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Chrono
Genre(s)Role-playing
Developer(s)
Publisher(s)
  • Square
  • Square Enix
Composer(s)Yasunori Mitsuda
Platform(s)Super NES, PlayStation, Nintendo DS, iOS, Android, Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Xbox One
First releaseChrono Trigger
March 11, 1995
Latest releaseChrono Cross
November 18, 1999

The Chrono (Japanese: クロノ, Hepburn: Kurono) series is a video game franchise developed and published by Square, and is currently owned by Square Enix. The series began in 1995 with the time travel role-playing video game Chrono Trigger, which spawned two continuations, Radical Dreamers: Nusumenai Hōseki, and Chrono Cross. A promotional anime called Dimensional Adventure Numa Monjar and two ports of Chrono Trigger were also produced. As of March 31, 2003, Chrono Trigger was Square Enix's 12th best-selling game, with 2.65 million units shipped. Chrono Cross was the 24th, with 1.5 million units shipped.[1] By 2019, the two games had sold over 5.5 million units combined. The games in the series have been called some of the greatest of all time, with most of the praise going towards Chrono Trigger. The series' original soundtracks, composed by Yasunori Mitsuda, have also been praised, with multiple soundtracks being released for them.

Concept and creation

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Chrono Trigger was produced in 1995 by Kazuhiko Aoki and directed by Akihiko Matsui, Yoshinori Kitase and Takashi Tokita. The development of the game was dubbed the "Dream Project", because it was headed by a "Dream Team" composed of supervisor Hironobu Sakaguchi, of Final Fantasy fame, as well as freelance supervisor Yuji Horii and character designer Akira Toriyama, both of Dragon Quest fame.[2] Yuuji Horii worked on the general outline of the story; as a fan of time travel fictions, such as the TV series The Time Tunnel, he focused on a theme of time travel for Chrono Trigger.[3] The outline was then finalized by story planner and script writer Masato Kato.[4]

In 1996, Masato Kato and several other members of the Chrono Trigger staff worked on a minor project for the Super Famicom Satellaview extension, titled Radical Dreamers: Nusumenai Hōseki. Initially, the game was intended to be a short, original text-based adventure developed in three months with almost no planning. Nevertheless, by the end of the development, Masato Kato had connected the game's plot and characters to Chrono Trigger, turning it into a side story. Since the platform of the game was not mainstream, the connections were however left blurred on purpose and were not advertised on the game's release.[5]

In 1999, a continuation of Chrono Trigger, titled Chrono Cross, was announced. Although the "Dream Team" members did not participate in Chrono Cross, the game was developed mostly by the same staff as the first installment.[6] In terms of basic system and gameplay, producer Hiromichi Tanaka made it clear that the new installment was not a sequel to Chrono Trigger; rather, the game designers' approach was to make the "gameplay evolve with the hardware", creating a completely new game while restructuring the former style so as to maximize the performance of the console.[7] The gameplay focuses on the theme of parallel worlds rather than time travel, although the latter is still deeply involved in the game's plot. In terms of storyline, Chrono Cross was described by director and scenario writer Masato Kato as "not a Chrono Trigger 2", but "a result of a pulled trigger", "another Chrono".[8]

Games

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Chrono Trigger

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Main article: Chrono Trigger

Chrono Trigger is a role-playing video game which was released on the Super Nintendo Entertainment System on March 11, 1995 in Japan and on August 22 in North America. The game's story follows a group of young adventurers led by Crono, who are accidentally transported through time and learn that the world will be destroyed in the distant future. Vowing to prevent this disaster, they travel throughout history to discover the means to save the planet. It is regarded by critics as one of the greatest games of all time.[9] Chrono Trigger was ported to the PlayStation in 1999 as a standalone title in Japan and in 2001 as part of the Final Fantasy Chronicles compilation in North America.[10][11] An enhanced port was released for the Nintendo DS handheld platform on November 20, 2008.[12] which itself was later released on iOS in 2011, Android in 2012, and on PC via Steam on February 27, 2018.[13]

