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Comair Flight 5191

Coordinates: 38°02′16″N 84°36′55″W / 38.0379°N 84.6154°W / 38.0379; -84.6154
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Comair Flight 5191
The remains of the cockpit of N431CA.
Accident
DateAugust 27, 2006 (2006-08-27)
SummaryTakeoff from wrong runway due to pilot error
SiteBlue Grass Airport, Lexington, Kentucky
38°02′16″N 84°36′55″W / 38.0379°N 84.6154°W / 38.0379; -84.6154
Aircraft
Aircraft typeBombardier CRJ100
OperatorComair dba Delta Connection
IATA flight No.OH5191
ICAO flight No.COM5191
Call signCOMAIR 191
RegistrationN431CA[1]
Flight originBlue Grass Airport, Lexington, Kentucky
DestinationHartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport, Atlanta
Occupants50
Passengers47
Crew3
Fatalities49
Injuries1
Survivors1

Comair Flight 5191 (marketed as Delta Connection Flight 5191 under a codeshare agreement with Delta Air Lines) was a scheduled United States domestic passenger flight from Lexington, Kentucky, to Atlanta, Georgia. On the morning of August 27, 2006, at around 06:07 EDT (10:07 UTC),[2]: 1  the Bombardier Canadair Regional Jet 100ER crashed while attempting to take off from Blue Grass Airport in Fayette County, Kentucky, 4 miles (6.4 km; 3.5 nmi) west of the central business district of the city of Lexington.

The aircraft was assigned the airport's Runway 22 for the takeoff but used Runway 26 instead. Runway 26 was too short for a safe takeoff, causing the aircraft to overrun the end of the runway before it could become airborne. It crashed just past the end of the runway, killing all 47 passengers and two of the three crew. It was the second-deadliest accident involving the CRJ100/200 after China Eastern Airlines Flight 5210 which crashed two years earlier and claimed 55 lives.[3]

The flight's first officer, James Polehinke, was the pilot flying at the time of the accident and was the sole survivor;[4][5][6] however, Captain Jeffrey Clay was responsible for taxiing to the wrong runway.[2] In the National Transportation Safety Board's report on the crash, investigators concluded that the likely cause of the crash was pilot error.[7]

Flight details

[edit]
A CRJ100ER in Comair livery similar to the aircraft involved in the accident.

The flight was marketed under the Delta Air Lines brand as Delta Connection Flight 5191 (DL5191) and was operated by Comair as Flight 5191. It was identified for air-traffic control and flight-tracking purposes as Comair 191 (OH5191/COM5191).

The flight had been scheduled to land at Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport at 7:18 a.m.

The aircraft involved was a 50-seat Bombardier Canadair Regional Jet CRJ100ER, serial number 7472.[8] It was manufactured in Canada and was delivered to the airline on January 30, 2001.[2]: 14–15 

The captain was 35-year old Jeffrey Clay. He had 4,710 flight hours, including 3,082 hours on the CRJ100.[2]: 8–11 

The first officer was 44-year-old James Polehinke. Prior to his employment by Comair, Polehinke worked for Gulfstream International Airlines as a captain. He had 6,564 flight hours, including 940 hours as a captain and 3,564 hours on the CRJ100.[2]: 11–14 

CVR on Comair 5191

[edit]
(^ = Unknown; ** = background sounds)[9]
Source Content
Unknown ^
Captain Throw that bad boy on.
Unknown *^ 2613 have a nice day*
Unknown ^
First Officer Transponder's on, packs on, bleeds closed, cleared for takeoff, runway heading, six grand.
Captain Alright...
First Officer Anti-ice off, lights set, takeoff config's ok, lineup check's completed.
Unknown Sound *thump thump thump thump*
Unknown ^
Captain All yours Jim.
First Officer My brakes, my controls.
Commetary *increasing RPM in the engines*
Unknown Sound *thump*
First Officer Set thrust, please.
Captain Thrust set.
First Officer That's weird... with no lights.
Captain Yeah...
Captain One hundred knots.
First Officer Checks.
Captain V1, Rotate!
Captain Woah!!!
Captain FUCK!
First Officer ^
GPWS (Ground Proximity Warning System) *stall warning*
Captain FUCK!!!
Unknown ^
End of recording

