Jump to content

Drug cartel

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Colombian drug cartels)

A drug cartel is a criminal organization composed of independent drug lords who collude with each other in order to improve their profits and dominate the illegal drug trade. Drug cartels form with the purpose of controlling the supply of the illegal drug trade and maintaining prices at a high level. The formations of drug cartels are common in Latin American countries. Rivalries between multiple drug cartels cause them to wage turf wars against each other.

The basic structure of a drug cartel is as follows:

  • Falcons: Considered as the "eyes and ears" of the streets, the "falcons" are the lowest rank in any drug cartel. They are scouts, who are responsible for conducting reconnaissance, such as reporting the activities of the police, the military and rival groups.[1]
  • Hitmen: The armed group within the drug cartel, responsible for carrying out assassinations, kidnappings, thefts and extortions, operating protection rackets, as well as defending their plaza (turf) from rival groups and the military.[2][3]
  • Lieutenants: The second highest position in the drug cartel organization, responsible for supervising the hitmen and falcons within their own territory. They are allowed to carry out low-profile murders without permission from their bosses.[4]
  • Drug lords: The highest position in any drug cartel, responsible for supervising the entire drug industry, appointing territorial leaders, making alliances, in addition to planning high-profile murders.[5]

There are other operating groups within the drug cartels. For example, the drug producers and suppliers,[6] although not considered in the basic structure, are critical operators of any drug cartel, along with the smugglers, distributors, sales representatives, accountants and money launderers.[7][8][9] Furthermore, the arms suppliers operate in a completely different circle;[10] they are technically not considered part of the cartel's logistics.

Africa

[edit]
See also: Taxi wars in South Africa, blood diamond, Kivu conflict § Conflict minerals, Barbary Coast, Piracy in Somalia, Al-Shabaab (militant group), Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, and Boko Haram

Americas

[edit]
See also: Illegal drug trade in Latin America

North America

[edit]

Canada

[edit]

Mexico

[edit]
Not to be confused with Mexican Mafia.
The Mérida Initiative, a U.S. Counter-Narcotics Assistance to Mexico

Mexican cartels (also known in Mexico as: la Mafia (the mafia or the mob), La Maña (the skill / the bad manners),[21] narcotraficantes (narco-traffickers), or simply as narcos usually refers to several, rival, criminal organizations that are combated by the Mexican government in the Mexican War on Drugs (List sorted by branches and heritage):[22]

Mexican academic Oswaldo Zavala, in his book Drug Cartels Do Not Exist, argues that academics, officials, journalists and writers are mistaken to label the criminal gangs as cartels, noting that they do not meet the definition due to the competitive nature of the drugs trade, and the lack of hierarchal structure. He states that the Mexican state perpetuates the label to justify their militarised response.[23]

Note: As of 2020 the DEA considered the cartels of Sinaloa-Beltran, Juarez-Linea, Jalisco, Golfo-Noreste-Zetas, La Familia and Rojos-Guerreros to be the most influential cartels in Mexico.[24]

United States

[edit]
Map of violent crime per 100,000 people in the US by state in 2016

The United States of America is the world's largest consumer of cocaine[58] and other illegal drugs.[59][60][61] This is a list of American criminal organizations involved in illegal drug traffic, drug trade and other related crimes in the United States:

American Mafia
[edit]

Italian immigrants to the United States in the early 19th century formed various small-time gangs which gradually evolved into sophisticated crime syndicates which dominated organized crime in America for several decades. Although government crackdowns and a less-tightly knit Italian-American community have largely reduced their power, they remain an active force in the underworld.

Active crime families
[edit]
Defunct mafia families
[edit]
Jewish mafia
[edit]
African-American organized crime
[edit]
Irish Mob
[edit]

Caribbean

[edit]
See also: Piracy in the Caribbean and Illegal drugs in Puerto Rico

South America

[edit]

Brazil

[edit]

Bolivia

[edit]

Colombia

[edit]
Main article: Illegal drug trade in Colombia
Luis Hernando Gomez-Bustamante, also known as "Rasguño", arrest performed by the National Police of Colombia

Colombia is the largest producer of cocaine in the world,[86] and cocaine production in Colombia reached an all-time high in 2017.[87]

Active Colombian drug cartels:

Historical Colombian drug cartels:

Peru

[edit]

Venezuela

[edit]

Historically Venezuela has been a path to the United States for illegal drugs originating in Colombia, through Central America and Mexico and Caribbean countries such as Haiti, the Dominican Republic, and Puerto Rico.