Additionally, three Chrono Trigger related applications were released for the Super Famicom's Broadcast Satellaview extension the same year: Character Library, a database featuring profiles on characters and monsters from the game, Jet Bike Special, a racing game based on a minigame from the original, and Music Library, a collection of music from the game's soundtrack. The contents of Character Library and Music Library were later included as extras in the PlayStation re-release of Chrono Trigger.[14]

Radical Dreamers

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Main article: Radical Dreamers

Radical Dreamers: Nusumenai Hōseki (literally "The Jewel That Cannot Be Stolen") is a Japanese-exclusive text-based game released in 1996 through the Super Famicom Satellaview extension. The player takes on the role of Serge, a young adventurer accompanied by Kid, a teen-aged thief, and Gil, a mysterious masked magician. It is a side story to Chrono Trigger, wrapping up a loose end from its predecessor's plot.[5]

Chrono Cross

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Main article: Chrono Cross

Chrono Cross was released on the PlayStation on November 18, 1999 in Japan and on August 15, 2000 in North America.[15] The story is partly a remake of Radical Dreamers, and as such replaces it as Chrono Trigger's successor.[16] The protagonist Serge, faced with an alternate reality in which he died as a child, struggles to uncover his past and meets Kid, a thief seeking the mysterious Frozen Flame artifact. Serge and Kid's fates are ultimately revealed to find their roots in the events of Chrono Trigger. A remaster, Chrono Cross: Radical Dreamers Edition, was released in 2022.

Chrono Break

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Main article: Chrono Break

Chrono Brake and Chrono Break are the names of two trademarks owned by Square Co.; the first applied in Japan on November 5, 2001,[17] and the second registered in the United States on December 5 of the same year.[18] The registrations were preceded by a press report in which Hironobu Sakaguchi mentioned that the Chrono Cross team was interested in developing a new game in the Chrono series, and that script and story ideas were being considered.[19] However, Square did not publish further news, and the American trademark Chrono Break was eventually dropped on November 13, 2003.[20]

Dimensional Adventure Numa Monjar

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Dimensional Adventure Numa Monjar (時空冒険ヌウマモンジャ～, Jikū Bōken Nūmamonjā, lit. "Time and Space Adventures: Nu-Mamonja") is a 16-minute humoristic and promotional Chrono Trigger anime which was broadcast at the Japanese V-Jump Festival of July 31, 1996. It was created by Production I.G, and written by Hiroshi Izawa and Akihiro Kikuchi, while Itsuro Kawasaki served as director, Tensai Okamura as animation director, and Riho Nishino as character designer.[21][22]

The anime takes place in the same setting as Chrono Trigger during the night before the beginning of the game's events. It follows two monsters from the game, a Nu and a Mamo (called Kilwala in the English version of the game), voiced by Chafurin and Mayumi Tanaka respectively, through various adventures. These all take place in the "Millennial Fair", the festival at the beginning of Chrono Trigger, which in the anime has been infested by a festive gathering of monsters coming through portals. They meet several characters from the game, including Johnny and Gonzalez (called Gato in the English version of the game). The anime ends with a scene from the following morning after the monsters have all left, in which Crono and Lucca can be seen. The credits show Nu and Mamo parodying scenes from the game.[23]

The anime was followed by a manga series of the same name published in V Jump starting in 1996. The series follows Mamo and Nu, who are joined by Johnny and Spekkio (in the form of a frog), as they continue their adventure through time. They meet various characters from Chrono Trigger along the way, including Masamune, Lavos, Gaspar, Ozzie, Slash and Flea. In 1998, the chapters of the series were released as a tankōbon.[24]

Music

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Main articles: Music of Chrono Trigger and Music of Chrono Cross

The music of the Chrono series was mainly composed by Yasunori Mitsuda. Chrono Trigger was the first game for which he had served as composer. After Mitsuda contracted stomach ulcers, Final Fantasy composer Nobuo Uematsu was brought onto the project to compose ten songs.[25] At the time of the game's release, the quantity of its tracks and sound effects were unprecedented.[26] Additionally, a one-disc acid jazz arrangement called The Brink of Time was also released. Mitsuda went on to compose the soundtrack for Radical Dreamers: Nusumenai Hōseki, which was never commercially released as an album.

