Color–flavor locking

Color–flavor locking (CFL) is a phenomenon that is expected to occur in ultra-high-density strange matter, a form of quark matter. The quarks form Cooper pairs, whose color properties are correlated with their flavor properties in a one-to-one correspondence between three color pairs and three flavor pairs. According to the Standard Model of particle physics, the color-flavor-locked phase is the highest-density phase of three-flavor colored matter.

Color-flavor-locked Cooper pairing

If each quark is represented as $\psi _{i}^{\alpha }$, with color index $\alpha$ taking values 1, 2, 3 corresponding to red, green, and blue, and flavor index $i$ taking values 1, 2, 3 corresponding to up, down, and strange, then the color-flavor-locked pattern of Cooper pairing is

$\langle \psi _{i}^{\alpha }C\gamma _{5}\psi _{j}^{\beta }\rangle \propto \delta _{i}^{\alpha }\delta _{j}^{\beta }-\delta _{j}^{\alpha }\delta _{i}^{\beta }=\epsilon ^{\alpha \beta A}\epsilon _{ijA}$

This means that a Cooper pair of an up quark and a down quark must have colors red and green, and so on. This pairing pattern is special because it leaves a large unbroken symmetry group.

Physical properties

The CFL phase has several remarkable properties.

• It breaks chiral symmetry.
• It is a superfluid.
• It is an electromagnetic insulator, in which there is a "rotated" photon, containing a small admixture of one of the gluons.
• It has the same symmetries as sufficiently dense hyperonic matter.

There are several variants of the CFL phase, representing distortions of the pairing structure in response to external stresses such as a difference between the mass of the strange quark and the mass of the up and down quarks.

See also

• Color superconductivity