Accident

[edit]
Approximate paths at Blue Grass Airport (pictured before airport construction had completed weeks before the crash)
  Desired path via Runway 22
  Actual path via Runway 26, ending at approximate crash site.
X marks the closed taxiway

Analysis of the cockpit voice recorder (CVR) indicated that the aircraft was cleared for takeoff from Runway 22, a 7,003-foot (2,135 m) runway used by most airline traffic at Lexington.[10] However, after confirming the takeoff clearance for Runway 22, Clay taxied onto Runway 26, which was only 3,501 feet (1,067 m) long, unlit and unauthorized for commercial use.[11] Clay then relinquished flight control to Polehinke for takeoff.[2] The air traffic controller was not required to maintain visual contact with the aircraft. After clearing the flight for takeoff, he turned to perform administrative duties and did not see the aircraft as it taxied to the runway.

Based upon an estimated takeoff weight of 49,087 pounds (22,265 kg),[12] the aircraft's manufacturer calculated that a speed of 138 knots (159 mph; 256 km/h) and a distance of 3,744 feet (1,141 m) would have been needed for rotation (increasing nose-up pitch), with more runway needed to achieve liftoff.[13] At about an hour before daybreak and at a speed approaching 100 knots (120 mph; 190 km/h), Polehinke remarked, "That is weird with no lights," referring to the lack of lighting on Runway 26.[2]: 15 [14] Clay replied in agreement, but the flight data recorder offered no indication that either pilot had tried to abort the takeoff as the aircraft accelerated to 137 knots (158 mph; 254 km/h).[15]

Clay called for rotation, but the aircraft reached the end of the runway before it could become airborne. It then struck a low earthen wall adjacent to a ditch, briefly leaving the ground,[14] clipped the airport perimeter fence with its landing gear and smashed into trees, separating the fuselage and flight deck from the tail. The aircraft struck the ground about 1,000 feet (300 m) from the end of the runway.[12] The resulting fire destroyed the aircraft.[2]: 7 

Passengers

[edit]
Nationality Passengers Crew Total
Total Died Total Died Total Died
United States 42 42 3 2 45 44
Canada 3 3 - - 3 3
Japan[a] 2 2 - - 2 2
Total 47 47 3 2 50 49

Forty-nine of the 50 people on board were killed (all 47 passengers and two of the three crew members). Most of the victims died instantly from the initial crash impact.[17] Comair released the passenger manifest on August 29, 2006.[18]

Memorial at University of Kentucky Arboretum

Most of the passengers were American citizens from the Lexington area, ranging in age from 16 to 72. They included a young couple who had been married the previous day and were traveling to California on their honeymoon.[19]

Sole survivor

[edit]

James Polehinke, the first officer, suffered serious injuries, including multiple broken bones, a collapsed lung and severe bleeding. Lexington-Fayette and airport police officers extracted him from the wreckage. He underwent surgery for his injuries, including an amputation of his left leg. Doctors later determined that Polehinke had suffered brain damage and had no memory of the crash or of the events preceding it.[20][21][22][23]

Investigation

[edit]
The aft section of the fuselage of N431CA

During the investigation, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) discovered that tower-staffing levels at Blue Grass Airport violated an internal policy as reflected in a November 16, 2005 memorandum requiring two controllers during the overnight shift: one in the tower working clearance, ground and tower frequencies and another, either in the tower or remotely at Indianapolis Center, working TRACON (radar).[24] At the time of the accident, the single controller in the tower was performing both tower and radar duties. On August 30, 2006, the FAA announced that Blue Grass Airport, as well as other airports with similar traffic levels, would be staffed with two controllers in the tower at all hours, effective immediately.[25]

The engine and debris of N431CA

Comair discovered after the accident that all of its pilots had been using an airport map that did not accurately reflect changes made to the airport layout during ongoing construction work. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) later determined that this did not contribute to the accident.[2]: 99–100  Construction work was halted after the accident to preserve evidence needed for the investigation.[26]

The NTSB released several reports on January 17, 2007, including transcripts of the CVR and an engineering report.[27]

