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Coldwater fish

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Japanese koi carp are coldwater fish.

The term coldwater fish can have different meanings in different contexts.

Fishkeeping

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Most or all ornamental fish species are able to tolerate temperatures as low as or lower than room temperature, with most stenothermic tropical species having critical thermal minimums of around 10-12 °C.[1] Although these fish are capable of surviving in unheated aquaria, their temperature preferences may vary. For example, koi, goldfish, and pond loaches are commonly considered to be cold-water fish because of their ability to survive at very low temperatures, but their temperature preferences and/or physiological optimal temperatures are 32 °C (90 °F),[2] 24–31 °C (75–88 °F),[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] and 26–28 °C (79–82 °F),[22] respectively. Because many of the ornamental fish considered to be “coldwater fish” are more accurately eurythermal fish and many prefer temperatures similar to, or even warmer than those preferred by certain tropical fish, the term “coldwater fish” in the aquarium context often misleads pet owners into keeping fish below their preferred temperature.

Freshwater aquarium fish

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Note: The above contains a mix of true coldwater fish and sub-tropical fish that can survive and thrive at room temperature which ranges from 15 °C (59 °F) and to 30 °C (86 °F).[23]

Freshwater pond fish

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Saltwater aquarium fish

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Wild fisheries

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The term "coldwater" is also used to refer to wild fish species that prefer bodies of water that are colder than most temperate waters. In recreational fishing, anglers may loosely break down fish into categories of warm-water fish, cool-water fish, and cold-water fish. Warm-water fish, such as largemouth bass, sunfish and bullhead catfish, are species that tend to dwell in relatively warm tropical and temperate waters similar to the room temperatures that humans easily find comfortable. Cool-water species, such as smallmouth bass and walleye, can tolerate a wide range of temperatures, but tend to be most abundant in cooler rivers or deeper parts of ponds and lakes, where the temperature is slightly lower than room temperatures. Cold-water species, such as salmonids (e.g. salmon, trout, char, graylings, freshwater whitefishes, etc.) and gadiforms (cods, hakes, pollock, haddock, burbot and rocklings, etc.), however become stressed at warm temperatures and are most active in colder temperatures around 7–18 °C (45–65 °F) which resemble a more subarctic or alpine condition. Because these designations are informal, different fisheries management authorities may recognize different boundaries in temperature preference between the categories.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Yanar, Mahmut; Erdoğan, Erhan; Kumlu, Metin (February 2019). "Thermal tolerance of thirteen popular ornamental fish Species". Aquaculture. 501: 382–386. Bibcode:2019Aquac.501..382Y. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.11.041. ISSN 0044-8486.
  2. ^ Pitt, T. K.; Garside, E. T.; Hepburn, R. L. (1956-12-01). "Temperature Selection of the Carp (cyprinus Carpio Linn.)". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 34 (6): 555–557. doi:10.1139/z56-055. ISSN 0008-4301.
  3. ^ Brezden, Borys L; Fenwick, James C; Moon, Thomas W (February 1975). "The effects of acclimation temperature and conditioning temperature on the learning rate of the goldfish Carassius auratus". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology. 50 (2): 373–377. doi:10.1016/0300-9629(75)90028-6. ISSN 0300-9629. PMID 234347.
  4. ^ COVERT, JERRY B.; REYNOLDS, WILLIAM W. (May 1977). "Survival value of fever in fish". Nature. 267 (5606): 43–45. Bibcode:1977Natur.267...43C. doi:10.1038/267043a0. ISSN 0028-0836.
  5. ^ Fry, F. E. J. (1947). "Effects of the Environment of Animal Activity". Ontario Fisheries Research Laboratory. 55.
  6. ^ FRY, F. E. J.; BLACK, V. S.; BLACK, EDGAR C. (June 1947). "Influence of Temperature on the Asphyxiation of Young Goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) under Various Tensions of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide". The Biological Bulletin. 92 (3): 217–224. doi:10.2307/1538308. ISSN 0006-3185. JSTOR 1538308.
  7. ^ GOUVEIA, L.; REMA, P. (February 2005). "Effect of microalgal biomass concentration and temperature on ornamental goldfish (Carassius auratus) skin pigmentation". Aquaculture Nutrition. 11 (1): 19–23. Bibcode:2005AqNut..11...19G. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2095.2004.00319.x. ISSN 1353-5773.