According to the United Nations, there has been an increase of cocaine trafficking through Venezuela since 2002.[88] In 2005, Venezuela severed ties with the United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), accusing its representatives of spying.[89] Following the departure of the DEA from Venezuela and the expansion of DEA's partnership with Colombia in 2005, Venezuela became more attractive to drug traffickers.[90] Between 2008 and 2012, Venezuela's cocaine seizure ranking among other countries declined, going from being ranked fourth in the world for cocaine seizures in 2008[91] to sixth in the world in 2012.[92] The cartel groups involved include:

  • The Cuntrera-Caruana Mafia clan moved to Venezuela,[93] which became an important hideout as the clan bought hotels and founded various businesses in Caracas and Valencia, as well as an extended ranch in Barinas, near the Colombian border. "Venezuela has its own Cosa Nostra family as if it is Sicilian territory," according to the Italian police. "The structure and hierarchy of the Mafia has been entirely reproduced in Venezuela." The Cuntrera-Caruana clan had direct links with the ruling Commission of the Sicilian Mafia, and are acknowledged by the American Cosa Nostra.[93]

Pasquale, Paolo and Gaspare Cuntrera were expelled from Venezuela in 1992, "almost secretly smuggled out of the country, as if it concerned one of their own drug transports. It was imperative they could not contact people on the outside who could have used their political connections to stop the expulsion." Their expulsion was ordered by a commission of the Venezuelan Senate headed by Senator Cristobal Fernandez Dalo and his money laundering investigator, Thor Halvorssen Hellum. They were arrested in September 1992 at Fiumicino airport (Rome),[94][95] and in 1996 were sentenced to 13–20 years.[93]

In May 2015, The Wall Street Journal reported from United States officials that drug trafficking in Venezuela increased significantly with Colombian drug traffickers moving from Colombia to Venezuela due to pressure from law enforcement.[98] One United States Department of Justice official described the higher ranks of the Venezuelan government and military as "a criminal organization", with high ranking Venezuelan officials, such as National Assembly President Diosdado Cabello, being accused of drug trafficking.[98] Those involved with investigations stated that Venezuelan government defectors and former traffickers had given information to investigators and that details of those involved in government drug trafficking were increasing.[98]

Central America

[edit]

Honduras

[edit]

El Salvador

[edit]

Nicaragua

[edit]

Asia

[edit]

East Asia

[edit]

Korea

[edit]

Japan

[edit]
Japanese criminal organizations
[edit]
See also: Kenji Doihara § Criminal activities

The yakuza of Japan are similar to the Italian mafias in that they originated centuries ago and follow a rigid set of traditions, but have several aspects that make them unique, such as their full-body tattoos and their fairly open place in Japanese society. Many yakuza groups are umbrella organizations, smaller gangs reporting to a larger crime syndicate.

Active yakuza groups
[edit]
Defunct yakuza groups
[edit]

Chinese

[edit]
See also: Tiandihui and Kuomintang in Burma § CIA connection and opium trade

The Triads is a popular name for a number of Chinese criminal secret societies, which have existed in various forms over the centuries (see for example Tiandihui). However, not all Chinese gangs fall into line with these traditional groups, as many non-traditional criminal organizations have formed, both in China and the Chinese diaspora.

Southeast Asia

[edit]
See also: Manchukuo § Drug trafficking
See also: Piracy in the Strait of Malacca

Vietnamese Xã Hội Đen

[edit]

South Asia

[edit]
See also: Haqqani Network and Zomi Revolutionary Army

India

[edit]
Uttar Pradesh
[edit]
Bangalore
[edit]

Sri Lanka

[edit]

Pakistan

[edit]

Afghanistan

[edit]

Central Asia

[edit]

West Asia

[edit]
See also: Shabeeha, al-Qaeda in Iraq, Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant, Mokhtar Belmokhtar, and Piracy in the Persian Gulf

[111][112]

Eurasia

[edit]

Russia

[edit]

Although organized crime existed in the Soviet era, the gangs really gained in power and international reach during the transition to capitalism. The term Russian Mafia, 'mafiya' or mob is a blanket (and somewhat inaccurate) term for the various organized crime groups that emerged in this period from the 15 former republics of the USSR and unlike their Italian counterparts does not mean members are necessarily of Russian ethnicity or uphold any ancient criminal traditions, although this is the case for some members.