In April 2007, acting on a recommendation issued by the NTSB during its investigation of the Comair 5191 accident, the FAA issued a safety notice that reiterated advice to pilots to positively confirm their position before crossing the hold-short line onto the takeoff runway,[b] and again when initiating takeoff.[2]: 91  The NTSB offered four further recommendations, three measures to avoid fatigue affecting the performance of air traffic controllers[28] and one to prevent controllers from carrying out nonessential administrative tasks while aircraft are taxiing under their control.[29] The recommendations were partly prompted by four earlier accidents, and the board was unable to determine whether fatigue contributed to the Comair accident. In May, acting on another NTSB recommendation, the FAA advised that pilot training should include specific guidance on runway-lighting requirements for takeoff at night.[2]: 92 [30]

In July 2007, a Comair flying instructor testified that he would have failed both pilots for violating sterile flight deck rules.[31] Later that month, the NTSB released its final report, citing the pilots' "non-pertinent conversation" as a contributing factor in the accident.[2]: 65 

Probable cause

[edit]

During a public meeting on July 26, 2007, the NTSB announced the probable cause of the accident:

The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of this accident was the flight crew members' failure to use available cues and aids to identify the airplane's location on the airport surface during taxi and their failure to cross-check and verify that the airplane was on the correct runway before takeoff. Contributing to the accident were the flight crew's nonpertinent conversations during taxi, which resulted in a loss of positional awareness and the Federal Aviation Administration's failure to require that all runway crossings be authorized only by specific air traffic control clearances.[2][32]

NTSB investigators concluded that the likely cause was that Clay and Polehinke ignored clues that indicated that they were on the wrong runway, failed to confirm their position on the runway and engaged in too much conversation not pertinent to the flight in violation of sterile flight deck rules.[7]

Clay's widow strongly opposes the NTSB's assessment blaming the pilots, stating that other factors contributed, "including an understaffed control tower and an inaccurate runway map."[33]

Aftermath

[edit]

A memorial service for the victims was held on August 31, 2006, at the Lexington Opera House.[34] A second public memorial service was held on September 10, 2006, at Rupp Arena in Lexington.[citation needed] The Lexington Herald-Leader published a list of the victims with short biographies.[35]

The Flight 5191 Memorial Commission was established shortly after the crash to create an appropriate memorial for the victims, first responders and community. The commission selected the University of Kentucky Arboretum as its memorial site.[36][37][38]

The Flight 5191 Memorial, created by Douwe Blumberg, consists of a sculpture of 49 stainless-steel birds in flight over a base of black granite.[39]

In July 2008, U.S. district judge Karl Forester ruled that Delta Air Lines could not be held liable for the crash, because although Comair is a wholly owned subsidiary of Delta, Comair maintains its own management and policies and employs its own pilots.[40] In December 2009, Forester granted a passenger family's motion for "partial summary judgment" determining, as a matter of law, that Comair's flight crew was negligent, and that this negligence was a substantial factor causing the crash of Flight 5191.[41]

Runway 8/26 at Blue Grass Airport was closed in March 2009, and the new 4,000 foot (1,200 m) Runway 9/27 opened on August 4, 2010. The new runway has been built on a separate location not connected to Runway 22 and has completely enveloped the site of the crash.[42]

Lawsuits

[edit]

Families of 45 of the 47 passengers sued Comair for negligence; families of the other two victims settled with the airline before filing litigation. Three sample cases were to be heard on August 4, 2008, but the trial was indefinitely postponed after Comair reached a settlement with the majority of the families. Comair sued the airport authority over its runway signs and markings as well as the FAA, which had only one air traffic controller on duty, contrary to a memo that it had previously issued requiring two workers on overnight shifts.[43] The case against the airport authority was dismissed on sovereign immunity grounds, and this ruling was upheld by the Kentucky Supreme Court on October 1, 2009.[44] In Comair's case against the United States, a settlement was reached with the government agreeing to pay 22% of the liability for the crash while Comair agreed to pay the remaining 78%.[45]