In 1999, Yasunori Mitsuda, now a freelance composer, returned to score the soundtrack for Chrono Cross after being contacted by Masato Kato.[10] Mitsuda decided to center his work around old world cultural influences, including Mediterranean, Fado, Celtic, and percussive African music.[8] Xenogears contributor Tomohiko Kira played guitar on the beginning and ending themes. Noriko Mitose, as selected by Masato Kato, sang the ending song, "Radical Dreamers ~ Le Trésor Interdit".[10] Mitsuda was happy to accomplish even half of what he envisioned.[8] Certain songs were ported from the score of Radical Dreamers, while other entries in the soundtrack contain leitmotifs from both Chrono Trigger and Radical Dreamers.[10]

In 2006, Mitsuda arranged versions of music from the Chrono series for Play! video game music concerts, presenting the Chrono Trigger and Chrono Cross main themes, as well as "Frog's Theme", and "To Far Away Times".[27]

Reception

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Aggregate review scores
As of October 24, 2013.
Game Metacritic
Chrono Trigger (NDS) 92[28]
(iOS) 71[29]
Chrono Cross (PS) 94[30]

The Chrono series has been very successful in game rankings and sales. Chrono Trigger shipped 2.36 million copies in Japan and 290,000 abroad by 2003,[31] reaching two million in sales in only two months.[32] It ended 1995 as the third best-selling game of the year behind Dragon Quest VI: Realms of Revelation and Donkey Kong Country 2: Diddy's Kong Quest in Japan.[33] The game was met with substantial success upon release in North America, and its rerelease on the PlayStation as part of the Final Fantasy Chronicles package topped the NPD TRSTS PlayStation sales charts for over six weeks.[34][35][36] The Chrono Trigger DS remake has shipped 490,000 copies in Japan and 220,000 in North America as of December 2008.[37] Chrono Cross also sold well, shipping 850,000 and 650,000 units in Japan and abroad respectively.[31] It was re-released once in the United States as a Greatest Hits title and again as part of the Japanese Ultimate Hits series.[38][39] Excluding the PC version, Chrono Trigger had shipped over 3.5 million copies worldwide by February 2018.[40] By 2019, Chrono Trigger and Chrono Cross had sold over 5.5 million units combined.[41]

Chrono Trigger has placed highly on all six of multimedia website IGN's "top 100 games of all time" lists—4th in 2002, 6th in early 2005, 13th in late 2005, 2nd in 2006, 18th in 2007, and 2nd in 2008.[42][43][44] GameSpot included Chrono Trigger in "The Greatest Games of All Time" list released in April 2006, and it also appeared as 28th on an "All Time Top 100" list in a poll conducted by Japanese magazine Famitsu.[45][46] Nintendo Power's 100th issue placed it eighteenth on their "100 Best Nintendo Games of All Time",[47] and in their twentieth anniversary issue named it the fifth best Super NES game.[48] Chrono Cross was also well-received by reviewers; GameSpot awarded the game a perfect 10, one of only seven games in over 40,000 games listed on Gamespot to have been given the score, and its Console Game of the Year Award for 2000.[49] IGN gave the game a score of 9.7, and Cross appeared 89th in its 2008 Top 100 games list.[44][50]