North Caucasia

[edit]

See also Caucasus Emirate

Georgia

[edit]

Armenia

[edit]

Azerbaijan

[edit]

Europe

[edit]

Sweden

[edit]

Netherlands

[edit]

France

[edit]

Greece

[edit]

Ireland

[edit]

Spain

[edit]

Poland

[edit]

Slovakia

[edit]

Hungary

[edit]

Czech Republic

[edit]

Italy

[edit]

Balkans

[edit]

Balkan organized crime gained prominence in the chaos following the communist era, notably the transition to capitalism and the wars in former Yugoslavia.

Great Britain

[edit]
See also: List of organisations known as the Irish Republican Army and Ulster loyalism § Paramilitary and vigilante groups

Ukraine

[edit]

Lithuania

[edit]

Estonia

[edit]

Transnistria

[edit]

Australia

[edit]
See also: Federated Ship Painters and Dockers Union and Nugan Hand Bank

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Va Marina por 'halcones del crimen organizado". Blog del Narco. 21 April 2011. Archived from the original on 27 August 2011.
  2. ^ Bowden, Charles (Feb 6, 2011). "El sicario, un documental proscrito en México (1)". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2016-04-11.
  3. ^ Bowden, Charles F; axellmx1 (Feb 6, 2011). "El sicario, un documental proscrito en México (2)". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2016-06-30.
  4. ^ "Ejército detiene a lugarteniente del cártel del Golfo". El Universal. 2 June 2009. Archived from the original on 12 October 2012.
  5. ^ "DATOS — Principales capos de la droga en México". International Business Times. November 6, 2010. Archived from the original on July 15, 2012. Retrieved November 6, 2010.
  6. ^ "Uncovering the link between the Mexican drug cartels" (PDF). National Defense University: Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-15.
  7. ^ Moreno, Tania M. (8 June 2010). "Las 5 caras del lavado de dinero". CNNExpansión. Archived from the original on Mar 3, 2016.
  8. ^ "Cae 'El Adal' operador financiero de los Zetas". TV Milenio. Archived from the original on 10 January 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
  9. ^ "Cae 'El Míchel' operador financiero de Los Zetas en Aguascalientes". Tele Diario. Archived from the original on 10 January 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
  10. ^ "Entrevista a el Mamito, presunto fundador de los Zetas". CNN Videos. Jul 6, 2011. Archived from the original on 2016-05-29.
  11. ^ Kinnear, Karen L (2009) Gangs: a reference handbook, ABC-CLIO, ISBN 1-59884-125-4
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Shanty, Frank & Mishra, Patit (2007) Organized crime : from trafficking to terrorism, ABC-CLIO, ISBN 1-57607-337-8
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Glenny, Misha (2009) McMafia, Vintage Books, ISBN 1-4000-9512-3
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Chepesiuk, Ron (1999) The war on drugs: an international encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, ISBN 0-87436-985-1
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "New Jersey Commission of Investigation Report - Changing face of organized crime" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-12-19. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  16. ^ a b c d "New Jersey Commission of Investigation Report – Afro-lineal organized crime" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-10-19. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Roberto Saviano (2006) Gomorrah: Italy's Other Mafia, Mondadori, ISBN 88-04-55450-9.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn Newton, Michael (2007) Gangsters Encyclopedia, Anova Books, ISBN 1-84340-402-8
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Schneider, Stephen (2009) Iced: The Story of Organized Crime in Canada, John Wiley and Sons, ISBN 0-470-83500-1
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as Capeci, Jerry (2002) The complete idiot's guide to the Mafia, Alpha Books, ISBN 0-02-864225-2
  21. ^ "Controla 'La Maña' a Reynosa, Tamaulipas". Terra Noticias. 2 March 2009. Archived from the original on 18 September 2012. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
  22. ^ Guerrero Gutiérrez, Eduardo. "At the root of the violence" (PDF). Nexos. Retrieved 9 October 2011.[permanent dead link]
  23. ^ ANÍBAL GÓMEZ, O. Drug Cartels Do Not Exist: Narco-Trafficking and Culture in the US and Mexico. Chasqui (01458973), [s. l.], v. 51, n. 2, pp. R29–R31, 2022. Disponível em: https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=159559885&site=eds-live&scope=site . Accessed: 6 June 2023.