All but one of the passengers' families settled their cases. After a four-day jury trial in Lexington that ended on December 7, 2009, the estate and daughters of 39‑year‑old victim Bryan Woodward were awarded compensatory damages in the amount of $7.1 million.[45] Though Comair challenged this verdict as excessive, on April 2, 2010, Judge Forester overruled Comair's objections and upheld the verdict.[41] The case, formally known as Hebert v. Comair, was set for a punitive damages jury trial on July 19, 2010.[46] In that trial, a different jury was to decide whether Comair was guilty of gross negligence that was a substantial factor causing the crash and, if so, the punitive damages to assess.[41] The decision to allow a jury trial was reversed in a later hearing, with the judge ruling that the company could not be punished for the "reprehensible conduct" of its pilots.[47]

In May 2012, Polehinke filed a lawsuit against the airport and the company that designed the runway and taxi lights.[48] The estates or families of 21 of the 47 passengers filed lawsuits against Polehinke. In response, Polehinke's attorney, William E. Johnson, raised the possibility of contributory negligence on the part of the passengers. When asked by the plaintiffs' attorney David Royse, who criticized the statements, to explain what that meant, Johnson replied that the passengers "should have been aware of the dangerous conditions that existed in that there had been considerable media coverage about the necessity of improving runway conditions at the airport."[49]

Similar accidents and incidents

[edit]

In 1993, a commercial jet at Blue Grass Airport was cleared for takeoff on Runway 22, but mistakenly took Runway 26 instead. Tower personnel noticed the mistake and canceled the aircraft's takeoff clearance just as the crew realized their error. The aircraft subsequently departed safely from Runway 22.[50] An identical occurrence took place in January 2007 when a Learjet lined up on Runway 26, but again the error was noticed and corrected before the flight took off.[51]

On October 31, 2000, the crew of Singapore Airlines Flight 006 mistakenly used a closed runway for departure from Chiang Kai-shek International Airport in Taipei, Taiwan. The Boeing 747-400 collided with construction equipment during the takeoff roll, resulting in the deaths of 83 of the 179 passengers and crew on board.[52]

On October 31, 1979, at 5:42 a.m. CST (UTC−06:00), Western Airlines Flight 2605, a McDonnell Douglas DC-10, crashed at Mexico City International Airport in fog, after landing on a runway closed for maintenance. Flight 2605 remains the deadliest aviation disaster in Mexico City.

On February 18, 2024, Air Serbia Flight 324, operated by Greek airline Marathon Airlines struck a set of runway lights during takeoff from Belgrade, severely damaging the Embraer E195LR operating the flight. It is believed that the crew took off at the wrong intersection, D5, instead of D6 and struck the landing lights for an opposing runway.[53] The flight landed safely at the same airport half an hour later, albeit without flaps at 40 knots quicker than usual landing speed for the E195LR. No one was seriously injured, according to Air Serbia.

[edit]

The crash was featured in the third episode of Season 21 of Mayday, also known as Air Crash Investigation. The episode is titled "Tragic Takeoff".[54] The flight's first officer, the crash's only survivor, was later featured in a film about sole survivors of plane crashes.

The opening skit of the 2006 Emmy Awards featured host Conan O'Brien getting into a plane crash similar to the TV show Lost. The Emmys were airing the same night as the plane crash. The skit was criticized and called "tasteless."[55]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Both Japanese passengers resided in Lexington.[16]
  2. ^ The hold-short line is the demarcation between the runway and taxiway.

References

[edit]

Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Transportation Safety Board.

