State Symbols". Archived from the original on May 4, 2009. Retrieved August 16, 2006.

[223] "Lancaster rifle". Archived from the original on April 3, 2015. Retrieved August 28, 2006.

[224] "PHMC: Agriculture in Pennsylvania". Archived from the original on July 3, 2009. Retrieved August 28, 2006.

[225] "The State of Pennsylvania—An Introduction the Keystone State". Netstate.Com. Archived from the original on March 23, 2016. Retrieved July 31, 2010.

[226] URBAN, BOB. "Talking Pennsylvanian | Times News Online". www.tnonline.com. Retrieved August 13, 2023.

[227] "The Quaker Province 1681-1776" (PDF). Department of General Services. Archived from the original on March 25, 2009.

[228] "The Quaker Province 1681–1776". Archived from the original on June 1, 2009. Retrieved August 16, 2006.

[229] Samuel, Bill. "William Penn, Quaker". Quakerinfo.com. Archived from the original on December 13, 2010. Retrieved July 31, 2010.

[230] "Frame of Government". Yale.edu. Archived from the original on June 17, 2010. Retrieved July 31, 2010.

[231] "Pennsylvania Matanzas". U.S.-Cuba Sister Cities Association. Archived from the original on October 17, 2007. Retrieved October 27, 2007.

[1]

[2]

[a]

[4]

[3]

[5]

[6]

[b]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[c]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65]

[66]

[67]

[68]

[69]

[70]

[71]

[72]

[73]

[74]

[75]

[76]

[77]

[78]

[79]

[80]

[81]

[82]

[83]

[84]

[85]

[86]

[87]

[88]

[89]

[90]

[91]

[92]

[93]

[94]

[95]

[96]

[97]

v t e Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
Harrisburg (capital)
Topics	Outline Delegations Government History Geography Geology Law Notable Pennsylvanians State parks Symbols Tourist attractions
Society	Abortion Agriculture Climate change Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Gambling LGBT rights Politics Sports
Metro areas	Altoona Erie Harrisburg–Carlisle Harrisburg–York–Lebanon Johnstown Lancaster Lebanon Lehigh Valley New York Philadelphia Pittsburgh Reading Scranton‑Wilkes-Barre State College Washington-Baltimore Williamsport York-Hanover
Largest cities	Allentown Altoona Bethlehem Butler Chester DuBois Easton Erie Greensburg Harrisburg Hazleton Johnstown Lancaster Lebanon McKeesport New Castle Philadelphia Pittsburgh Pottsville Reading Scranton Sunbury Wilkes-Barre Williamsport York
Largest municipalities	Abington Township Bensalem Township Bethel Park Bristol Township Cheltenham Township Cranberry Township Darby Falls Township Hampden Township Haverford Township Hempfield Township Lower Macungie Township Lower Makefield Township Lower Merion Township Lower Paxton Township Manheim Township McCandless Middletown Township Millcreek Township Monroeville Mt. Lebanon Norristown Northampton Township North Huntingdon Township Penn Hills Radnor Township Ridley Township Ross Township Shaler Township Spring Township State College Tredyffrin Township Upper Darby Township Upper Merion Township Warminster Township West Chester Whitehall Township York Township
Regions	Allegheny Mountains Allegheny National Forest Allegheny Plateau Bald Eagle Valley Blue Ridge Coal Region Cumberland Valley Delaware Valley Dutch Country Endless Mountains Great Valley Happy Valley Laurel Highlands Lebanon Valley Lehigh Valley Mahoning Valley Main Line Nittany Valley Northeastern Northern Tier North Central North Penn Valley Ohio Valley Oil Region Oley Valley Pennsylvania Highlands Pennsylvania Wilds Penns Valley Piedmont Pocono Mountains Ridge and Valley South Central Susquehanna Valley Western Wyoming Valley
Counties	Adams Allegheny Armstrong Beaver Bedford Berks Blair Bradford Bucks Butler Cambria Cameron Carbon Centre Chester Clarion Clearfield Clinton Columbia Crawford Cumberland Dauphin Delaware Elk Erie Fayette Forest Franklin Fulton Greene Huntingdon Indiana Jefferson Juniata Lackawanna Lancaster Lawrence Lebanon Lehigh Luzerne Lycoming McKean Mercer Mifflin Monroe Montgomery Montour Northampton Northumberland Perry Philadelphia Pike Potter Schuylkill Snyder Somerset Sullivan Susquehanna Tioga Union Venango Warren Washington Wayne Westmoreland Wyoming York
Pennsylvania portal

