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Cobalt compounds

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Cobalt compounds are chemical compounds formed by cobalt with other elements.

Inorganic compounds

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Halides

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Magenta coloured CoCl2·6H2O

Many halides of cobalt(II) are known.e cobalt(II) fluoride (CoF2) which is a pink solid, cobalt(II) chloride (CoCl2) which is a blue solid, cobalt(II) bromide (CoBr2) which is a green solid, and cobalt(II) iodide (CoI2) which is a blue-black solid. In addition to the anhydrous forms, these cobalt halides also have hydrates. Anhydrous cobalt(II) chloride is blue, while the hexahydrate is magenta in colour. [1] Because the color change of cobalt(II) chloride in different hydrates, it can be used to manufacture color-changing silica gel.

Anhydrous cobalt halides react with nitric oxide at 70~120 °C to generate [Co(NO)2X]2 (X = Cl, Br or I). The complex of cobalt halides and triethylphosphine ((C2H5)3P) can absorb nitric monoxide in benzene to form the diamagnetic material Co(NO)X2(P(C2H5)3)[2]

In the reaction Co3+
 + e− → Co2+
, the potential is +1.92 V, which is higher than that of Cl2 to Cl− (+1.36 V). Therefore, the interaction of Co3+ with Cl− produces Co2+ and releases chlorine gas. The potential from F2 to F− is as high as +2.87 V, and cobalt(III) fluoride (CoF3) can exist stably. It is a fluorinated reagent and reacts violently with water.[3]

Oxides and hydroxides

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Cobalt(II,III) oxide

Cobalt can form various oxides, such as CoO, Co2O3 and Co3O4. Co3O4, at 950 °C, decomposes to CoO.[4]

Soluble cobalt salts react with sodium hydroxide to obtain cobalt(II) hydroxide (Co(OH)2):[5]

Co(NO3)2 + 2 NaOH → Co(OH)2↓ + 2 NaNO3

Cobalt(II) hydroxide can be oxidized to the Co(III) compound CoO(OH) under alkaline conditions.

Pnictogenides

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Cobalt(II) nitrate hexahydrate

Cobalt powder reacts with ammonia to form two kinds of nitrides, Co2N and Co3N. Cobalt reacts with phosphorus or arsenic to form Co2P, CoP,[2] CoP2,[6] CoAs2 and other substances.[2] The former three compounds are of interest as catalysts for water electrolysis.[6][7][8]

Cobalt(II) azide (Co(N3)2) is another binary compound of cobalt and nitrogen that can explode when heated. Cobalt(II) and azide can form Co(N
3)2−
4 complexes.[9] Cobalt pentazolide Co(N5)2 was discovered in 2017, and it exists in the form of the hydrate [Co(H2O)4(N5)2]·4H2O. It decomposes at 50~145 °C to form cobalt(II) azide, becoming anhydrous and releasing nitrogen, and exploding when heated further. This compound can be obtained by reacting (N5)6(H3O)3(NH4)4Cl[10] or Na(H2O)(N5)]·2H2O[11] and [Co(H2O)6](NO3)2 at room temperature. Hydrogen bonding of water stabilizes this molecule.[11]

Cobalt can easily react with nitric acid to form cobalt(II) nitrate Co(NO3)2. Cobalt(II) nitrate exists in the anhydrous form and the hydrate form, of which the hexahydrate is the most common. Cobalt nitrate hexahydrate (Co(NO3)2·6H2O) is a red deliquescence crystal that is easily soluble in water,[12] and its molecule contains cobalt(II) hydrated ions ([Co(H2O)6]2+) and free nitrate ions.[13] It can be obtained by precipitation from solution.

Coordination compounds

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As for all metals, molecular compounds and polyatomic ions of cobalt are classified as coordination complexes, that is, molecules or ions that contain cobalt linked to one or more ligands. These can be combinations of a potentially infinite variety of molecules and ions, such as:

  • water H
    2    O    , as in the cation hexaaquocobalt(II) [Co(H
    2    O)
    6    ]2+
    . This pink-colored complex is the predominant cation in solid cobalt sulfate CoSO
    4    ·(H
    2    O)    x, with x = 6 or 7, as well as in water solutions thereof.
  • ammonia NH
    3    , as in cis-diaquotetraamminecobalt(III) [Co(NH
    3    )
    4    (H
    2    O)
    2    ]3+
    , in hexol [Co(Co(NH
    3    )
    4    (HO)
    2    )
    3    ]6−
    , in [Co(NO
    2    )
    4    (NH
    3    )
    2    ]−
     (the anion of Erdmann's salt),[14] and in [Co(NH
    3    )
    5    (CO
    3    )]−
    .[14]
  • carbonate [CO
    3    ]2−
    , as in the green triscarbonatocobaltate(III) [Co(CO
    3    )
    3    ]3−
     anion.[15][14][16]
  • nitrite [NO
    2    ]−
     as in [Co(NO
    2    )
    4    (NH
    3    )
    2    ]−
    .[14]
  • hydroxide [HO]−
    , as in hexol.
  • chloride [Cl]−
    , as in tetrachloridocobaltate(II) CoCl
    4    ]2−
    .
  • bicarbonate [HCO
    3    ]−
    , as in [Co(CO
    3    )
    2    (HCO
    3    )(H
    2    O)]3−
    .[14]
  • oxalate [C
    2    O
    4    ]2−
    , as in trisoxalatocobaltate(III) [Co(C
    2    O
    4    )3−
    3]    .[14]

