An Act against Plowing by the Tayle, and pulling the Wooll off living Sheep

Act of Parliament
Parliament of Ireland
Long title	An Act against Plowing by the Tayle, and pulling the Wooll off living Sheep.
Citation	10 & 11 Chas. 1. c. 15 (I)
Territorial extent	Ireland
Dates
Royal assent	18 April 1635
Commencement	18 April 1636
Repealed	31 August 1828
Other legislation
Repealed by	Criminal Statutes (Ireland) Repeal Act 1828 (9 Geo. 4. c. 53)
Status: Repealed
Text of statute as originally enacted

A Northern European short-tailed sheep of the type formerly common in Ireland. They moult in summer, and wool can be plucked instead of being sheared.

Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford, who as Lord Deputy of Ireland initiated the Act

An Act against Plowing by the Tayle, and pulling the Wooll off living Sheep (10 & 11 Chas. 1 c. 15 (I)) was an act of the Parliament of Ireland passed in 1635. It was one of the first pieces of legislation to protect the rights of animals. The act was one of several proposed to deal with what the Protestant Ascendancy viewed as the barbarous practices of the Gaelic Irish. The committee for preparing acts (under Poynings' Law) on 26 July 1634 ordered the Attorney General and Solicitor-General to "make a draught of one or more Acts to be passed for restraining the barbaric custom of plowing by the tail, of pulling the wool off living sheep, of burning corn in the straw, of barking of standing trees, of cutting young trees by stealth, of forcing cows to give milk, and of building houses without chimneys". One other act arose from this order: "An Act to Prevent the unprofitable Custom of Burning of Corne in the Straw" (10 & 11 Chas. 1 c. 17 (I)).

Ploughing by the tail

Especially in Ulster, the practice was to attach a short plough to a horse's tail. The simple plough was cheaper than one attached with a harness. The horse would stop in pain when the plough hit a rock, which made rocks less likely to damage the plough. In 1606, an order in council prohibited the practice, with a fine of a garron. (The order was by royal prerogative: an "act of state" rather than an "act of Parliament".) The order was not enforced, and in 1612 Arthur Chichester, the Lord Deputy, mandated instead a fine of 10 shillings, selling a monopoly patent for £100 per year to Sir William Udale to collect the fines. Udale earned £870 the first year. Administrators complained that Udale was charging only 2s6d, so that the fine served as a fee rather than a deterrent. In 1614 the Dublin Castle administration suggested the fines should be used to pay for better ploughs, or replaced with corporal punishment. Nevertheless, Udale's patent was renewed in 1623. Several petitioners from Ulster asked for the order's revocation.

Enforcement and repeal

A bill to suspend the 1635 act for ten years was transmitted and approved by Charles I in 1641, but never enacted as the 1641 Rebellion began a period of disruption. The 1635 act's repeal was demanded in 1646 by the Confederates in negotiations with Lord Deputy Ormonde. It was finally repealed in 1828 by one of Peel's Acts for restating and consolidating laws, the Criminal Statutes (Ireland) Repeal Act 1828 (9 Geo. 4. c. 53). British Whig writers of the 1830s alleged that ploughing by the tail was still practised in the West of Ireland at that time. Such claims were denied by Irish nationalists as propaganda.

References

Sources

Primary

• Statutes Passed in the Parliaments Held in Ireland. Vol. 1: 1310-1662. George Grierson. 1794. pp. 301–302, 304–305. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
• The Journals of the House of Commons of the Kingdom of Ireland [JHCI] (PDF). Vol. 1. 1753. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
• Report of Commissioners: Patent Roll, 16 James I. part iii. f.; reprinted in Jervis-White-Jervis, Henry (1868). "The Rebellion of 1641". Ireland Under British Rule. Chapman and Hall. p. 160, fn.1. Retrieved 18 July 2017.

Secondary

• Bagwell, Richard (1909). Ireland under the Stuarts and during the interregnum. Vol. 1: 1603–1642. London: Longmans, Green. pp. 124–125. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
• Beirne, Piers (16 July 2009). "Against cruelty? Understanding the Act Against Plowing by the Tayle (Ireland, 1635)". Confronting Animal Abuse: Law, Criminology, and Human-Animal Relationships. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 21–68. ISBN 9780742599741. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
• Blenkinsop, Adam; Gregory, William Henry (1847). Paddiana: Or, Scraps and Sketches of Irish Life, Present and Past. R. Bentley. pp. 245–251. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
• Ferguson, James F. (August 1855). "The "Short Ploughs" of the North of Ireland". The Gentleman's Magazine and Historical Review. Bradbury, Evans: 136–140. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
• Philp, Robert Kemp (1866). The History of Progress in Great Britain. London: Houlston and Wright. pp. 88–90. ISBN 9781445531168. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
• Pinkerton, W. (1858). "Ploughing by the Horse's Tail". Ulster Journal of Archaeology. First Series, Vol. 6: 212–221. JSTOR 20608875. Retrieved 18 July 2017.

Further reading

• Evans, Estyn E. (1976). "Some problems of Irish ethnology: the example of ploughing by the tail". In Danaher, Kevin (ed.). Folk & Farm: essays in honour of A. T. Lucas. Dublin: Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland. pp. 30–39.
• Lucas, Anthony T. (1973–74). "Irish ploughing practices part 2". Tools and Tillage. 2 (2): 67–83.