  1. ^ "FAA Registry (N431CA)". Federal Aviation Administration.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Attempted Takeoff From Wrong Runway, Comair Flight 5191, Bombardier CL-600-2B19, N431CA, Lexington, Kentucky, August 27, 2006" (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board. July 26, 2007. NTSB/AAR-07/05. Retrieved July 26, 2007.
  3. ^ Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Canadair CL-600-2B19 Regional Jet CRJ-100ER N431CA Lexington-Blue Grass Airport, KY (LEX)". aviation-safety.net. Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
  4. ^ "NTSB: Crashed Jet On Wrong Runway". WSB-TV. IBS. Associated Press. August 27, 2006. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved August 29, 2006.
  5. ^ McMurray, Jeffrey (August 27, 2006). "Comair plane took off from wrong runway". Associated Press. Archived from the original on September 7, 2006.
  6. ^ "CVR transcript". National Transportation Safety Board. November 17, 2006. DCA06MA064. Retrieved August 9, 2021.
  7. ^ a b Ortiz, Brandon (January 25, 2008). "Lawyer claimed 5191 victims shared blame Defense by Co-Pilot to Be Withdrawn". Lexington Herald-Leader. Retrieved July 7, 2013.
  8. ^ N431CA FAA registration certificate. Retrieved June 19, 2008. (Note: CL600-2B19 is the official designation of the CRJ100).
  9. ^ Comair flight 5191 - Cockpit Voice Recorder (with Subtitles), retrieved November 24, 2023
  10. ^ "NTSB Preliminary Report DCA06MA064". National Transportation Safety Board. DCA06MA064. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved August 27, 2006.
  11. ^ "AirNav runway information for KLEX". AirNav. Retrieved August 28, 2006.
  12. ^ a b Hirschman, Dave (August 29, 2006). "Comair flight almost made it". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on February 19, 2009. Retrieved August 31, 2006.
  13. ^ "NTSB: LEX Controller Had Two Hours Of Sleep Prior To Accident Shift". Aero-News Network. August 31, 2006. Retrieved September 1, 2006.
  14. ^ a b Wald, Matthew L. (January 18, 2007). "Crew Sensed Trouble Seconds Before Crash". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 17, 2007.
  15. ^ "FDR readout" (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board. October 4, 2006. DCA06MA064. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 9, 2021. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
  16. ^ "Updated list of Flight 5191 victims". The Courier Journal. January 25, 2007. Archived from the original on April 22, 2015.
  17. ^ "Coroner: Most Victims Died on Impact". WAVE. Associated Press. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved August 29, 2006.
  18. ^ "Passenger Manifest for Flight 5191". Comair. Archived from the original on February 16, 2012.
  19. ^ "Opportunities 'stripped away'". Lexington Courier-Journal. August 24, 2007. Archived from the original on January 18, 2015.
  20. ^ "Comair Crash Survivor Leaves Hospital; Co-Pilot, The Lone Survivor Of Kentucky Plane Crash, To Begin Rehabilitation". CBS News. October 3, 2006. Retrieved October 3, 2006.
  21. ^ "A horrendous, horrendous tragedy all around". The Courier Journal. Retrieved March 5, 2008.
  22. ^ "For first time, flight 5191 copilot and sole survivor talks about crash". WKYT. May 8, 2012. Archived from the original on September 2, 2018. Retrieved May 23, 2021.
  23. ^ "CNN Films' 'Sole Survivor': Jim's story". CNN. January 6, 2014. Archived from the original on November 17, 2021. Retrieved May 19, 2019.
  24. ^ "FAA memorandum concerning staffing levels" (PDF).
  25. ^ Ahlers, Mike M. (August 30, 2006). "FAA: Tower staffing during plane crash violated rules". CNN. Retrieved September 6, 2006.
  26. ^ "Judge orders halt to airport construction". Lexington Herald-Leader. Archived from the original on February 19, 2009. Retrieved September 15, 2006.
  27. ^ "NTSB TO OPEN PUBLIC DOCKET ON COMAIR FLIGHT 5191 ACCIDENT IN LEXINGTON, KENTUCKY". National Transportation Safety Board. January 12, 2007. Archived from the original on January 20, 2007. Retrieved January 17, 2007.
  28. ^ "NTSB safety recommendations A-07-30/31/32" (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board. April 10, 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 10, 2008. Retrieved June 26, 2008.