  8. ^ Imanpoor, Mohammad Reza; Najafi, Esfandyar; Kabir, Milad (2011-04-18). "Effects of different salinity and temperatures on the growth, survival, haematocrit and blood biochemistry of Goldfish (Carassius auratus)". Aquaculture Research. 43 (3): 332–338. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2011.02832.x. ISSN 1355-557X.
  9. ^ Kestemont, Patrick (November 1995). "Influence of feed supply, temperature and body size on the growth of goldfish Carassius auratus larvae". Aquaculture. 136 (3–4): 341–349. Bibcode:1995Aquac.136..341K. doi:10.1016/0044-8486(95)00060-7. ISSN 0044-8486.
  10. ^ Müller, Rudolf (January 1977). "Temperature selection of goldfish (carassius auratus L.) and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis mitch.) After heterogeneous temperature acclimation". Journal of Thermal Biology. 2 (1): 5–7. doi:10.1016/0306-4565(77)90003-1. ISSN 0306-4565.
  11. ^ Rahman, M. H.; Suzuki, S.; Kawai, K. (2001-12-17). "The effect of temperature on Aeromonas hydrophila infection in goldfish, Carassius auratus". Journal of Applied Ichthyology. 17 (6): 282–285. Bibcode:2001JApIc..17..282R. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0426.2001.00291.x. ISSN 0175-8659.
  12. ^ Rausch, Richard N.; Crawshaw, Larry I.; Wallace, Helen L. (2000-03-01). "Effects of hypoxia, anoxia, and endogenous ethanol on thermoregulation in goldfish, Carassius auratus". American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 278 (3): R545–R555. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.2000.278.3.r545. ISSN 0363-6119.
  13. ^ Reutter, J. M. & Herdendorf, C. E. (1976). "Thermal Discharge from a Nuclear Power Plant: Predicted Effects on Lake Erie Fish". Lake Erie Area Research.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ Reynolds, William W.; Casterlin, Martha E. (July 1979). "Effect of temperature on locomotor activity in the goldfish (Carassius auratus) and the bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus): Presence of an 'activity well' in the region of the final preferendum". Hydrobiologia. 65 (1): 3–5. doi:10.1007/bf00032711. ISSN 0018-8158.
  15. ^ Reynolds, William W; Casterlin, Martha E; Matthey, James K; Millington, Scott T; Ostrowski, Anthony C (January 1978). "Diel patterns of preferred temperature and locomotor activity in the goldfish Carassius auratus". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology. 59 (2): 225–227. doi:10.1016/0300-9629(78)90211-6. ISSN 0300-9629.
  16. ^ REYNOLDS, W. W.; COVERT, J. B.; CASTERLIN, MARTHA E. (July 1978). "Febrile responses of goldfish Carassius auratus (L.)to Aeromonas hydrophila and to Escherichia coli endotoxin". Journal of Fish Diseases. 1 (3): 271–273. Bibcode:1978JFDis...1..271R. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2761.1978.tb00031.x. ISSN 0140-7775.
  17. ^ Riege, Walter H.; Cherkin, Arthur (April 1972). "One-trial learning in goldfish: Temperature dependence". Behavioral Biology. 7 (2): 255–263. doi:10.1016/s0091-6773(72)80204-9. ISSN 0091-6773.
  18. ^ Roy, A. W.; Johansen, P. H. (1970-03-01). "The temperature selection of small hypophysectomized goldfish (Carassius auratus L.)". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 48 (2): 323–326. doi:10.1139/z70-052. ISSN 0008-4301.
  19. ^ Rozin, P. N.; Mayer, J. (1961-09-29). "Thermal Reinforcement and Thermoregulatory Behavior in the Goldfish, Carassius auratus". Science. 134 (3483): 942–943. Bibcode:1961Sci...134..942R. doi:10.1126/science.134.3483.942. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 13744274.
  20. ^ Wollmuth, L. P.; Crawshaw, L. I.; Rausch, R. N. (1988-10-01). "Adrenoceptors and temperature regulation in goldfish". American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 255 (4): R600–R604. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1988.255.4.r600. ISSN 0363-6119. PMID 3177691.
  21. ^ Zdanovich, V. V. (December 2006). "Alteration of thermoregulation behavior in juvenile fish in relation to satiation level". Journal of Ichthyology. 46 (S2): S188–S193. doi:10.1134/s0032945206110087. ISSN 0032-9452.
  22. ^ Zhi-min, J.I.N. (2011). "Effect of Temperature and pH Value on the Survival and Feeding of Misgurnus anguillicaudatus [J]". Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences.
  23. ^ "Definition of ROOM TEMPERATURE". www.merriam-webster.com. 20 April 2024.

Marine Aquarium Fish - http://www.oregonreef.com/sub_coldwater.htm

Freshwater Aquarium Fish - Practical Fishkeeping Magazine

Freshwater Pond Fish - An Essential Guide to Choosing Your Pond Fish and Aquatic Plants by Graham Quick and also http://www.pondexpert.co.uk/ChoosingTheRightFishForYourPond.html

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