Cryptosporidium varanii
| Cryptosporidium varanii | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Clade: | Diaphoretickes |
| Clade: | SAR |
| Clade: | Alveolata |
| Phylum: | Apicomplexa |
| Class: | Conoidasida |
| Order: | Eucoccidiorida |
| Family: | Cryptosporidiidae |
| Genus: | Cryptosporidium |
| Species: | C. varanii
|
| Binomial name | |
| Cryptosporidium varanii Pavlásek, Lávicková, Horák, Král & Král, 1995
| |
Cryptosporidium varanii (syn. C. saurophilum)[1] is a protozoal parasite that infects the gastrointestinal tract of lizards.[2] C. varanii is often shed in the feces, and transmission is primarily via fecal-oral route. Unlike Cryptosporidium serpentis (that predominately infects snakes), C. varanii does not colonize the stomach, but rather the intestines of most infected lizards, such as geckos. An exception to this rule are monitor lizards, as gastric (stomach) lesions have been found in those species. Oocysts of lizard Cryptosporidium are larger than the snake counterpart.[3]
In mammals, most Cryptosporidius infections (cryptosporidiosis) are self-limiting and treatment has been developed for livestock as well as humans.[4] However, in lizards, the infection remains chronic and in most cases, eventually lethal. No proven cure exists for C. varanii, but some drugs may help treat symptoms. Since most lizards are ectothermic, higher temperatures have been correlated with an increased immune response, and may result in subsiding infection.[5]
Cryptosporidium varanii has been primarily documented in captive lizards, although cryptosporidiosis does exist among free-living lizard species.[6] It is among the most common infectious parasites found in zoos and private captive collections due to being extremely contagious in unsanitary conditions with very little (or complete absence thereof) biosecurity protocols. Lizards may ingest infective oocysts found in fecal-contaminated food and water. Facilities that have a high influx of reptiles entering and leaving with poor sanitary conditions, such as pet stores or reptile importation facilities, are particularly vulnerable.
Cryptosporidium varanii has been reported in at least 57 reptilian species, including captive Leopard geckos (Eublepharis macularius).[7][8] It has been suggested that upward of 30 to 50 percent of all captive Leopard geckos are infected with Cryptosporidium.[9]
Several other strains (both identified and unnamed) of Cryptosporidium, such as C. parvum and C. muris have been found in the gastrointestinal tracts of lizards, however the mammal equivalent appears non-infectious in reptilian hosts. Avian associated cryptosporidiosis has been found in Uromastyx spp. and Green iguanas (Iguana iguana) with detrimental effects. C. varanii has not been reported to infect humans or other mammals.
References
[edit]- ^ Pavlasek, Ivan & Ryan, Una. (2008). Cryptosporidium varanii takes precedence over C. saurophilum. Experimental parasitology. 118. 434-7. 10.1016/j.exppara.2007.09.006.
- ^ Genetic Diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. in Captive Reptiles Lihua Xiao, Una M. Ryan, Thaddeus K. Graczyk, Josef Limor, Lixia Li, Mark Kombert, Randy Junge, Irshad M. Sulaiman, Ling Zhou, Michael J. Arrowood, Břetislav Koudela, David Modrý, Altaf A. Lal Applied and Environmental Microbiology Feb 2004, 70 (2) 891-899; DOI: 10.1128/AEM.70.2.891-899.2004
- ^ Genetic Diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. in Captive Reptiles Lihua Xiao, Una M. Ryan, Thaddeus K. Graczyk, Josef Limor, Lixia Li, Mark Kombert, Randy Junge, Irshad M. Sulaiman, Ling Zhou, Michael J. Arrowood, Břetislav Koudela, David Modrý, Altaf A. Lal Applied and Environmental Microbiology Feb 2004, 70 (2) 891-899; DOI: 10.1128/AEM.70.2.891-899.2004
- ^ The Center for Food Security and Public Health. 2018. https://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/cryptosporidiosis.pdf
- ^ Understanding the vertebrate immune system: insights from the reptilian perspective L. M. Zimmerman, L. A. Vogel, R. M. Bowden Journal of Experimental Biology 2010 213: 661-671; doi: 10.1242/jeb.038315
- ^ CRYPTOSPORIDIUM SPP. IN WILD AND CAPTIVE REPTILES Steve J. Upton ; Chris T. McAllister ; Paul S. Freed ; Susan M. Barnard J Wildl Dis (1989) 25 (1): 20–30. https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-25.1.20
- ^ Dellarupe A, Unzaga JM, Moré G, Kienast M, Larsen A, Stiebel C, Rambeaud M, Venturini MC. Cryptosporidium varanii infection in leopard geckos (Eublepharis macularius) in Argentina. Open Vet J. 2016;6(2):98-101. doi: 10.4314/ovj.v6i2.5. Epub 2016 Jun 28. PMID 27419102; PMCID: PMC4935766.
- ^ Cryptosporidium Infection in a colony of Leopard Geckos, Eublepharis macularius. Rob L. Coke, DVM, Timothy E. Tristan. 1998. https://cdn.ymaws.com/members.arav.org/resource/resmgr/Files/Proceedings_1998/1998_38.pdf
- ^ Understanding Reptile Parasites. Roger Klingenberg, DVM. Advanced Vivarium Systems. 2012.