  24. ^ "Estos son los nueve cárteles mexicanos que influyen en el trafico de drogas hacia EEUU, según la DEA" (in European Spanish). Infobae. March 3, 2021. Retrieved March 3, 2021.
  25. ^ La Familia Michoacana
  26. ^ Carlos Rosales Mendoza
  27. ^ "La Resistencia y Jalisco Nueva Generación". Archived from the original on 20 December 2014. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  28. ^ a b "E-Notes: Mexico and the Drug Cartels - FPRI". Archived from the original on 2012-03-09. Retrieved 2010-09-19.
  29. ^ "Cártel Jalisco Nueva Generación va contra todos". Blog Del Narco. Archived from the original on 2011-08-07.
  30. ^ "El Universal - - Arresto de El Ponchis exhibe vacos legales". 23 June 2013. Archived from the original on 13 April 2014. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  31. ^ "Child Assassin named 'El Ponchis' Arrested By Mexican Army!!". 2010-12-04. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  32. ^ "Alleged U.S teen cartel assassin arrested - Stun Gun Savior Self Defense Blog". Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  33. ^ "Capturan a 'El Padrino', identificado como líder del Cártel Independiente de Acapulco". Milenio TV. Archived from the original on 2012-09-10.
  34. ^ "Caen otros seis integrantes de La Barredora". Blog del Narco. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
  35. ^ "Se presenta el Cártel de la Sierra en Guerrero con seis ejecutados". La Crónica. 2010-07-27. Archived from the original on 2012-04-03.
  36. ^ "En Guerrero, 26 cárteles del narcotráfico". 13 October 2014. Archived from the original on 21 January 2017. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
  37. ^ "Aparece el Cártel de La Calle en Chiapas". Blog del Narco. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
  38. ^ "Organización Editorial Mexicana". Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
  39. ^ Cacho, Lydia. "La otra historia de 'La Barbie'". Zócalo Saltillo. Archived from the original on 2011-09-29.
  40. ^ Otero, Sylvia (20 August 2003). "Surge nuevo 'narcoperfil'". El Universal. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012.
  41. ^ "Los Aztecas fueron los asesinos; en EU y México hay 5 mil". La Razón. Archived from the original on 2012-03-19.
  42. ^ Cruz, Juan Manuel (5 July 2011). "Caen seis presuntos integrantes de Los Mexicles". El Universal. Archived from the original on 9 July 2011.
  43. ^ Cobos González, Carmen (14 May 2003). "Desmantela Ejército banda de Los Texas". PRESIDENCIA DE LA REPÚBLICA • MÉXICO. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 1 August 2011.
  44. ^ "Caen tres por crimen de Policía Municipal". Mundo Narco.[permanent dead link]
  45. ^ Pedraza, Iván (2011-02-02). "Investiga PGR a policías federales relacionados con el narco en Sonora". Milenio Televisión. Archived from the original on 2012-09-06.
  46. ^ "Detienen en Colima a 36 policías estatales por vínculos con el narco". Periodico Realidad BCS. 2011-02-16. Archived from the original on 2012-07-13.
  47. ^ "Ejército ha procesado a 142 soldados por nexos con el narco". Animal Politico. June 9, 2011. Archived from the original on August 21, 2011.
  48. ^ "Sedena procesa a 13 militares por nexos con el narco". La Policiaca. Archived from the original on 2012-03-25.
  49. ^ Otero, Silvia (2010-03-20). "En prisión, 40 militares por nexos con el narco". El Universal. Archived from the original on 2012-10-12.
  50. ^ "Investigan a 20 militares por nexos con narco". El Siglo de Torreón. Archived from the original on 2012-03-22. Retrieved Oct 3, 2010.
  51. ^ "Detienen a marino por nexos con narco". El Universal. 28 May 2010. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011.
  52. ^ Notimex (27 May 2010). "Detienen a marino por nexos con el narco". El Economista. Archived from the original on 4 October 2011.
  53. ^ Otero, Silvia (2008-05-28). "En la mira, la tropa aduanal del narco". El Universal. Archived from the original on 2012-10-12.
  54. ^ Morales, Alberto (June 4, 2011). "Le hallaron 88 armas a Jorge Hank Rhon". El Universal. Archived from the original on August 11, 2011.
  55. ^ "Los 'Xolos' y Shakira, preocupación en Tijuana tras detención de Hank Rhon". CNN México. 5 June 2011. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011.
  56. ^ "EU arrestó a 127 agentes aduanales corrompidos por narco mexicanos". Mundo Narco. June 9, 2011. Archived from the original on September 6, 2012.