These attached groups affect the stability of oxidation states of the cobalt atoms, according to general principles of electronegativity and of the hardness–softness. For example, Co3+ complexes tend to have ammine ligands. Because phosphorus is softer than nitrogen, phosphine ligands tend to feature the softer Co2+ and Co+, an example being tris(triphenylphosphine)cobalt(I) chloride (P(C
6H
5)
3)
3CoCl). The more electronegative (and harder) oxide and fluoride can stabilize Co4+ and Co5+ derivatives, e.g. caesium hexafluorocobaltate(IV) (Cs2CoF6) and potassium percobaltate (K3CoO4).[17]

Alfred Werner, a Nobel-prize winning pioneer in coordination chemistry, worked with compounds of empirical formula [Co(NH
3)
6]3+
. One of the isomers determined was cobalt(III) hexammine chloride. This coordination complex, a typical Werner-type complex, consists of a central cobalt atom coordinated by six ammine orthogonal ligands and three chloride counteranions. Using chelating ethylenediamine ligands in place of ammonia gives tris(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III) ([Co(en)
3]3+
), which was one of the first coordination complexes to be resolved into optical isomers. The complex exists in the right- and left-handed forms of a "three-bladed propeller". This complex was first isolated by Werner as yellow-gold needle-like crystals.[18][19]

Organic compounds

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Main article: Organocobalt chemistry
Structure of Vitamin B12

Vitamin B12 is a cobalt-centered organic biomolecule, soluble in water, and involved in the methylation and synthesis of nucleic acid and neurotransmitter.[20] The main source is the offal or meat of herbivorous animals.[21]

Dicobalt octacarbonyl (Co2(CO)8) is an orange-red crystal with two isomers in solution:[22]

It reacts with hydrogen or sodium to form HCo(CO)4 or NaCo(CO)4. It is a catalyst in carbonylation and hydrosilylation reactions.[23]