The music of the series has been very highly regarded and enjoyed wide popularity. IGN termed the Chrono Trigger soundtrack "one of the best videogame soundtracks ever produced" and said that the music was a large part of the game's ability to "capture the emotions of the player". It furthermore called the soundtrack "some of the most memorable tunes in RPG history".[35] The game itself won the "Best Music in a Cartridge-Based Game" award in Electronic Gaming Monthly's 1995 video game awards.[51] The soundtrack for Chrono Cross won the Gold Prize for Sony's PlayStation Awards of 2000.[52] IGN, in their review of the game, termed the soundtrack "a brilliant score" that "does wonders in stirring the emotional strings of the players as they're playing through the game".[50] In a separate piece about Japanese RPG composers, IGN named Yasunori Mitsuda the second best out of ten behind Nobuo Uematsu.[53]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Square Enix IR Roadshow Document" (PDF). Square Enix. August 4, 2003. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 23, 2006. Retrieved November 24, 2021.
  2. ^ "Square Announces the Release of Final Fantasy Chronicles: Final Fantasy IV & Chrono Trigger for the PlayStation Game Console in July 2001" (Press release). Business Wire. April 17, 2001. Retrieved May 20, 2007.
  3. ^ "Yuji Horii interview". Play Magazine Online. Fusion Publishing. Archived from the original on April 13, 2009. Retrieved February 16, 2007.
  4. ^ "This month's friend... Masato Kato". Our Millennial Fair. CocoeBiz. November 1999. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved February 16, 2007.
  5. ^ a b "Chrono Cross – GamePro.com Interview, Fan Questions". GamePro. IDG Entertainment. November 24, 2000. Archived from the original on December 2, 2008. Retrieved May 19, 2007.
  6. ^ Sato, Yukiyoshi Ike (July 20, 1999). "Chrono Trigger Staff Remains". GameSpot. CNET Networks. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved May 20, 2007.
  7. ^ "Chrono Cross Development Team Interview and Contest". GamePro. IDG Entertainment. December 1, 2000. Archived from the original on October 16, 2008. Retrieved May 19, 2007.
  8. ^ a b c Kato, Masato (December 18, 1999). Chrono Cross Original Soundtrack (liner notes) (in Japanese). DigiCube. SSCX-10040.
  9. ^ Shoemaker, Brad (April 17, 2006). "The Greatest Games of All Time: Chrono Trigger". GameSpot. Archived from the original on January 6, 2012. Retrieved June 1, 2009.
  10. ^ a b c d Studio BentStuff, ed. (1999). Chrono Cross Ultimania (in Japanese). Square Enix. pp. 476–477. ISBN 4-925075-73-X. Archived from the original on April 18, 2009.
  11. ^ Shoemaker, Brad (June 6, 2001). "Final Fantasy Chronicles for PlayStation Review". GameSpot. Retrieved December 27, 2008.
  12. ^ "IGN: Chrono Trigger Returns!". IGN. January 2, 2008. Archived from the original on February 6, 2009. Retrieved June 1, 2009.
  13. ^ "Chrono Trigger just got a surprise release on Steam". February 27, 2018. Archived from the original on February 27, 2018. Retrieved February 27, 2018.
  14. ^ Whiteman, Daniel. "Other Games and Anime". GameSpy. Archived from the original on May 26, 2009. Retrieved June 4, 2009.
  15. ^ "Game Rankings: Chrono Cross". GameRankings. Archived from the original on March 6, 2009. Retrieved July 27, 2007.
  16. ^ "Weekly Famitsu: Interview with Chrono Cross Developers". Chrono Compendium. 1999. Archived from the original on July 21, 2006. Retrieved July 1, 2006.
  17. ^ "Industrial Property Digital Library". Japan Patent Office. July 26, 2002. Archived from the original on May 7, 2007. Retrieved May 20, 2007.
    To find the Chrono Brake patent, search "Japanese Trademark Database" for "chronobrake". Click Index to find the result, and click the link.
  18. ^ "Chrono Break Latest Status Info". Trademark Applications and Registration Retrieval. United States Patent and Trademark Office. November 13, 2003. Archived from the original on November 23, 2005. Retrieved June 1, 2006.
  19. ^ Ahmed, Shahed (July 3, 2001). "New Chrono game in planning stages". GameSpot. CNET Networks. Archived from the original on January 22, 2012. Retrieved July 1, 2006.