  57. ^ "Detienen a agente aduanal por narco". El Mañana/El Universal. 29 July 2007. Archived from the original on 2012-03-23.
  58. ^ "The World Factbook". CIA. Archived from the original on 29 December 2010. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  59. ^ "U.S. Leads the World in Illegal Drug Use". CBS News. 1 July 2008. Archived from the original on 27 September 2014.
  60. ^ "U.S. drug habit keeps Mexican war boiling". NBC News. 2009-05-26. Archived from the original on 9 March 2014. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  61. ^ "Special Reports – Do The Math – Why The Illegal Business Is Thriving – Drug Wars – FRONTLINE". PBS. Archived from the original on 31 December 2014. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  62. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Sifakis, Carl. The Mafia Encyclopedia. New York: Da Capo Press, 2005. ISBN 978-0-8160-5694-1
  63. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Rockaway, Robert A (2000) But he was good to his mother: the lives and crimes of Jewish gangsters, Gefen Publishing House Ltd, ISBN 965-229-249-4
  64. ^ McGarvey, Brendan. "Pole-Vaulting". Philadelphia City Paper. Citypaper.net. Archived from the original on 2010-08-08. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  65. ^ "Greenpoint Crew Indictment". Justice.gov. 2006-03-08. Archived from the original on 2012-02-09. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  66. ^ a b c d e Kavieff, Paul (2008) Detroit's Infamous Purple Gang Arcadia Publishing, ISBN 0-7385-5238-0
  67. ^ a b Angle, Paul M (2991) Bloody Williamson: A Chapter in American Lawlessness, University of Illinois Press, ISBN 0-252-06233-7
  68. ^ a b Allan MacDonell (2003-10-02). "In Too Deep". LA Times. Laweekly.com. Archived from the original on 2012-10-07. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  69. ^ "National Drug Intelligence Center – Wisconsin Drug Threat Assessment (2001)". Justice.gov. Archived from the original on 2012-01-22. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  70. ^ McGarvey, Brendan. "Buon Natale!". Philadelphia City Paper. Citypaper.net. Archived from the original on 2007-11-26. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  71. ^ "Man Tied to Mafia Guilty on 10 Counts". NY Times. 1992-06-20. Archived from the original on 2010-03-23. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  72. ^ a b c d e Salinger, Lawrence (2005) Encyclopedia of White-Collar & Corporate Crime: A–I, Volume 1 SAGE, ISBN 0-7619-3004-3
  73. ^ a b c d e f g h i Chepesiuk, Ron (2007) Gangsters of Harlem: the gritty underworld of New York City's most famous neighborhood, Barricade Books, ISBN 1-56980-318-8
  74. ^ a b c "Meet the Genovese Crime Family's New Boss". NY Sun. Archived from the original on 2012-02-27. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  75. ^ Rashbaum, William K. (2002-12-10). "Queens Father and Son Accused In Illegal Gambling Operation". NY Times. Archived from the original on 2015-12-09. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  76. ^ a b c "DEA History Book, Part 1" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-01-18. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  77. ^ a b c d e f American Gangster, BET Archived May 29, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  78. ^ "DEA – News Release: DEA Deals Motor City Mafia a Knock-out Blow". Justice.gov. Archived from the original on 2012-01-23. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  79. ^ a b c d e f g h English, T.J. Paddy Whacked: The Untold Story of the Irish American Gangster. New York: HarperCollins, 2005, ISBN 0-06-059002-5
  80. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Morton, James Gangland Volume 2: The Underworld in Britain and Ireland, 1995, ISBN 978-0-7515-1406-3
  81. ^ Summers, Chris (2002-05-17). "'Malign and corrosive' gangsters". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2009-01-25. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  82. ^ "London Evening Standard - Yardies at war on our doorsteps". Thisislondon.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2011-12-28. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  83. ^ "New York/New Jersey High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area Drug Market Analysis 2008 - Drug Trafficking Organizations". Justice.gov. Archived from the original on 2012-01-20. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  84. ^ "Supreme Court orders arrests of three". Diario Libre. Archived from the original on 2012-03-03. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  85. ^ "PROCURADOS - Ajude a Polícia do Rio de Janeiro a Combater o Crime - Procurados.org.br". 2011-11-25. Archived from the original on 2011-11-25. Retrieved 2023-02-07.