v t e Northeastern United States
Topics	Culture Geography Government History
States	Connecticut Delaware Maryland Massachusetts New Hampshire New Jersey New York Maine Pennsylvania Rhode Island Vermont
Federal districts	District of Columbia
Major cities	Allentown Alexandria Arlington Baltimore Boston Bridgeport Buffalo Burlington Cambridge Elizabeth Erie Hartford Jersey City Lowell Manchester New Haven New York City Newark Paterson Philadelphia Pittsburgh Portland Providence Quincy Reading Rochester Scranton Springfield Stamford Syracuse Washington, D.C. Waterbury Wilmington Worcester
State capitals	Albany Annapolis Augusta Boston Concord Dover Hartford Harrisburg Montpelier Providence Trenton
See also	Northeast megalopolis

v t e Thirteen Colonies
New England Colonies Middle Colonies Chesapeake Colonies Tobacco Colonies Southern Colonies United Colonies
Virginia (1607–1776) New Hampshire (1629–1641; 1679–1686; 1689–1776) Maryland (1632–1776) Connecticut (1636–1776) Rhode Island (1636–1776) Delaware (1664–1776) New Jersey (1664–1673; 1702–1776) New York (1664–1776) Pennsylvania (1681–1776) Massachusetts Bay (1691–1776) North Carolina (1712–1776) South Carolina (1712–1776) Georgia (1732–1776)
Other British colonial entities in the contemporary United States
Roanoke (1585–1590) Popham (1607–1608) Jamestown (1607–1699) Berkeley Hundred (1619) Plymouth (1620–1686; 1689–1691) Maine (1622–1658) Saint Croix (1625–1650) Carolana (1629–1663) Massachusetts Bay Colony (1629–1686; 1689–1691) Saybrook (1635–1644) New Haven (1638–1664) New England Confederation (1643–1654; 1675–c. 1680) Carolina (1663–1712) Rupert's Land (1670–1811) North-Western Territory (1670–1870) East Jersey (1674–1702) West Jersey (1674–1702) Dominion of New England (1686–1689) Indian Reserve (1763–1783) Quebec (1763–1783) East Florida (1763–1783) West Florida (1763–1783) New Ireland (1779–1783; 1814–1815) Columbia District (1810–1846) Red River Colony (1811–1818) Stickeen Territories (1862–1863) Colony of British Columbia (1863–1866) Colony of British Columbia and Vancouver Island (1866–1871) Province of British Columbia (1871–1903)
Non-British colonial entities in the contemporary United States
Columbian Viceroyalty (1492–1535) New Spain 1521–1821; Spanish Florida, 1565–1763 New Navarre, 1565–1821 Captaincy General of the Philippines, 1565–1898 Captaincy General of Puerto Rico, 1580–1898 Santa Fe de Nuevo México, 1598–1821 Captaincy General of Cuba, 1607–1801 Spanish Saint Croix, 1650–1651 Spanish Texas, 1690–1821 Las Californias, 1767–1804 Spanish Louisiana, 1769–1801 Provincias Internas, 1776–1821 Spanish East Florida, 1783–1821 Spanish West Florida, 1783–1821 Alta California, 1804–1821 New France 1534–1763; French Florida, 1562–1565 Hospitaller Saint Croix, 1651–1665 French Saint Croix, 1665–1733 French Louisiana, 1682–1763 and 1801–1803 New Netherland (1614–1667) Dutch Virgin Islands (1625–1672) New Sweden (1638–1655) Danish West Indies (1672–1917) Brandenburger Saint Thomas (1685–1754) Krabbeninsel (1689–1693) Scottish Darien Company (1698) Russian America (1799–1867)
Related Documents
Discourse Concerning Western Planting (1584) Mayflower Compact (1620) Mourt's Relation (1622) Of Plymouth Plantation (1630–1651) Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1638) Quintipartite Deed (1676)
Category

v t e Political divisions of the United States
List of states and territories
States	Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming
Federal district	Washington, D.C.
Territories	American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
Outlying islands	Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Atoll Navassa Island Palmyra Atoll Wake Island
Indian reservations	List of Indian reservations
International concessions	Guantanamo Bay Pituffik

Authority control databases
International	ISNI VIAF FAST WorldCat
National	Germany United States Japan Czech Republic Spain Portugal Croatia Israel
Geographic	MusicBrainz area
Academics	CiNii
Other	IdRef NARA