Conversion to Islam in prisons
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Conversion to Islam in prisons refers to the modern phenomenon seen in the Western world of a statistically high incidence of incarcerated criminal non-Muslims converting to Islam while in the prison system. In the decade preceding 2014, the number of conversions to Islam among prisoners in Western countries outpaced all other religions,[1] with the overall imprisoned Muslim population (jailhouse converts to Islam plus inmates who entered the prison system as Muslims) growing as a result.
Although many prisoners find religion during their time in custody, the phenomenon of conversion to Islam in prisons is of particular discussion among academics, government and social services.
Background
[edit] | This section may contain material not related to the topic of the article. (May 2019) |
Australia
[edit]While there is concern amongst state and prison officials of the risk of fast-paced conversion turning into radical Islam, the situation remains much more complicated. For many prisoners, the discovery of religion, Islam in particular provides a coping mechanism.[2]
UK
[edit]There are instances in which conversion results in extremist or radical interpretations of Islam. Many prison and state authorities believe prisons are fueling "concerns about the rising threat of [non-Muslim] criminals being brought under the influence" to commit their predisposed acts of violence in the name of a cause—in this case, Islam—endangering the general non-Muslim population.[failed verification] British "[m]inisters have announced plans to create specialist units within jails to tackle what a government-ordered review last year [in 2016] concluded was a 'growing problem'".[3]
Growth and impact of prison conversions
[edit]In some regions, a significant proportion of the growth of the Muslim population through conversion (i.e., growth which is neither the result of Muslim immigration nor natural Muslim birth rates) has been attributed to prison conversions specifically, rather than conversions of persons from the general non-incarcerated population. In the United Kingdom, for instance, the country's total Muslim population exceeded over 3 million in 2016,[4] though that constituted only around 4.8% of the general UK population. Nevertheless, the proportion of UK prisoners who were Muslims in 2016 was 15%.[5] Some of this can be explained by the increasing number of foreign national prisoners in UK jails. In 2013, a Ministry of Justice analysis suggested that a significant number of Muslim prisoners weren't British, but were from overseas countries that were predominately Muslim such as Pakistan and Somalia.[6] As of 2021, Albanians, who are mostly Muslims, form the largest group of foreign nationals in UK prisons.[7]
Of the millions of Muslims in the general UK population in 2011, only 5,000 were persons who converted to Islam that year. Yet in that same year "[a]round 30% of Muslim inmates are converts [to Islam...] and many of those are, according to previous Home Office research, from black" ethnic backgrounds. In 1999, it was found that in the United Kingdom "37% of Muslim male prisoners were black Muslims compared with 7% [Black Muslims] in the wider (British Muslim) population," with most Black Muslim inmates being converts to Islam. Meanwhile, "less than 1% of [British] Black Caribbeans are Muslims generally, in jail the figure is almost 19%."[8] However, the majority of Muslim prisoners in UK jails are immigrants from Asia, the Middle East and North Africa, an increasing number of Muslim inmates are converts to Islam..[9]
According to a 2019 Ministry of Justice report, some non-Muslim prisoners were being put under pressure to convert to Islam, with threats of violence.[10]
Australia
[edit]Muslims are over-represented in Australian prisons, with increasing numbers of inmates undergoing jailhouse conversions.[11]
In 2015, within Victoria and NSW, 8 per cent and 9 per cent of the respective prison populations identify as Muslim, compared with 2.2 per cent and 3 per cent of the general populations. Prison employees, who spoke confidentially to The Weekend Australian, say they are seeing increasing numbers of white and Aboriginal prisoners converting to Islam in jail.[11]
In April 2017, it was reported that most inmates in NSW's Supermax Prison (High Risk Management Correctional Centre) were Muslim, with only a handful of non-Muslims. Located 195km southwest of Sydney, the prison is often referred to as "Super mosque". Of the Muslim inmates in Supermax, those serving sentences for non-terrorism related violent criminal offences (including murder, etc) are largely inmates "who converted to Islam behind bars". The Australian reported that "Islam has become an obsession for the violent inmates [...] inside Supermax".[12] In 2017, ABC News reported that some inmates in NSW's jails were forcing other prisoners to convert to Islam against their will.[13]
In 2018, various Australian academics and experts claimed that prison conversions can have a positive influence, giving inmates structure, hope and a path to rehabilitation.[14]
France
[edit]In France, where ethnic and religious statistics are forbidden, prison administration confirmed that 25.8% of all prisoners asked for "special measures" during Ramadan in 2017. According to estimates, based on country of origin of migrants in France, around 9% of the general population is from an Islamic background.[1][15][16]
United Kingdom
[edit]According to "Muslim Prisoners' Experiences" report by Chief Inspector of Prisons, Dame Anne Owers, conversion to Islam in prisons in the United Kingdom is attributed to converts seeking "support and protection in a group with a powerful identity" and "perceptions of material advantages of identifying as Muslim" in prison, including perks or "material benefits" available only to Muslims "such as more time out of their cell and better food during Ramadan if they become Muslim".[17]
United States
[edit]Conversion to Islam in US prisons started with Black supremacy organizations such as the Nation of Islam and 5 Percenters.[18] In the years between 2001 and 2014 a study estimated that a quarter of a million U.S. convicts converted to Islam in the U.S. prison system,[1] making prison converts to Islam from those years account for a significant proportion of all Muslims in the United States overall.