  86. ^ "Colombia is still the world's biggest producer of cocaine - LatinAmerican Post". 20 September 2018.
  87. ^ "Colombia cocaine production acreage at 'record level'". BBC News. 20 September 2018.
  88. ^ El Universal, 24 February 2008, Aumenta narcotráfico por Venezuela Archived 2016-10-28 at the Wayback Machine
  89. ^ Neuman, William (26 July 2012). "In Venezuela, Remote Areas Provide a Drug Trafficking Hub « Previous". The New York Times. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
  90. ^ al-Ameri, Alaa (31 March 2014). "Venezuela's Drug-Running Generals May Be Who Finally Ousts Maduro". Vice News. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  91. ^ United Nations, World Drug Report 2010 Statistical Annex: Drug seizures Archived 2013-08-27 at the Wayback Machine
  92. ^ "Drug seizures Report From Year: 2009 Until Year: 2012 Drug Group: Cocaine-type". United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Retrieved 29 May 2015.[permanent dead link]
  93. ^ a b c Tom Blickman (1997), "The Rothschilds of the Mafia on Aruba Archived 2008-07-05 at the Wayback Machine", Transnational Organized Crime, Vol. 3, No. 2, Summer 1997
  94. ^ Fonzi, Gaeton. "The Troublemaker Archived 2015-09-09 at the Wayback Machine". The Pennsylvania Gazette (November 1994).
  95. ^ Presumed Guilty, by Isabel Hilton, Gentlemen's Quarterly (GQ), July 1994 (UK edition)
  96. ^ BBC, 1 February 2008, Colombian drugs lord found dead Archived 2008-02-07 at the Wayback Machine
  97. ^ Diehl, Jackson (29 May 2015). "A drug cartel's power in Venezuela". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 29 May 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
  98. ^ a b c DeCórdoba, José; Forero, Juan (18 May 2015). "Venezuelan Officials Suspected of Turning Country into Global Cocaine Hub; U.S. probe targets No. 2 official Diosdado Cabello, several others, on suspicion of drug trafficking and money laundering". Dow Jones & Company Inc. The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 20 May 2015. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
  99. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Kaplan, David E. & Dubro, Alec (2003) Yakuza: Japan's criminal underworld, University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-21562-1
  100. ^ "Mayor's assassination sparks new yakuza fears". The Australian. 2007-04-19. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  101. ^ "Chinese Criminal Enterprises". 2008-01-09. Archived from the original on 2008-01-09. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  102. ^ "USAO/CDCA Press Release". 2007-01-24. Archived from the original on January 24, 2007. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  103. ^ "Court May Have Slain Black Dragon". Streetgangs.com. 2005-06-21. Archived from the original on September 11, 2012. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  104. ^ "AsianWeek: Bay News: 21 Boys Gangsters Sentenced for Extortion". Archived from the original on January 27, 2007. Retrieved January 20, 2011.
  105. ^ a b "'Mosquito brother' celebrates 90th birthday in style". Taipei Times. 2012-02-12. Archived from the original on 2012-02-08. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  106. ^ a b Booth, Martin (2000) The dragon syndicates: the global phenomenon of the Triads Basic Books, ISBN 0-7867-0869-7
  107. ^ "6 gun-for-hire gang men killed in Rizal shootout". Tempo: News Flashes. 9 October 2018. October 10, 2018
  108. ^ "Cops shoot dead four Mamak Gang members". The Star. Archived from the original on 2011-06-29. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  109. ^ Ooi, Keat Gin (2004) Southeast Asia: a historical encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Volume 1 ABC-CLIO, ISBN 1-57607-770-5
  110. ^ "Warlord or Druglord?". Time. 2007-02-08. Archived from the original on 2012-02-22. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  111. ^ Sherlock, Ruth (2012-09-08). "Syrian rebels use kidnappings to raise funds". Vancouver Sun. Archived from the original on 2012-09-12. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