  20. ^ Staff (January 13, 2004). "Chrono Break Dies". RPGamer. Crave Online. Archived from the original on July 25, 2008. Retrieved June 1, 2009.
  21. ^ Production I.G staff. 時空冒険ぬうまもんじゃ～ (in Japanese). Production I.G. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved May 20, 2007.
  22. ^ "Dimensional Adventure Numa Monjar". Production I.G. Archived from the original on September 19, 2007. Retrieved May 20, 2007.
  23. ^ Dimensional Adventure Numa Monjar. Production I.G. July 31, 1996.
  24. ^ Caramel Mama (1998). 時空冒険ヌウマモンジャー. Shueisha. ISBN 4-08-859022-8.
  25. ^ Kohler, Chris (2004). Power-Up: How Japanese Video Games Gave the World an Extra Life. DK Publishing. ISBN 0-7440-0424-1.
  26. ^ Averill, Alan (1995). Nintendo Power July, 1995. Nintendo. p. 52.
  27. ^ Driker, Brandon (May 30, 2006). "Play! A Video Game Symphony". N-Sider. Archived from the original on January 25, 2013. Retrieved May 30, 2006.
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  30. ^ "Chrono Cross Reviews". Metacritic. Archived from the original on November 25, 2010. Retrieved October 24, 2013.
  31. ^ a b Staff (August 4, 2003). "Square Enix IR Roadshow Document" (PDF). Square Enix. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 23, 2006. Retrieved November 24, 2021.
  32. ^ Averill, Alan (1995). Nintendo Power June, 1995. Nintendo. p. 36.
  33. ^ "販売本数ランキング". ゲームランキング. Archived from the original on October 4, 2018. Retrieved December 12, 2018.
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  35. ^ a b "IGN: Final Fantasy Chronicles Review". IGN. July 4, 2001. Archived from the original on August 5, 2011. Retrieved May 7, 2006.
  36. ^ Wollenschlaeger, Alex (August 15, 2001). "Final Fantasy Chronicles Tops Sales Charts Six Weeks in a Row". RPGamer. Crave Online. Archived from the original on March 7, 2005. Retrieved June 1, 2009.
  37. ^ "Results Briefing Session for the Nine-Months Period of the Fiscal Year ending March 31, 2009" (PDF). Square Enix. February 16, 2009. p. 22. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2009. Retrieved March 1, 2009.
  38. ^ "Chrono Cross Joins Greatest Hits Line". IGN. August 21, 2001. Archived from the original on June 4, 2007. Retrieved June 3, 2009.
  39. ^ Winkler, Chris (April 28, 2006). "Square Enix Adds 16 to Ultimate Hits Series". RPGFan. Archived from the original on October 17, 2015. Retrieved July 1, 2006.
  40. ^ "PC版「クロノ・トリガー」の配信がSteamで突如スタート。日本語対応，早期購入で3大特典も".
  41. ^ "CHRONO TRIGGER ORIGINAL SOUNDTRACK REVIVAL DISC (Blu-ray Disc)".
  42. ^ "The Top 100 Games Ever". IGN. 2006. Archived from the original on April 25, 2015. Retrieved August 8, 2007.
  43. ^ "The Top 100 Games Ever". IGN. 2007. Archived from the original on December 3, 2007. Retrieved February 2, 2008.
  44. ^ a b "IGN Top 100 Games 2008 – 2 Chrono Trigger". IGN. 2008. Archived from the original on February 17, 2009. Retrieved March 13, 2009.
  45. ^ "The Greatest Games of All Time". GameSpot. April 17, 2006. Archived from the original on January 3, 2011. Retrieved May 6, 2006.
  46. ^ Campbell, Colin (March 3, 2006). "Japan Votes on All Time Top 100". Next Generation. Archived from the original on July 23, 2008. Retrieved May 7, 2006.
  47. ^ "Nintendo Power's 100 Best Nintendo Games of All Time". Nintendo Power. No. 100. September 1997. p. 91.
  48. ^ "Best of the Best". Nintendo Power. Vol. 231. Future US. August 2008. p. 73.
  49. ^ Vestal, Andrew (January 6, 2000). "GameSpot: Chrono Cross Review". GameSpot. Archived from the original on November 24, 2011. Retrieved July 24, 2006.
  50. ^ a b David Zdyrko (August 15, 2000). "IGN: Chrono Cross Review". IGN. Archived from the original on August 10, 2006. Retrieved July 24, 2006.
  51. ^ "Electronic Gaming Monthly's Buyer's Guide". Electronic Gaming Monthly. 1996.
  52. ^ Mitsuda, Yasunori (January 28, 2008). "Radical Dreamer: Yasunori Mitsuda Interview from 1UP.com". 1UP.com. Archived from the original on December 5, 2012. Retrieved February 8, 2008.
  53. ^ Sullivan, Meghan (December 18, 2008). "IGN: Top Ten JRPG Composers". IGN. Archived from the original on February 9, 2009. Retrieved May 13, 2009.
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