Cobaltocene (Co(C5H5)2) is a cyclopentadiene complex of cobalt. It has 19 valence electrons and is easily oxidized to Co(C
5H
5)+
2 with a stable structure of 18 electrons by reaction.[24] It is a structural analog to ferrocene, with cobalt in place of iron. Cobaltocene is much more sensitive to oxidation than ferrocene.[25]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 1119–1120. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
  2. ^ a b c 申泮文 等. 无机化学丛书 第九卷 锰分族 铁系 铂系. 科学出版社, 2017. ISBN 9787030305459
  3. ^ Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E.; Wiberg, N. (2007). "Cobalt". Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in German) (102nd ed.). de Gruyter. pp. 1146–1152. ISBN 978-3-11-017770-1.
  4. ^ US 4389339 Archived 2019-07-01 at the Wayback Machine, James, Leonard E.; Crescentini, Lamberto & Fisher, William B., "Process for making a cobalt oxide catalyst"
  5. ^ O. Glemser "Cobalt(II) Hydroxide" in Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Ed. Edited by G. Brauer, Academic Press, 1963, NY. Vol. 1. p. 1521.
  6. ^ a b Jianmei Wang; Zhen Liu; Yiwei Zheng; Liang Cui; Wenrong Yang; Jingquan Liu (19 October 2017) [22 September 2017]. "Recent advances in cobalt phosphide based materials for energy-related applications". Journal of Materials Chemistry A. 5 (44). Royal Society of Chemistry: 22913–22932. doi:10.1039/c7ta08386f.
  7. ^ Popczun, Eric J.; Read, Carlos G.; Roske, Christopher W.; Lewis, Nathan S.; Schaak, Raymond E. (11 April 2014) [May 19, 2014]. "Highly Active Electrocatalysis of the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction by Cobalt Phosphide Nanoparticles". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 53 (21): 5427–5430. doi:10.1002/anie.201402646. PMID 24729482.
  8. ^ Doan-Nguyen, Vicky V. T.; Sen Zhang; Trigg, Edward B.; Agarwal, Rahul; Jing Li; Dong Su; Winey, Karen I.; Murray, Christopher B. (July 14, 2015) [April 13, 2015]. "Synthesis and X‑ray Characterization of Cobalt Phosphide (Co2P) Nanorods for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction" (PDF). ACS Nano. 9 (8): 8108–8115. doi:10.1021/acsnano.5b02191. OSTI 1213384. PMID 26171574.
  9. ^ Senise, Paschoal (1959). "On the Reaction between Cobalt(II) and Azide Ions in Aqueous and Aqueous-organic Solutions1". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 81 (16): 4196–4199. doi:10.1021/ja01525a020.
  10. ^ Zhang, Chong; Yang, Chen; Hu, Bingcheng; Yu, Chuanming; Zheng, Zhansheng; Sun, Chengguo (2017). "A Symmetric Co(N5 )2 (H2 O)4 ⋅4 H2 O High-Nitrogen Compound Formed by Cobalt(II) Cation Trapping of a Cyclo-N5 − Anion". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 56 (16): 4512–4514. doi:10.1002/anie.201701070. PMID 28328154.
  11. ^ a b Xu, Yuangang; Wang, Qian; Shen, Cheng; Lin, Qiuhan; Wang, Pengcheng; Lu, Ming (2017). "A series of energetic metal pentazolate hydrates". Nature. 549 (7670): 78–81. Bibcode:2017Natur.549...78X. doi:10.1038/nature23662. PMID 28847006. S2CID 4459874.
  12. ^ Donaldson, John Dallas; Beyersmann, Detmar (2005). "Cobalt and Cobalt Compounds". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. doi:10.1002/14356007.a07_281.pub2. ISBN 9783527303854.
  13. ^ Prelesnik, P. V.; Gabela, F.; Ribar, B.; Krstanovic, I. (1973). "Hexaaquacobalt(II) nitrate". Cryst. Struct. Commun. 2 (4): 581–583.
  14. ^ a b c d e f McCutcheon, Thomas P.; Schuele, William J. (1953). "Complex Acids of Cobalt and Chromium. The Green Carbonatocobalt(III) Anion*". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 75 (8): 1845–1846. doi:10.1021/ja01104a019.
  15. ^ Bauer, H. F.; Drinkard, W. C. (1960). "A General Synthesis of Cobalt(III) Complexes; A New Intermediate, Na3[Co(CO3)3]·3H2O". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 82 (19): 5031–5032. doi:10.1021/ja01504a004.
  16. ^ Tafesse, Fikru; Aphane, Elias; Mongadi, Elizabeth (2010). "Determination of the structural formula of sodium tris-carbonatocobaltate(III), Na3[Co(CO3)3]·3H2O by thermogravimetry". Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 102: 91–97. doi:10.1007/s10973-009-0606-2. S2CID 97142236.
  17. ^ Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E.; Wiberg, N. (2007). "Cobalt". Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in German) (102nd ed.). de Gruyter. pp. 1146–1152. ISBN 978-3-11-017770-1.
  18. ^ Werner, A. (1912). "Zur Kenntnis des asymmetrischen Kobaltatoms. V". Chemische Berichte. 45: 121–130. doi:10.1002/cber.19120450116.
  19. ^ Gispert, Joan Ribas (2008). "Early Theories of Coordination Chemistry". Coordination chemistry. Wiley. pp. 31–33. ISBN 978-3-527-31802-5. Archived from the original on 2016-05-05. Retrieved 2015-06-27.
  20. ^ Miller, Ariel; Korem, Maya; Almog, Ronit; Galboiz, Yanina (2005). "Vitamin B12, demyelination, remyelination and repair in multiple sclerosis". Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 233 (1–2): 93–97. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2005.03.009. PMID 15896807. S2CID 6269094.
  21. ^ 陈辉．现代营养学．北京：化学工业出版社，2005：76
  22. ^ Sweany, Ray L.; Brown, Theodore L. (1977). "Infrared spectra of matrix-isolated dicobalt octacarbonyl. Evidence for the third isomer". Inorganic Chemistry. 16 (2): 415–421. doi:10.1021/ic50168a037.
  23. ^ Charles M. Starks; Charles Leonard Liotta; Marc Halpern (1994). Phase-transfer catalysis: fundamentals, applications, and industrial perspectives. Springer. pp. 600–. ISBN 978-0-412-04071-9. Retrieved 2011-05-16.
  24. ^ Connelly, Neil G.; Geiger, William E. (1996). "Chemical Redox Agents for Organometallic Chemistry". Chemical Reviews. 96 (2): 877–910. doi:10.1021/cr940053x. PMID 11848774.
  25. ^ James E. House (2008). Inorganic chemistry. Academic Press. pp. 767–. ISBN 978-0-12-356786-4. Retrieved 2011-05-16.
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