  112. ^ "BBC News — Syria unrest: Who are the shabiha?". Bbc.co.uk. 2012-05-29. Archived from the original on 2012-09-06. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
  113. ^ a b c d Siegel, Dina (2003) Global organized crime: trends and developments, Springer, ISBN 1-4020-1818-5
  114. ^ a b c "Keeping tabs on the Turkish connection". BBC News. 2002-11-14. Archived from the original on 2008-05-20. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  115. ^ a b c "US". independent.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2011-02-23.
  116. ^ Rotlicht-Pate muss neun Jahre hinter Gitter Archived 2012-08-04 at archive.today (German)
  117. ^ Vardi, Nathan (2008-04-25). "In Pictures: The World's 10 Most Wanted". Forbes. Archived from the original on 2012-11-02. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  118. ^ a b c Blumenthal, Ralph (1989-06-04). "Soviet Emigre Mob Outgrows Brooklyn, and Fear Spreads". NY Times. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  119. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Varese, Frederico (2005) The Russian mafia: private protection in a new market economy, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-927949-7
  120. ^ a b Schwirtz, Michael (2008-07-30). "The New York Times - In a River Raid, a glimpse of Russia's criminal elite". The New York Times. Russia. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  121. ^ a b c CBS News/Associated Press - Armenian Organized Crime Grows More Complex[dead link]
  122. ^ "Ded Dead: the assassination of Russian crime boss Aslan Usoyan ('Ded Khasan')". wordpress.com. 16 January 2013. Archived from the original on 18 February 2013.
  123. ^ a b c Dagens Nyheter - Ligorna har kopplat greppet om Sverige Archived 2010-08-19 at the Wayback Machine (Swedish)
  124. ^ a b c Gayraud, Jean-François (2009) Showbiz, people et corruption, Odile Jacob, ISBN 2-7381-2232-9
  125. ^ "French 'Barbarian' killer jailed". BBC News. 2009-07-10. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  126. ^ Charles Bacelon, Max Clos, etc. Histoire du banditisme et des grandes affaires criminelles, Genève : éditions Famot, 1974. OCLC 77615747
  127. ^ a b c d Ansley, Greg (April 24, 2010). "Aussie gang boss' death points to inside job". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on February 23, 2013. Retrieved October 15, 2011.
  128. ^ Civillini, Matteo (2016-03-21). "Come la Società Foggiana è diventata la mafia più brutale e sanguinosa d'Italia". Vice (in Italian). Retrieved 2020-05-13.
  129. ^ "The forgotten Foggian mafia strikes terror in southern Italy". www.efe.com. Retrieved 2020-05-13.
  130. ^ Nick Squires in Rome 10:00PM BST 05 Jul 2010 (2010-07-05). "Mafia gangster tomb reopened to solve 30-year-old mystery". London: The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2012-05-26. Retrieved 2012-02-19.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  131. ^ Cristiano Armati, Italia criminale. Personaggi, fatti e avvenimenti di un'Italia violenta, Newton Compton Editori, 2006 ISBN 978-88-541-1083-0
  132. ^ FBI - Cases - Not your average syndicate Archived June 15, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  133. ^ Aftenposten - Princ Dobroshi satt fri Archived 2010-01-13 at the Wayback Machine (Norwegian)
  134. ^ "BBC News - 'Pink Panther' Tokyo heist suspect extradited to Japan". Bbc.co.uk. 2010-08-14. Archived from the original on 2012-02-22. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  135. ^ a b c d e f g Thomas, Donald (2006) Villains' paradise: a history of Britain's underworld, Pegasus Books, ISBN 1-933648-17-1
  136. ^ "NY Times - Lithuanians Close A Nuclear Reactor After 3 Threats". The New York Times. 1994-11-15. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
  137. ^ Small, Clive & Gilling, Tom (2010) Smack Express: How Organized Crime Got Hooked on Drugs, Allen & Unwin, ISBN 1-74237-208-2
  138. ^ Writer, Larry (2009) Razor: Tilly Devine, Kate Leigh and the Razor Gangs Pan Macmillan Australia Pty, ISBN 1-4050-3951-5
  139. ^ "The Aussie gangster behind one of the world's biggest drug cartels,after eliminating his leader, he continued in the business and has built his empire". Courier Mail.

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Drug cartels.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drug_cartel&oldid=1255521052"