  29. ^ "NTSB safety recommendation A-07-34" (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board. April 10, 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 10, 2008. Retrieved June 26, 2008.
  30. ^ "NTSB safety recommendations A-06-83/84" (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board. December 12, 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 10, 2008. Retrieved June 25, 2008.
  31. ^ "Instructors Testify Flight 5191 Crew Erred Before Crash". WKYT. Associated Press. July 19, 2007. Archived from the original on March 10, 2012. Retrieved April 12, 2011.
  32. ^ "NTSB DETERMINES COMAIR 5191 FLIGHT CREW FAILED TO USE AVAILABLE CUES TO DETERMINE LOCATION DURING TAKEOFF" (Press release). National Transportation Safety Board. July 7, 2007. Archived from the original on October 19, 2007. Retrieved July 26, 2007.
  33. ^ Halladay, Jessie (August 18, 2007). "Comair pilot's widow: His death's a blessing". USA Today. Archived from the original on October 26, 2012. Retrieved March 22, 2010.
  34. ^ Pitsch, Mark (August 31, 2006). "Several hundred attend memorial service at Lexington Opera House". The Courier-Journal. Louisville. Archived from the original on July 22, 2012.
  35. ^ Blackford, Linda; Wilson, Amy (September 3, 2006). "The Tragedy of Flight 5191". Lexington Herald-Leader. Archived from the original on November 14, 2007. Retrieved September 22, 2023.
  36. ^ "Flight 5191 memorial to be dedicated on fifth anniversary of crash". Lexington Herald-Leader. April 28, 2011. Retrieved January 25, 2012.
  37. ^ Ward, Karla (August 2, 2011). "Flight 5191 sculpture unveiling scheduled for Aug. 27". Lexington Herald-Leader. Archived from the original on August 12, 2016. Retrieved January 25, 2012.
  38. ^ Blackford, Linda B. (August 27, 2011). "400 family and friends of Flight 5191 victims to attend memorial unveiling". Lexington Herald-Leader. Retrieved January 25, 2012.
  39. ^ "Rose Garden". University of Kentucky. Retrieved October 18, 2020.
  40. ^ "Transportation Update July 2008". Business.cch.com. Retrieved July 9, 2010.
  41. ^ a b c IN RE: Air Crash at Lexington, Kentucky, August 27, 2006. justia.com
  42. ^ Hewlett, Jennifer (August 26, 2011). "Blue Grass Airport has undergone many changes since crash of Flight 5191". Lexington Herald-Leader. Archived from the original on June 25, 2016.
  43. ^ McMurray, Jeffrey (August 2, 2007). "Judge-Comair can't sue airport for crash". USA Today. Retrieved July 7, 2013.
  44. ^ ON APPEAL FROM FAYETTE CIRCUIT COURT V. HONORABLE JAMES D. ISHMAEL, JR., JUDGE Archived July 23, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. kycourts.net (October 1, 2009).
  45. ^ a b Voreacos, David (December 23, 2009). "U.S. Helped Delta Insurers Pay $264 Million Crash Settlements". Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on January 18, 2013. Retrieved July 9, 2010.
  46. ^ Hewlett, Jennifer (April 20, 2010). "Judge sets July date for Comair trial – Courts". Kentucky.com. Retrieved July 9, 2010.
  47. ^ "Judge rejects pursuit of punitive damages in Comair case" Kentucky.com 3 February 2011 Retrieved March 24, 2011
  48. ^ Ortiz, Brandon (August 28, 2007). "Polehinke Files Suit in Crash: Remembering flight 5191". The Lexington Herald-Leader. Archived from the original on June 23, 2016. Retrieved March 5, 2008.
  49. ^ Comair passengers blamed in crash
  50. ^ "NASA Aviation Safety Reporting System report #256788". NASA. Retrieved June 18, 2008.
  51. ^ "NASA Aviation Safety Reporting System report #722668". NASA. Retrieved April 2, 2010.
  52. ^ Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747-412 9V-SPK Taipei-Taoyuan (TPE)". aviation-safety.net. Aviation Safety Network. Archived from the original on August 6, 2011. Retrieved October 31, 2008.
  53. ^ "Accident: Marathon E195 at Belgrade on Feb 18th 2024, overran runway on takeoff". avherald.com. February 18, 2024. Retrieved February 20, 2024.
  54. ^ Mayday - Air Crash Investigation (S01-S22), retrieved August 17, 2024
  55. ^ "Emmy Plane Crash Skit Ripped". CBS News. August 28, 2006. Retrieved December 16, 2022.
[edit]
External images
image icon Pre-crash photos of N431CA at Airliners.net
image icon Pre-crash photos of N431CA at JetPhotos.com

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