In 2011, Pew Research Center data estimated that Muslims made up 9% of the 1,598,780 United States inmates in state and federal prisons despite Muslims being only 0.8% of the general U.S. population in the year prior.[19]
Muslims prisoners have been characterized as a danger or threat for radicalization in the media.[20] For example, Indiana State University professor Mark Hamm stated in an interview with Fox News, "it is not the sheer number of prisoners following extremist interpretations of religious doctrines that poses a threat, rather, it is the potential for the single individual to become radicalized."[21] Conversely, according to the National Institue of Corrections, despite the fact of there being over 350,000 Muslim inmates in the United States, there is little evidence indicating widespread radicalization or foreign recruitment. In addition, the positive aspects of conversion are often overlooked, such as supporting inmate rehabilitation. [20][better source needed]
See also
[edit]- Christian Identity interpretations of Christianity among some prison gangs in Western countries.
- Prison gang
- Islamist radicalization in European prisons
References
[edit]- ^ a b c Ahmed, Tanveer (November 8, 2014). "Risks of Islamic converts in prison".
- ^ Knaus, Christopher; Gillani, Noor (2018-01-05). "'There's a lot of repenting': why Australian prisoners are converting to Islam". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2018-01-05. Retrieved 2018-01-06.
- ^ "London terror attacker Khalid Masood 'converted in jail'". stuff.co.nz. 25 March 2017. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- ^ "In 2016, UK Muslim Population Is More Than 3M, Expected To Rise With More Asylum-Seekers". Ibtimes.com. 1 February 2016. Archived from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 25 March 2017.
- ^ "Prison Population Statistics" (PDF). Researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-03-29. Retrieved 2017-03-25.
- ^ Shaw, Danny (11 March 2015). "Why the surge in Muslim prisoners?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 22 April 2022. Retrieved 22 April 2022.
- ^ "Government strikes deal to remove more Albanian prisoners". GOV.UK. 26 July 2021. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 22 April 2022.
- ^ Easton, Mark. "Mark Easton's UK: Islam prison conversions". Bbc.co.uk. BBC. Archived from the original on 2019-07-10. Retrieved 2019-12-20.
- ^ Kern, Soeren (2 August 2013). "Britain: Muslim Prison Population Up 200%". Gatestone Institute. Archived from the original on 26 May 2022. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
- ^ Ford, Richard (7 June 2019). "Muslim gangs 'beat prisoners' who will not convert to Islam". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Archived from the original on 29 June 2022. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
- ^ a b "Muslim jailhouse converts on the rise". The Australian. 19 June 2015. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
- ^ "Inside Australia's 'Super mosque' where radical Muslim terrorists share extremist beliefs". NewsComAu. April 1, 2017. Archived from the original on July 13, 2021. Retrieved July 13, 2021.
- ^ Sutton, Candace (30 June 2017). "Jailhouse jihad: Violent inmates forcing prison conversions to Islam". Archived from the original on 24 July 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
- ^ Christopher Knaus, Noor Gillani (5 January 2018). "'There's a lot of repenting': why Australian prisoners are converting to Islam". the Guardian. Archived from the original on 23 April 2022. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
- ^ Pezet, Jacques (2019-10-26). "Y a-t-il 25 % ou 70 % de prisonniers musulmans en France ?". Libération. Archived from the original on 2021-05-07. Retrieved 2021-04-08.
- ^ Leboucq, Fabien (2018-06-15). "Bill Clinton a déclaré qu'en France 10% de la population était musulmane et née dans un autre pays. Est-ce vrai ?". Libération. Archived from the original on 2021-05-12. Retrieved 2021-04-08.
- ^ "Prisoners converting to Islam for 'perks'". Telegraph.co.uk. 8 June 2010. Archived from the original on 2022-01-12. Retrieved 2017-03-25.
- ^ Spearlt (2013-01-25). "Facts and Fictions about Islam in Prison: Assessing Prisoner Radicalization in Post-9/11 America". Institute for Social Policy and Understanding (ISPU). Retrieved 2020-07-08.
- ^ "What is going wrong in France's prisons?". www.telegraph.co.uk. 17 January 2015. Archived from the original on 2018-02-24. Retrieved 2018-04-05.
- ^ a b Spearlt (2013-01-25). "Facts and Fictions about Islam in Prison: Assessing Prisoner Radicalization in Post-9/11 America". Institute for Social Policy and Understanding (ISPU). Archived from the original on 2020-07-10. Retrieved 2020-07-08.
- ^ "Ripe for radicalization: Federal prisons 'breeding ground' for terrorists, say experts". Foxnews.com. 5 January 2016. Archived from the original on 24 March 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2017.